Showing papers on "Azadirachta published in 2017"
TL;DR: Key neem pesticidal components, their active functional ingredients along with recent strategies on employing nanocarriers, to provide controlled release of the active ingredients and to improve their stability and sustainability are discussed.
Abstract: Over the years, extensive use of commercially available synthetic pesticides against phytophagous insects has led to their bioaccumulation in the environment causing increased resistance and reduction in soil biodiversity. Further, 90% of the applied pesticides enter the various environmental resources as a result of run-off, exposing the farmers as well as consumers of the agricultural produce to severe health issues. Therefore, growing attention has been given toward the development of alternate environmentally friendly pesticides/insecticides that would aid an efficient pest management system and also prevent chronic exposures leading to diseases. One such strategy is, the use of neem plant's (Binomial name: Azadirachta indica) active ingredients which exhibit agro-medicinal properties conferring insecticidal as well as immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties. The most prominent constituent of neem is azadirachtin, which has been established as a pivotal insecticidal ingredient. It acts as an antifeedant, repellent, and repugnant agent and induces sterility in insects by preventing oviposition and interrupting sperm production in males. This review discusses, key neem pesticidal components, their active functional ingredients along with recent strategies on employing nanocarriers, to provide controlled release of the active ingredients and to improve their stability and sustainability.
183 citations
TL;DR: Over 1000 research articles published on neem has uncovered over 300 structurally diverse constituents, one third of which are limonoids including nimbolide, azadarachtin, and gedunin, which manifest their effects by modulating multiple cell signaling pathways.
155 citations
TL;DR: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica using flavonoids and terpenoids present in the extract, which is a very rapid and cost-effective method for generation ofsilver nanoparticle at room temperature, however, its exact dose in water purification has to be determined.
Abstract: In this study, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. The flavonoids and terpenoids present in the extract act as both reducing and capping agent. Microbes (Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria) were isolated from borewell water using selective media. The silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria and E. coli. However the silver nanoparticles were more effective against E. coli as compared to Gram-positive bacteria. Various techniques were used to characterize synthesized silver nanoparticles such as DLS and UV–visible spectrophotometer. The absorbance peak was in the range of 420–450 nm, that varied depending upon the variation in the concentration of neem extract. This is a very rapid and cost-effective method for generation of silver nanoparticle at room temperature, however, its exact dose in water purification has to be determined.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, various nano emulsions of crude neem and citronella oils with surfactants were developed and characterised by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
102 citations
TL;DR: This review summarised the knowledge on neem oil and neem cake by-products in arthropod pest control, with special reference to mosquito vectors of public health importance and proposed the employ of neem-based products as an advantageous alternative to build newer and safer arthropode control tools.
96 citations
TL;DR: This study evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin on larval avoidance, food intake and digestive enzymes of Drosophila melanogaster larvae as biological model and showed that azadIRachtin induced behavioral and physiological disruption affecting the ability of the insect to digest food.
57 citations
TL;DR: The result suggests that the Azadirachta indica extracts contain plenty of phytochemicals with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Abstract: Throughout history, human civilizations have kinetically circumvented plants which have influenced a lot to the humanity. Plants have the facility to endanger diverse variety of phytochemical and biochemical compounds which can be acclimated to perform different biological functions. Many of these phytochemicals have salutary effects on long-term health when consumed by the human and can be efficaciously used to treat human diseases. The current research paper deals with the various phytochemical and biochemical analysis of Azadirachta indica. The analysis was carried out utilizing standard methods and protocols. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica has shown the presence of biological compounds like, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, etc which are then compared to aqueous leaf extracts of the plant. Biochemical analysis includes the estimation of chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content and proline content. The result suggests that the Azadirachta indica extracts contain plenty of phytochemicals with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
41 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that addition of methanolic herbal extracts of 2.5 mL kg−1 can positively influence the immune response of tiger shrimp against V. harveyi infection.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the efficacy of nano-emulsion formulations of azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica) against two serious pest species of stored products, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was investigated.
Abstract: This study aimed to improve the efficacy of azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) against two serious pest species of stored products, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), through nano-emulsion formulations. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed consisting of an emulsion system of an active ingredient (neem oil), surfactant (polysorbate or alkylpolyglucoside), and water. Isotropic regions were formed in the pseudoternary phase diagrams, and four formulations were selected from the isotropic regions and characterized according to particle size, particle aging, zeta potential, stability and thermostability, surface tension, viscosity, and pH. The selected formulations showed particle sizes of 208-507 nm in diameter. The result of contact toxicity demonstrated excellent mortality of S. oryzae and T. castaneum adults, with a mortality range of 85-100% and 74-100%, respectively, at a 1% azadirachtin concentration after only 2 days of exposure. Compared to non-formulated neem oil, the nano-emulsion formulations significantly increased the mortality of the tested species.
39 citations
TL;DR: Treatment with neem leaf extract (NLE) against cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation suggests that NLE has potential in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Abstract: Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaf has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of neem leaf extract (NLE) against cigarette smoke (CS)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. Treatment with NLE significantly attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). NLE also reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and the activity of neutrophil elastase in BALF. Moreover, NLE attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in BALF. NLE inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the lungs of mice with CS- and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. NLE also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lungs of the mice CS- and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, treatment with NLE significantly attenuated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the lungs mice exposed to CS and LPS. NLE also inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) in the lungs of mice expose to CS and LPS. These findings thus suggest that NLE has potential for use in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were in situ generated in cellulose matrix using leaf extract of Azadirachta indica as a reducing agent, and the cellulose/AgNP composite films prepare...
TL;DR: Results indicated that developed liposomal gel of ketoconazole with neem extract could have great potential for seborrheic dermatitis and showed synergetic effect for the treatment.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to develop liposomal gel containing ketoconazole and neem extract for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in an effectual means. Azoles derivatives that are commonly used to prevent superficial fungal infections include triazole category like itraconazole. These drugs are available in the form of oral dosage that required a long period of time for treatment. Ketoconazole is available in the form of gel but is not used with any herbal extract. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves show a good anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity and have great potential as a bioactive compound. The thin film hydration method was used to design an herbal liposomal preparation. The formulation was further subjected to their characterization as particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, % cumulative drug release, and anti-fungal activity and it was also characterized by the mean of their physicochemical properties such as FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and AFM. The results show that the formulation of liposomes with neem extract F12 were found to be optimum on the basis of entrapment efficiency in the range 88.9 ± 0.7%, with a desired mean particle size distribution of 141.6 nm and zeta potential − 45 mV. The anti-fungal activity of liposomal formulation F12 was carried out against Aspergillus niger and Candida tropicalis by measuring the inhibition zone 8.9 and 10.2 mm, respectively. Stability of optimized formulation was best seen at refrigerated condition. Overall, these results indicated that developed liposomal gel of ketoconazole with neem extract could have great potential for seborrheic dermatitis and showed synergetic effect for the treatment.
TL;DR: The condensed tannin intake in sheep between 7.15 and 10.8 g/kg dry matter intake via selected tann iniferous tropical tree leaves did not influence dry matter and digestibility, and about 20–26% reduction in sheep intake was found.
TL;DR: Tolerant trees species can serve as a sink, and sensitive tree species can act as an indicator for air pollution mitigation, provides useful insights for selecting tolerant species for future planning and Greenbelt development in urban areas.
Abstract: Objective: Air pollution is one of the major global tribulations in many developing cities around the world. Addressing this sort of pollution is more intricate than other ecological challenges. As pollution is an upcoming issue, we aimed at assessing the air pollution tolerant plants from roadside exposed to vehicular air pollution from two different locations in Thane city. Methods: In the present study, commonly available ten roadside tree species selected from polluted and control area, and their air pollution tolerance index (APTI) determined in Thane city. The biochemical parameters viz. pH, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC) were considered to calculate APTI by using standard method. Results: The study shows that the control site has more APTI than the polluted site. The APTI observed minimum in Tectona grandis 5.2±0.3247 and maximum in Azadirachta indica 13.5±0.4404. Reduction in APTI at polluted site shows that Alstonia scholaris (6.6%), Tamarindus indica (8.8%) and Azadirachta indica (10.3%) were the most tolerant tree species, while Tectona grandis (47.5%) , Acacia nilotica (27.4%) and Cassia fistula (20.7%) were more sensitive tree species. The results showed the order of tolerance (% difference in APTI) as Alstonia scholaris (6.6%)>Tamarindus indica (8.8%)>Azadirachta indica (10.3%)>Moringa pterygosperma (11.9%)>Mangifera indica (13.9%)>Bahunia variegate (14.3%)>Annona squamosa (18.7%)>Cassia fistula (20.7%)>Acacia nilotica (27.4%)>Tectona grandis (47.5%). Conclusion: Tolerant trees species can serve as a sink, and sensitive tree species can act as an indicator for air pollution mitigation. Thus, this study provides useful insights for selecting tolerant species for future planning and Greenbelt development in urban areas.
TL;DR: The results obtained in this study give some scientific support to the A. indica stem bark for further investigation of compounds and in future could be used as drug.
TL;DR: Neem leaf extract, containing polyphenols that adhere to oral surfaces, have the potential to provide long-lasting antibacterial as well as synergic antioxidant activities when in complex with bacteria, red blood cells and lisozyme, and might be especially effective in periodontal diseases.
Abstract: The common usage of chewing sticks prepared from Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) in India suggests its potential efficacy in periodontal diseases. The objective of this study is to explore the antibacterial effects of Neem leaf extract on the periodontophatic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and its antioxidant capacities alone and in combination with bacteria and polycationic peptides that may be at the site of inflammation. Neem leaf extract was prepared by ethanol extraction. The growth kinetics of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum under anaerobic conditions in the presence of Neem leaf extract were measured. Broth microdilution test was used to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Neem leaf extract against each bacterial strain. The effect of Neem leaf extract on the coaggregation of the bacteria was assessed by a visual semi-quantitative assay. The antioxidant capacities of Neem leaf extract alone and in combination with bacteria, with the addition of red blood cells or the polycationic peptides chlorhexidine and lisozyme, were determined using a chemiluminescence assay. Neem leaf extract showed prominent dose-dependent antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis, however, had no effect on the growth of F. nucleatum nor on the coaggregation of the two bacteria. Yet, it showed intense antioxidant activity, which was amplified following adherence to bacteria and with the addition of red blood cells or the polycationic peptides. Neem leaf extract, containing polyphenols that adhere to oral surfaces, have the potential to provide long-lasting antibacterial as well as synergic antioxidant activities when in complex with bacteria, red blood cells and lisozyme. Thus, it might be especially effective in periodontal diseases.
TL;DR: The water extract of stem bark of AI possesses significant wound healing property, validating its traditional use and supported by histopathological studies.
Abstract: Background: The paste of stem bark of Azadirachta indica (AI) has been traditionally used on wound and scar for rapid healing in Bundelkhand region of India. Objective: In the present investigation, wound healing potential of different extracts of stem bark of AI was explored in mice model. Materials and Methods: To study the wound healing properties in small animal model, the excision and incision wound models were used and water, ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) and ethanol extracts were applied topically (15% w/w in ointment base). In the excision wound model, wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, DNA content, protein content, and nitric oxide levels were estimated after 14 days of topical treatment along with histopathological examinations. In the incision wound model, wound breaking strength was determined after 10 days of topical application of different extracts of AI. Results: The animals treated with water extract of AI exhibited significant increment in rate of wound contraction (93.39%, P
TL;DR: Findings suggest that limonoids of A. indica, A. siamensis, and M. azedarach and their semi‐synthetic derivatives may be effective against inflammation.
Abstract: Seventy-three limonoids isolated from three Meliaceae plants, Azadirachta indica, A. indica var. siamensis, and Melia azedarach, or semi-synthesized from the Meliaceae limonoids, were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as a primary screening test for anti-inflammatory agents. Of the compounds tested, 21 compounds exhibited inhibitory activity (IC50 4.6 - 58.6 μm) without any significant toxicity (IC50 > 100 μm) which were more potent than l-NMMA (NO-production inhibitory activity, IC50 65.6 μm; cytotoxicity, IC50 > 100 μm), and among which, nine compounds, i.e., 17-hydroxy-15-methoxynimbocinol (6), ohchinin (20), 1-cis-cinnamoyl-1-decinnamoylohchinin (24), salannin (27), methyl nimbidate (32), isosalannin (55), nimbolinin D (58), mesendanin E (69), and 7-deacetylgedunin (73) exhibited potent inhibitory activity (IC50 4.6 - 29.3 μm). In particular, compounds 6 (IC50 7.3 μm), an azadirone-type limonoid, and 73 (IC50 4.6 μm), a gedunin-type limonoid, exhibited remarkable activity. Western blot analysis revealed that 27 and 73 reduced the expression levels of the inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that limonoids of A. indica, A. indica var. siamensis, and M. azedarach, and their semi-synthetic derivatives may be effective against inflammation.
TL;DR: It can be concluded from the study that methanolic extracts of A. indica, C. vera and M. oleifera resulted in reduced CH4 production, and thus can be used potentially to manipulate rumen condition, improve feed digestibility and reduce enteric CH4 emission from ruminants.
Abstract: Some medicinal plants have the tendency to manipulate the rumen microbial ecosystem, which in turn might reduce methane (CH4) emissions. The anti-methanogenic activities of leaf fraction of Piper betle, Aloe vera, Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Tithonia diversifolia, Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera pods were studied at different doses. The plant materials were extracted with pure methanol and subsequently reconstituted at the rate of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg in 1000 mL distilled water. Four mL of each plant extracts preparation was anaerobically incubated with 400 mg Eragrostis curvula hay in four replicates and the experiment was repeated five times. Plant extracts of P. betle and A. vera significantly increased total gas produced whereas other extracts recorded lesser or similar values to the control group. Leaf extracts of A. indica, C. papaya, J. curcas, M. oleifera, T. diversifolia and M. oleifera pods all significantly reduced CH4 volume at dosages of 25 and 50 mg/L due to the activities of their phytochemicals. Total volatile fatty acids and in vitro organic matter digestibility values recorded for all extracts were generally superior when compared with the control. Methane yield per unit of total gas were significantly lower in extracts of T. diversifolia, M. oleifera, A. indica, M. oleifera pods whereas it is higher in P. betle and A. vera. It can be concluded from the study that methanolic extracts of A. indica, C. papaya, J. curcas, M. oleifera, M. oleifera pods and T. diversifolia resulted in reduced CH4 production, and thus can be used potentially to manipulate rumen condition, improve feed digestibility and reduce enteric CH4 emission from ruminants. However, the in vitro results needs to be verified using in vivo studies by administering concentrated crude extracts at a rate of 25 mg or 50 mg per kg of roughage feed for small ruminants.
TL;DR: Neem yielded antibacterial activity equivalent to 2% chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis, suggesting that it offers a promising alternative to the other root canal irrigants tested.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial properties of Azadirachta indica (neem) or Curcuma longa (turmeric) against Enterococcus faecalis with those of 5% sodium hypochlorite or 2% chlorhexidine as root canal irrigants in vitro. The activity of neem, chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, or turmeric against E. faecalis was measured on agar plates using the agar diffusion method. The tube dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the irrigants used. Chlorhexidine or neem exhibited the greatest antibacterial activity when used as endodontic irrigants against E. faecalis, followed by sodium hypochlorite. No statistically significant difference was observed between neem, sodium hypochlorite, or chlorhexidine. The MIC of neem was 1: 128, which was similar to that of chlorhexidine. The MBC for each of these irrigants was 1: 16. Neem yielded antibacterial activity equivalent to 2% chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis, suggesting that it offers a promising alternative to the other root canal irrigants tested.
TL;DR: The antimicrobial activity showed that the ethyl acetate extract and butanol fraction presented greater activity against Streptococcus mutans and StrePTococcus mitis, and the strain Enteroccocus faecalis, the hydroethanolic extract and aqueous fraction were most promising samples, which encourages the continuation of studies, aiming at the development of cosmetics or toothpaste.
Abstract: Azadirachta indica A. Juss, known as neem (Meliacea family), has insecticide and pesticide properties, and many studies have shown their efficacy as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, among others. Studies for the development of drugs from plants are rising due to several factors such as bacterial resistance, indiscriminate use and the adverse reactions of antibiotics. In this study, phytochemical triage and thin layer chromatography analysis were performed, with similar results as the presence of flavonoids, tannins and terpenes. The antimicrobial activity showed that the ethyl acetate extract and butanol fraction presented greater activity against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis presenting a MIC = 50 µg/ml for these strains, and the strain Enteroccocus faecalis, the hydroethanolic extract and aqueous fraction were most promising samples with a MIC = 50 µg/ml and MIC = 25 µg/ml, respectively. Therefore, it encourages the continuation of studies, aiming at the development of cosmetics or toothpaste.
Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Azadirachta indica, minimum inhibitory concentration, oral strains, phytochemistry.
TL;DR: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity, as demonstrated using Azadirachta indica (neem) as a reducing agent.
Abstract: Green synthesis of nanoparticles by using different biological agents has emerged as an alternative to overcome the toxic effect of chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Among various biological agents, plants are mostly preferred. This study describes an eco-friendly and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (G-AgNPs) using Azadirachta indica (neem) as a reducing agent. UV–Vis spectral analysis proved the wavelength of sample to be 420 nm, approaching the surface resonance peak specific for G-AgNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed the mean diameter of particles as 35.4 nm with zeta potential +34.6 mV. TEM results revealed the compact and spherical shape of the particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (FT-IR) demonstrate the presence of possible functional groups involved in synthesis of the silver nanoparticles. The functional activity of immunological parameters, such as nitroblue tetrazolium assay, myeloperoxidase activity, phagocytic activity, anti-protease and lysozyme activity, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in fish treated with G-AgNPs. Relative percentage survival (74%) and enhanced disease resistance were observed in G-AgNP-treated Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. In summary, present results demonstrate biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of azadirachtin-enriched neem oil on the integument of semi-engorged R.sanguineus s.l., females through morphohistological techniques were evaluated.
Abstract: Several studies searching for methods to control Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., (dog tick) infestations have been developed aiming to minimize the damages caused by these ectoparasites to the hosts and the environment, which is harmed by the indiscriminate use of toxic acaricide products. In this scenario, neem oil has been used as a natural alternative against ticks, once this chemical has repellent properties and interferes in the growth regulation of these ectoparasites, inhibiting ecdysis. The present study evaluated the effects of azadirachtin-enriched neem oil on the integument of semi-engorged R.sanguineus s.l., females through morphohistological techniques. The results showed the occurrence of significant morphological and histochemical alterations, mainly in the females exposed to higher concentrations, which demonstrates the dose-dependent action of the chemical. A decrease in the cuticle thickness was observed, as well as a modification in the distribution of the epithelial cells, which displayed pyknotic and fragmented nuclei, and intensely vacuolated cytoplasm, indicating that these cells would be undergoing death processes. These morphological alterations observed in the integument of the females exposed to the azadirachtin-enriched neem oil encourage the use of this chemical as a strategy to control these ectoparasites.
TL;DR: Six medicinal and aromatic plants traditionally used in Cameroon to treat several disorders, including infections and parasitic diseases, are selected and the activity of their essential oils against Trypanosma brucei TC221 is evaluated.
Abstract: Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile components produced by the plant secondary metabolism and consist mainly of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and, to a minor extent, of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. They are exploited in several fields such as perfumery, food, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics. Essential oils have long-standing uses in the treatment of infectious diseases and parasitosis in humans and animals. In this regard, their therapeutic potential against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has not been fully explored. In the present work, we have selected six medicinal and aromatic plants (Azadirachta indica, Aframomum melegueta, Aframomum daniellii, Clausena anisata, Dichrostachys cinerea, and Echinops giganteus) traditionally used in Cameroon to treat several disorders, including infections and parasitic diseases, and evaluated the activity of their essential oils against Trypanosma brucei TC221. Their selectivity was also determined with Balb/3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line) cells as a reference. The results showed that the essential oils from A. indica, A. daniellii, and E. giganteus were the most active ones, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 15.21, 7.65, and 10.50 µg/mL, respectively. These essential oils were characterized by different chemical compounds such as sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Some of their main components were assayed as well on T. brucei TC221, and their effects were linked to those of essential oils.
TL;DR: The evidence concerning the clinical use of neem mouthrinses is lacking and needs further reinforcement with high‐quality randomized controlled trials based on the reporting guidelines of herbal CONSORT statement.
Abstract: Objectives
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem)-based herbal mouthrinse in improving plaque control and gingival health.
Methods
Literature search was accomplished using electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE) and manual searching, up to February 2015, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presenting clinical data for efficacy of neem mouthrinses when used alone or as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene as compared to chlorhexidine mouthrinses for controlling plaque and gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis.
Results
Of the total 206 articles searched, three randomized controlled trials evaluating neem-based herbal mouthrinses were included. Due to marked heterogeneity observed in study characteristics, meta-analysis was not performed. These studies reported that neem mouthrinse was as effective as chlorhexidine mouthrinse when used as an adjunct to toothbrushing in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients. However, the quality of reporting and evidence along with methods of studies was generally flawed with unclear risk of bias.
Conclusion
Despite the promising results shown in existing randomized controlled trials, the evidence concerning the clinical use of neem mouthrinses is lacking and needs further reinforcement with high-quality randomized controlled trials based on the reporting guidelines of herbal CONSORT statement.
TL;DR: Topical application of neem leaf to UVB-irradiated hairless mice was shown to be very effective in treating the symptoms of skin aging such as wrinkles, thickening, water loss, and erythema, indicating that neem Leaf ethanolic extract is a promising anti-aging candidate for topical therapy products.
Abstract: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) has been used in India for the treatment of skin problems for centuries. However, no skin photoaging-related research has been performed with this agent. In the present study, neem leaf extract at 1, 10, and 50 μg/mL was investigated for its skin anti-aging effects in UVB-irradiated NHDFs and hairless mice. Regulation of molecular signaling pathways by neem leaf extract during UVB exposure was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo models. UVB-irradiated skin model treated with neem leaf extract showed increased type I procollagen and elastin as a result of enhanced synthesis via two pathways. Firstly, transforming growth factor TGF-β1 is up-regulated. Secondly, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcription activator AP-1 protein expression, and MAPK are down-regulated. The down-regulation of signaling molecules caused the suppression of type I procollagen degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase-1 and type I procollagen synthesis inhibitor such as interleukin-6. In particular, topical application of neem leaf to UVB-irradiated hairless mice was shown to be very effective in treating the symptoms of skin aging such as wrinkles, thickening, water loss, and erythema. Therefore, our results indicated that neem leaf ethanolic extract is a promising anti-aging candidate for topical therapy products.
TL;DR: Tamarixetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside from a methanol extract of neem leaves and its gastroprotective activity in an animal model showed significant protection against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice in a dose-dependent manner.
Abstract: Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a well-known medicinal and insecticidal plant. Although previous studies have reported the antiulcer activity of neem leaf extract, the lead compound is still unidentified. The present study reports tamarixetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1) from a methanol extract of neem leaves and its gastroprotective activity in an animal model. Compound 1 showed significant protection against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ex vivo and circular dichroism studies confirmed that 1 inhibited the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity with an IC50 value of ca. 50 μM. Molecular docking and dynamics showed the binding of 1 into the pocket of the active site of MMP-9, forming a coordination complex with the catalytic zinc, thus leading to inhibition of MMP-9 activity.
TL;DR: Azadiramide A (1) as discussed by the authors is a rare salannin-class limonoid alkaloid with inhibitory activity against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line with IC50 value of 2.70 ± 0.63μmol/L.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the bougainvillea and neem extracts may perhaps play a central function in the mechanism of acquired systemic resistance and may produce pathogenesis-related proteins that play a significant role in watermelon seedling resistance against ZYMV.
Abstract: Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) has a wide distribution in Mecca regions and is considered to be a serious threat on watermelon production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of five medicinal plant extracts, against ZYMV-infecting watermelon plants. The experiment consisted of four application of soaking seeds, in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of greenhouse experiments with individually treatments by decoction and infusion of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds in soaking and in-vitro experiment, bougainvillea and neem in pre-inoculation and thuja extract following nigella decoction in post inoculation were efficient to reduce and\or inhibit symptoms expression infecting watermelon seedling, whereas, decoction exhibited higher antiviral activity against ZYMV than infusion. The decoction and infusion of NS seed increased the total photosynthesis pigments, total soluble intracellular protein and total phenol contents. In conclusion, the results of the present invest...
TL;DR: Insecticidal products from the present study could form a major component of the integrated storage protection package for cowpea and maize against beetle infestations.