Showing papers on "Aspergillus niger published in 2021"
TL;DR: In this article, Aspergillus niger, tamarii and fumigatus were used for post-fermented Pu-erh tea (PFPT) analysis.
72 citations
TL;DR: Lowered levels of bitter compounds, organic acids, green, citrus-like, floral, woody aroma compounds and enhanced levels of fruity, sweet aroma compounds caused by sonication accounted for the flavor improvements.
50 citations
TL;DR: The fermentation conditions of Aspergillus Niger were optimized by single factor and response surface design, the enzymatic properties of the crude enzyme were studied and found that the optimum fermentation medium was soluble starch 4, (NH4)2SO4 0.1%, K2HPO4 0, MgSO4·7H2O 0, peptone 3, olive oil 1, and initial pH 7.0.
Abstract: To obtain the optimum fermentation medium and circumstances for extracellular lipase construction (as an important biocatalyst and promising industrial enzyme) by Aspergillus Niger, the fermentation conditions of Aspergillus Niger were optimized by single factor and response surface design, the enzymatic properties of the crude enzyme were studied. The results displayed that the optimum fermentation medium was soluble starch 4%, (NH4)2SO4 0.1%, K2HPO4 0.1%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%, peptone 3%, olive oil 1.05% and initial pH 7. The optimal fermentation conditions were 30℃, the sample size was 26 mL/250 mL and the shaking speed was 213 r/min. The optimized lipase activity was 1.55 U/mL, which was 7.75 times of the pre-optimized lipase. It was found that when the pH value of lipase was 7.0, the activity of lipase reached its maximum value of 79.3±6.82%. When pH value was between 6.0 and 8.0, the activity of lipase could be kept above 60% and the stability was good. At the same time, through temperature stability of lipase, found that the lipase was stable at 25℃- 35℃, its activity could reach more than 70%. When activity of enzyme reaches to maximum 107.6±9.57%, the temperature was 30℃.
33 citations
TL;DR: The feasibility of co-fermentation of food waste and spent mushroom substance for lactic acid with Aspergillus niger cellulase replacing commercial cellulase was explored in this article.
31 citations
TL;DR: This investigation showed the feasibility to obtain an enzymatic extract with xylanase and cellulase activity using low-cost substrates such as SCB and BSG.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysosporium were inoculated to soil, and then the faba bean seeds were sown.
Abstract: Phytoremediation is an important solution to soil pollution management. The goal of this study is to determine the biosorption ability of the two selected fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysosporium) under heavy metal stress on faba bean plants. The fungal strains produced phytohormones, siderophore, ACC deaminase, and secondary metabolites. The biosorption capacity of A. niger and P. chrysosporium was 0.09 and 0.06 mg g-1 and 0.5 and 0.4 mg g-1 in media containing Cd and Pb, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the fungal cell wall show primary functional groups like hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl, phosphoryl, sulfhydryl, and nitro. Therefore, A. niger and P. chrysosporium were inoculated to soils, and then the faba bean seeds were sown. After 21 days of sowing, the plants were irrigated with water to severe as control, with 100 mg L-1 of Cd and 200 mg L-1 of Pb. The results show that Cd and Pb caused a significant reduction in morphological characteristics, auxin, gibberellins, photosynthetic pigments, minerals content, and antioxidant enzymes as compared to control plants but caused a substantial boost in abscisic acid, ethylene, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, proline, superoxide dismutase, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant capacity. In inoculated plants, metal-induced oxidative stress was modulated by inhibiting the transport of metal and decreased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. Finally, the inoculation of endophytic fungi contributed actively to the absorption of heavy metals and decreased their content in soil and plants. This could be utilized as an excellent technique in the fields of heavy metal-contaminated sustainable agriculture.
28 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that inoculation with the isolate provided higher values of height and fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and the root compared with the non-inoculated treatment of the common bean plant.
24 citations
TL;DR: Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was first applied for separating Aspergillus niger prolyl endopeptidase (An-PEP) from fermentation broth.
24 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hydrolyzed DDGS can be an alternative economical substrate for A. niger strains to produce cellulase and xylanase, respectively, and the next phases of the study should further optimize the production of cellulase-xylanase in terms of growth parameters and medium components by using bench-top bioreactors.
Abstract: Bioenergy is one of the most promising solutions for the environmental problems of using non-renewable energy resources. Bioethanol is a form of bioenergy produced from food crops, such as corn, wheat, and sugarcane. Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the by-product of corn and wheat ethanol production in the dry mill process and has a high nutritional profile. The undigested carbohydrate components in DDGS and proteins can be utilized as the feedstock to produce microbial cellulases and xylanases as the value-added products. Currently, several bacterial and fungal strains are used to produce such enzymes by using expensive feedstocks for commercial preparations. In this study, several bacterial and fungal strains have been evaluated to explore the potential of hydrolyzed DDGS as the main feedstock for these hydrolytic enzymes production. Maximum cellulase production of 0.592 IU/ml was observed for Aspergillus niger (NRRL 1956) on the eighteenth day and stable high production of xylanase of 34.8 IU/ml was obtained for Aspergillus niger (NRRL 567) on day twelfth during shake-flask fermentation. Hydrolytic enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis (NRRL NSR352, DSM 17766, and NF1) was relatively lower (0–0.261 IU/ml for cellulase and 1.2–5.2 IU/ml for xylanase) than the fungal enzyme production. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that hydrolyzed DDGS can be an alternative economical substrate for A. niger strains to produce cellulase and xylanase, respectively. The next phases of the study should further optimize the production of cellulase and xylanase in terms of growth parameters and medium components by using bench-top bioreactors.
24 citations
TL;DR: Positive correlations were found between enzyme production, polyphenols recovery, and antioxidant activity, and the solid-state fermentation was effective for the simultaneous production of relevant industrial enzymes and grape pomace extracts with antioxidant and prebiotic properties, which have potential as functional food additives.
Abstract: Grape pomace is a winery by-product that accumulates in high amounts in winemaking industry, which usually found difficulties regarding its disposal. Nonetheless, it has a great proportion of polyphenols which can be recovered to valorise this biomass. Filamentous fungi produce hydrolytic enzymes, which can assist in the liberation of polyphenols. Grape pomace was fermented in solid-state by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae with the aim of facilitating the aqueous extraction of polyphenols with antioxidant activity by on-site enzyme production. Both fungi increased the antioxidant activity of the extracts, reaching maximum values of 73.7 ± 0.8 (A. niger) and 109.2 ± 0.5 (A. oryzae) mmol of Trolox equivalents/100 g of grape pomace. During fermentations, relevant enzymes were produced at high yields, A. niger produced a balanced profile of enzymes (cellulase, tannase, and pectinase), while A. oryzae switches to cellulase or tannase selective induction according to the fermentation conditions. Positive correlations were found between enzyme production, polyphenols recovery, and antioxidant activity. The extracts obtained after fermentation promoted the growth of Lactobacillus casei cultures. Therefore, the solid-state fermentation was effective for the simultaneous production of relevant industrial enzymes and grape pomace extracts with antioxidant and prebiotic properties, which have potential as functional food additives.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of process parameters such as pH, temperature, reaction time and initial concentration on Congo red degradation were studied and the experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models of adsorption.
Abstract: Releasing of dye-containing wastewater by the textile industry into general water bodies can adversely affect aquatic ecosystems and human health. The objective of this study is to assess the Congo red dye biodegradation and detoxification by immobilized Aspergillus niger obtained from textile dye wastewater. The effects of process parameters like pH, temperature, reaction time and initial concentration on Congo red degradation were studied. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were also investigated. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models of adsorption. The adsorption isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model. The degraded metabolites of Congo red were characterized by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography, further confirmed that biodegradation of Congo red was due to reduction of the azo bond. Phytotoxicity test confirmed that degradation metabolites were a less toxic than original dye. The reusability of the immobilized Aspergillus niger was repeated with six cycles and removal efficiency ranged from 98 to 72%. The results in this study substantiate that immobilized Aspergillus niger could be employed as a good adsorbent for the removal of Congo red dye from wastewater.
TL;DR: In this article, a fungal consortium consisting of Aspergillus niger, Aspersillus flavus and Asperger oryzae was used for biodegradation of low-density polyethylene under laboratory conditions.
TL;DR: Aspergillus niger, one of the most common and important fungal species, is ubiquitous in various environments as mentioned in this paper, and isolates possess a large number of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs).
Abstract: Aspergillus niger, one of the most common and important fungal species, is ubiquitous in various environments. A. niger isolates possess a large number of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and produce various biomolecules as secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of application fields covering agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industry. By extensive literature search, this review with a comprehensive summary on biological and chemical aspects of A. niger strains including their sources, BGCs, and secondary metabolites as well as biological properties and biosynthetic pathways is presented. Future perspectives on the discovery of more A. niger-derived functional biomolecules are also provided in this review.
TL;DR: In this paper, neutralized kefir beverage (NKB) and neutralized kefir beverages (KB) were used to detect pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli ATCC11229 (E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 4957 (Listeria), Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 (B. cereus), Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (Sal. typhimurus), and Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611 (A. niger), but the inhibit
Abstract: Kefir beverage (KB) is a fermented milk initiated by kefir grains rich with starter probiotics. The KB produced in this study seemed to contain many chemical compounds elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and IR spectra. These compounds could be classified into different chemical groups such as alcohols, phenols, esters, fatty esters, unsaturated fatty esters, steroids, polyalkenes, heterocyclic compounds and aromatic aldehydes. Both KB and neutralized kefir beverage (NKB) inhibited some pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli ATCC11229 (E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 4957 (L. monocytogenes), Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 (B. cereus), Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (Sal. typhimurium) as well as some tested fungal strains such as Aspergillus flavus ATCC 16872 (A. flavus) and Aspergillus niger ATCC 20611 (A. niger), but the inhibitory activity of KB was more powerful than that obtained by NKB. It also appeared to contain four lactic acid bacteria species, one acetic acid bacterium and two yeast species. Finally, the KB inhibited distinctively both S. aureus and Sal. typhimurium bacteria in a brain heart infusion broth and in some Egyptian fruit juices, including those made with apples, guava, strawberries and tomatoes.
TL;DR: Both varieties of dates showed a good yield for the citric acid and can be used as a culture medium since they are economic and ensure good growth for the Aspergillus niger.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the antimicrobial assessment of Centella asiatica for different extracts (ethanol, methanol, water, and hexane) against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans.
Abstract: The present study focused on the antimicrobial assessments of Centella asiatica for different extracts (ethanol, methanol, water, and hexane) against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Ethanol achieved the highest extraction yields, total phenolic, and flavonoids contents, followed by those achieved with methanol, water, and hexane. The ethanolic extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity in agar disc diffusion assays. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranged from 7.81 for C. albicans to 125 mg/mL for A. niger. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was ranged from 15.63 for S. aureus and S. Typhimurium to 62.50 mg/mL for E. coli O157: H7. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was ranged 7.81 for C. albicans and 250 mg/mL for A. niger. No MBC and MFC could be established for the methanolic and aqueous extract, and the hexane extract did not show any antimicrobial activity. Ethanolic extract could potentially be an alternative for synthetic preservatives against foodborne pathogens.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of endophytic fungi isolated from Cucurbita roots on growth, physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes of Solanum lycopersicum L. was evaluated.
TL;DR: The minimal nutrient requirements were studied that activate germination of A. niger conidia and data was used as input in an asymmetric model to describe the process of swelling and germ tube formation.
TL;DR: To improve the thermostability of GoxM4 from Aspergillus niger without reducing its activity due to the activity-stability trade-off, a simple and effective approach combining enzyme activity and structure stability was adopted.
TL;DR: In this article, Aspergillus niger MH078571.1 and MH079049.1 were examined and revealed that the optimal temperature is 45°C at pH 8 for A. niger and 55°C for MH.1.
Abstract: Aspergillus niger MH078571.1 and A. niger MH079049.1 were identified previously as the two highest Aspergillus niger strains producing lipase. Biochemical characterizations of lipase activity and stability for these two strains were examined and revealed that the optimal temperature is 45 °C at pH 8for A. niger MH078571.1 and 55 °C for MH079049.1. The lipase production of both strains was studied on medium contains waste oil, as a cheap source to reduce the industrial cost, showed that the optimal incubation period for the enzyme production is 3 days. Moreover, an experiment on lipase activates in organic solvents demonstrated that 50% of acetone is the best solvent for the two strains. In the presence of surfactants, 0.1% of tween 80 surfactant showed the best lipase activities. Furthermore, Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions enhanced the lipase activity of A. niger MH078571.1, while Na2+ and Cu2+ enhanced the enzyme activity of A. niger MH079049.1. Lipase activity was also tested for industrial applications such as integrating it with different detergents. Maximum lipase activity was obtained with 1% of Omo as a powder detergent for both strains. In liquid detergent, 0.1% of Fairy showed maximum lipase activity in A. niger MH078571.1, while the lipase in A. niger MH079049.1 was more effective in 1% of Lux. Moreover, the degradation of natural animal fat with crude enzyme was tested using chicken and sheep fats. The results showed that more than 90% of fats degraded after 5 days of the incubation period.
TL;DR: Tailor-made immobilization of two β-galactosidases and a glucose oxidase was investigated, to subsequent utilization of the best performing immobilized biocatalyst of each type for the one-pot conversion of lactose to gluconic acid and galacto-oligosaccharides.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of Artemisia negrei L. essential oil, which was extracted from the fresh plant material by using the Clevenger apparatus.
Abstract: Background Artemisia negrei L. (A. negrei) is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the family Asteraceae that is more widespread in the folded Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco. Materials and methods This study was run to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of Artemisia negrei L. essential oil. This oil was extracted from the fresh plant material by using the Clevenger apparatus. The phytochemical composition was characterized by GC-MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different methods including DPPH, β-carotene bleaching, and total antioxidant capacity. The antibacterial activity was tested vs. multidrug-resistant bacteria including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive using inhibition zones in agar media and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) bioassays. The antifungal activity was conducted on Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum using a solid medium assay. Results The chromatographic characterization of essential oils of A. negrei revealed the presence of 34 compounds constituting 99.91% of the total essential oil. The latter was found to have promising antioxidant activity by all bioassays used such as DPPH, β-carotene bleaching, and total antioxidant capacity. The results obtained showed that our plant oils had potent antibacterial activity towards Gram-negative (E. coli 57, E. coli 97, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus), so that the maximum inhibition zones and MIC values were around 18-37 mm and 3.25 to 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The oil also showed antifungal activity towards Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, and Aspergillus Niger except for flavus species. Conclusion The findings obtained in the work showed that A. negrei can serve as a valuable source of natural compounds that can be used as a new weapon to fight radical damage and resistant microbes.
TL;DR: The central MS XOS, exerted the highest cholesterol reduction and antioxidant activities 74.7 and 92%, respectively, showed remarkable in vivo protective role against the hepatic toxicity of lithium carbonate evaluated by changes in body weight, liver function markers and tissue makers.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the mechanisms of Aspergillus niger for the dissolution of ferric phosphate (FePO4, Fe-P), and tricalcium phosphate (Ca3[PO4]2, Ca-P) regarding the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Abstract: Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) have been widely applied to dissolve insoluble phosphates (IPs). However, the PSF usually demonstrates a different phosphate solubilizing capacity for various IPs. This study explored the mechanisms of Aspergillus niger for the dissolution of ferric phosphate (FePO4, Fe-P), and tricalcium phosphate (Ca3[PO4]2, Ca-P) regarding the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Aspergillus niger has higher phosphorus (P) content released from Ca-P, reached the maximum value of 861 mg/L after seven days of incubation, compared with the 169 mg/L from Fe-P. Oxalic acid promoted the release of P from Ca-P through the formation of calcium oxalate. The presence of Fe-P can stimulate A. niger to secrete large amounts of citric acid, confirmed by the enhancement of citrate synthase (CS) activity. However, citric acid only promotes 0.5% of P released from Fe-P. Meanwhile, although oxalic acid still dominates the release of P from Fe-P, its abundance was significantly declined. In contrast, oxalic acid also shows a higher P release ratio in Ca-P than citric acid, i.e., 36% vs. 22%. This study points to the future usage of A. niger to dissolve IPs in soil required to enhance oxalic acid secretion.
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, an ethanolic extract of Zea mays L was utilized against urinary tract infection (UTI) causing bacteria, vegetable spoilage causing fungi and anticancer activity.
Abstract: In this study, ethanolic extract of Zea mays L was utilized against urinary tract infection (UTI) causing bacteria, vegetable spoilage causing fungi and anticancer activity. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts of corn silk was determined by the agar well diffusion method against UTI pathogens. The most effective antibacterial activity of ethanol corn silk extract was found at 900 μg and antifungal activity was found against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus brasiliensis at 2mg/20 ml. It showed 75% nitric oxide inhibition activity and 67%. amylase inhibiting activity. GC-MS analysis showed several bio active compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activities etc.
TL;DR: Salvia farinacea and neem extracts were used as antifungal and antioxidant agents for detecting AFB1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) residues as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Seventy-five samples of selected meat products, including luncheon, beef burger, sausage, basterma, and kofta, were collected from Alexandria and New Borg El-Arab cities (Egypt). The samples were subjected to mycological examination as well as for detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) residues. Besides, the study evaluated the effect of aqueous leaf extracts from mealycup sage (Salvia farinacea) and neem (Azadirachta indica), individually and in combination, on the growth of human pathogens Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus producing AFB1, as well as Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus niger which produce OTA. The obtained results revealed that sausage samples had the highest mould count with a mean value of 13.20×102/g, followed by basterma samples 12.05×102/g, then beef burger 7.39×102/g. In contrast, luncheon and kofta samples had the lowest count with a mean value of 5.51×102/g and 2.82×102/g. The findings revealed the antifungal potential of tested extracts. The total inhibition of A. parasitcus and A. niger growth was observed at 2 mg/mL of the combined extract. Salvia farinacea extract had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with a value of 174.1 and 52.6 mg g-1, respectively. Rutin was the major phenolic component in neem and combined extracts, accounting for 19123 and 8882 μg/g, respectively. Besides, the study investigated detoxification of AFB1 and OTA using combined extract in albino rats. The results confirmed the convenient and safe use of Salvia farinacea and Azadirachta indica extract and their combination as natural antifungal and antioxidant agents. The combined extract could be used as a natural preservative in food processing to control or prevent contamination.
TL;DR: In this article, a new strain of Aspergillus niger was used for hemicellulase production under solid-state fermentation using wheat straw as single-carbon source.
Abstract: Plant biomass constitutes the main source of renewable carbon on the planet. Its valorization has traditionally been focused on the use of cellulose, although hemicellulose is the second most abundant group of polysaccharides on Earth. The main enzymes involved in plant biomass degradation are glycosyl hydrolases, and filamentous fungi are good producers of these enzymes. In this study, a new strain of Aspergillus niger was used for hemicellulase production under solid-state fermentation using wheat straw as single-carbon source. Physicochemical parameters for the production of an endoxylanase were optimized by using a One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) approach and response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum xylanase yield after RSM optimization was increased 3-fold, and 1.41- fold purification was achieved after ultrafiltration and ion-exchange chromatography, with about 6.2% yield. The highest activity of the purified xylanase was observed at 50 °C and pH 6. The enzyme displayed high thermal and pH stability, with more than 90% residual activity between pH 3.0-9.0 and between 30-40 °C, after 24 h of incubation, with half-lives of 30 min at 50 and 60 °C. The enzyme was mostly active against wheat arabinoxylan, and its kinetic parameters were analyzed (Km = 26.06 mg·mL-1 and Vmax = 5.647 U·mg-1). Wheat straw xylan hydrolysis with the purified β-1,4 endoxylanase showed that it was able to release xylooligosaccharides, making it suitable for different applications in food technology.
TL;DR: The extract from S. dimorphus showed the highest antioxidant potential, as determined via the DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil-radical) method, and flavonoids were a significant part of the total phenolic compounds extracted from the plant materials studied.
Abstract: Plant extracts are an important alternative to antibiotics, which are ever more restricted because of their developing microbial resistance and some adverse effects that have been observed following frequent application. The aim of the present study was to determine the antifungal and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of Acorus calamus, Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna minuta and Scenedesmus dimorphus. The antifungal activity of the extracts against strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus carbonarius, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Alternaria alternata was evaluated via the agar well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured through the determination of three parameters—total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and radical scavenging potential (determined through UV/Vis analysis). A. calamus extracts had the highest antimicrobial activity against eight fungal strains, followed by the C. vulgaris, L. minuta and S. dimorphus extracts, which were inhibitory against two to three strains. Among the extracts from the species studied, the extract from S. dimorphus showed the highest antioxidant potential, as determined via the DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil-radical) method. This correlated to its high total phenolic and flavonoid content. From A. calamus and L. minuta, methanolic extracts were obtained that exhibited similar values of the aforementioned parameters, followed by C. vulgaris extracts, which showed the lowest antioxidant activity. Based on the Pearson correlation coefficients, the impacts of the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content on radical scavenging capacity are similar, and flavonoids were a significant part of the total phenolic compounds extracted from the plant materials studied.
TL;DR: In this article, fungal transformations of rock phosphate (RP) by geoactive fungi, with particular emphasis on Aspergillus niger, were investigated, and direct hyphal interaction with RP particles induced m...
Abstract: This research has investigated fungal transformations of rock phosphate (RP) by geoactive fungi, with particular emphasis on Aspergillus niger. Direct hyphal interaction with RP particles induced m...