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Automatic frequency control

About: Automatic frequency control is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 15123 publications have been published within this topic receiving 171510 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether a degree of built-in frequency stability could be provided by incorporating dynamic demand control into certain consumer appliances, such as refrigerators, which would monitor system frequency and switch the appliance on or off accordingly, striking a compromise between the needs of the appliance and the grid.
Abstract: Frequency stability in electricity networks is essential to the maintenance of supply quality and security. This paper investigates whether a degree of built-in frequency stability could be provided by incorporating dynamic demand control into certain consumer appliances. Such devices would monitor system frequency (a universally available indicator of supply-demand imbalance) and switch the appliance on or off accordingly, striking a compromise between the needs of the appliance and the grid. A simplified computer model of a power grid was created incorporating aggregate generator inertia, governor action and load-frequency dependence plus refrigerators with dynamic demand controllers. Simulation modelling studies were carried out to investigate the system's response to a sudden loss of generation, and to fluctuating wind power. The studies indicated a significant delay in frequency-fall and a reduced dependence on rapidly deployable backup generation.

661 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used dynamic simulations to study the provision of such a dynamic frequency control support by energy storage systems in the French island of Guadeloupe with large shares of wind or solar generation, and showed that fast-acting storage, by acting as a synthetic inertia, can mitigate the impact of these sources on the dynamic performance of the studied island grid in the case of a major generation outage.
Abstract: In electrical islands, frequency excursions are sizeable and automatic load shedding is often required in response to disturbances. Moreover, the displacement of conventional generation with wind and solar plants, which usually do not provide inertial response, further weakens these power systems. Fast-acting storage, by injecting power within instants after the loss of a generating unit, can back up conventional generation assets during the activation of their primary reserve. This paper relies on dynamic simulations to study the provision of such a dynamic frequency control support by energy storage systems in the French island of Guadeloupe with large shares of wind or solar generation. The results show that fast-acting storage, by acting as a synthetic inertia, can mitigate the impact of these sources on the dynamic performance of the studied island grid in the case of a major generation outage. The other concerns raised by renewables (e.g., variability, forecast accuracy, low voltage ride-through, etc.) have not been addressed within this project.

654 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a distributed controller for secondary frequency and voltage control in islanded microgrids is proposed, which uses localized information and nearest-neighbor communication to collectively perform secondary control actions.
Abstract: In this paper, we present new distributed controllers for secondary frequency and voltage control in islanded microgrids. Inspired by techniques from cooperative control, the proposed controllers use localized information and nearest-neighbor communication to collectively perform secondary control actions. The frequency controller rapidly regulates the microgrid frequency to its nominal value while maintaining active power sharing among the distributed generators. Tuning of the voltage controller provides a simple and intuitive tradeoff between the conflicting goals of voltage regulation and reactive power sharing. Our designs require no knowledge of the microgrid topology, impedances, or loads. The distributed architecture allows for flexibility and redundancy, eliminating the need for a central microgrid controller. We provide a voltage stability analysis and present extensive experimental results validating our designs, verifying robust performance under communication failure and during plug-and-play operation.

600 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the dimensioning of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide a primary frequency reserve is presented, where numerical simulations based on historic frequency measurements are used to determine the minimum possible capacity, which fulfills the technical requirements of the grid code.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide a primary frequency reserve. Numerical simulations based on historic frequency measurements are used to determine the minimum possible capacity, i.e., the lowest possible cost, which fulfills the technical requirements of the grid code. We implement a novel control algorithm with adjustable state of charge limits and the application of emergency resistors. At current European market prices, an optimized lead-acid BESS can be a profitable utility solution for the primary frequency control.

584 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023504
20221,023
2021655
2020929
2019947
2018978