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Showing papers on "Azadirachta published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This convenient, ecofriendly, and cost-effective peroxidase-based sensing system opens a new platform for analysis of AA in real samples and in complex biological systems.
Abstract: In the present study, an ecofriendly and zero-cost approach has been demonstrated for the preparation of carbon quantum dots by one-pot hydrothermal treatment of leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica). The as-synthesized neem carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) exhibited high fluorescent quantum yields (QYs) up to 27.2%. Moreover, N-CQDs also act with a peroxidase-like-mimetic activity toward the oxidation of peroxidase substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in association with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Further, the kinetics of peroxidase-like catalytic activity follows the Michaelis–Menten and ping-pong pathway. In addition, the H2O2 sensitive TMB oxidation motivated the colorimetric detection of H2O2 which showed linearity from 0.1 to 0.5 mmol/L with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.035 mmol/L. Furthermore, the blue colors of oxidized TMB (ox-TMB) were selectively reduced in native TMB with ascorbic acid (AA) without any interference of other reducing agents. The linear range of AA detection was lying ...

116 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These neem oil-loaded zein nanoparticles showed promising results in the toxicity studies, opening perspectives for its use in crop protection in organic agriculture.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that US treatment has not only isolate the colorant for neem bark under mild condition but also given excellent characteristic using bio mordants onto silk fabrics.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study suggests the formation of polyvinyl alcohol-Azadirachta indica (neem)-chitosan blend nanofibrous mat (PNCNM) by bi-layered technique under optimum processing conditions to be a suitable material for the wound dressing purpose.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the dust removal efficacy of urban roadside trees of tropical region and impact of dust load on foliage physiology and micromorphology.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is essential to establish routine methods for azadirachtin identification and quantification to guarantee a future reproducible, safe and effective use of the extracts in formulations for commercial applications.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Azadirachta indica leaf extracts were used as green surfactant for the synthesis of nanoparticles and the solar photocatalytic action was enumerate by adopting Methylene blue (MB) dye under solar light irradiation.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
04 Apr 2019-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: It can be concluded that the strain AE1 will be a good source of bioactive compounds having medicinal importance.
Abstract: For combating multidrug-resistant microorganisms, exploration of natural compounds from plant endophytes increases the chance of finding novel compounds An efficient bioactive metabolites producing endophytic fungal strain AE1 was isolated from leaves of Azadirachta indica A Juss The metabolites were found to be thermostable, non-proteinacious and produced prominent zones of inhibition against numbers of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Based on 28S rDNA (D1/D2) sequence homology the isolate AE1 was identified as Alternaria alternata Malt extract broth was found effective for the maximum production of bioactive metabolites by the isolate and was subjected for solvent extraction The Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of AE1 showed MIC values of 300–400 μg/ml against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria tested The cidal mode of action of EA fraction was detected by treating bacterial cultures at mid log phase Scanning electron microscopic study supported morphological disintegration of bacterial cells Release of nucleic acid, protein and potassium ions (K+) also suggested lysis of bacterial cells or leakage of cell membrane upon treatment In addition, reduction of the activity of EMP pathway, TCA cycle and gluconeogenic enzymes in all bacteria suggested the interference of antibacterial principles with central carbohydrate metabolic pathways Thin layer chromatographic separation followed by GC-MS analysis of EA fraction suggested numbers of antimicrobial compound production by AE1 In addition, DPPH free radical as well as superoxide radical scavenging assay also suggested strong antioxidant potential of AE1 with an IC50 value of 380±17 μg/ml and 1138±12 μg/ml respectively On the basis of above facts it can be concluded that the strain AE1 will be a good source of bioactive compounds having medicinal importance

45 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, photo catalytic degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B followed Eley-Rideal mechanism which states that dye react in fluid phase with adsorbed oxygen.
Abstract: Abstract Aqueous pollution due to textile industry is an important issue. Photocatalysis is one of the methods used for eradication of dyes from textile industrial effluents. In this study, the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of photo catalytic activity of Ag-TiO2 is reported. TiO2 catalysts with 2, 4, 6 and 8% loading of Ag were prepared by green methods using Azadirachta indica leaves extract as reducing agent with titanium dioxide and silver nitrate as precursor materials. Prepared catalyst was characterized by advanced techniques and was used as catalyst for degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B dyes. Deposition of Ag greatly enhanced the catalytic efficiency of TiO2 towards degradation of dyes. Irradiation of catalyst excites electrons from conduction band of catalyst to valence band yielding an electron-hole pair. This electron-hole pair undergoes secondary reactions and produce OH∙ radicals. These active radicals take part in degradation of dyes. More than 90% dyes were degraded in 120 min. Photo catalytic degradation of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B followed Eley-Rideal mechanism which states that dye react in fluid phase with adsorbed oxygen.

36 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of A. indica may have bioactive compounds with antidiabetic potentials.

Journal ArticleDOI
31 May 2019
TL;DR: Overall, data suggest that AzaA generally targets more than one protein in H. armigera and hence could be a potent biopesticide.
Abstract: Azadirachtin-A (AzaA) from the Indian neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has insecticidal properties; however, its molecular mechanism remains elusive. The "targeted and nontargeted proteomic profiling", metabolomics, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging, gene expression, and in silico analysis provided clues about its action on Helicoverpa armigera. Fourth instar H. armigera larvae fed on AzaA-based diet (AzaD) suffered from significant mortality, growth retardation, reduced larval mass, complications in molting, and prolonged development. Furthermore, death of AzaD-fed larvae was observed with various phenotypes like bursting, blackening, and half-molting. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data showed limited catabolic processing of ingested AzaA and dramatic alternations of primary metabolism in H. armigera. MALDI-TOF imaging indicated the presence of AzaA in midgut of H. armigera. In the gut, out of 79 proteins identified, 34 were upregulated, which were related to digestion, immunity, energy production, and apoptosis mechanism. On the other hand, 45 proteins were downregulated, including those from carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy transfer. In the hemolymph, 21 upregulated proteins were reported to be involved in immunity, RNA processing, and mRNA-directed protein synthesis, while 7 downregulated proteins were implicated in energy transfer, hydrolysis, lipid metabolism, defense mechanisms, and amino acid storage-related functions. Subsequently, six target proteins were identified using labeled AzaA that interacted with whole insect proteins. In silico analysis suggests that AzaA could be efficiently accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of juvenile hormone esterase and showed strong interaction with active site residues, indicating plausible targets of AzaA in H. armigera. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested differential gene expression patterns and partly corroborated the proteomic results. Overall, data suggest that AzaA generally targets more than one protein in H. armigera and hence could be a potent biopesticide.

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Mar 2019
TL;DR: Results of this study showed that both plants are rich in phytochemicals and possess antioxidant potential and might act as prophylactic and remedy for different diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, etc.
Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of Azadirachta indica and Parquetina nigrescens leaves. Study Design: This study was made to fit a one way Analysis of Variance. Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out in Premedical Science Department, Educational Advancement Centre, Ibadan and Pharmaceutical Laboratory of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria between January and June, 2018. Methodology: Both plants were harvested from the botanical garden, University of Ibadan. The qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as antioxidant potential of both plants were investigated. Results: The result of the qualitative analysis showed that both plants contained variety of phytochemicals. The quantitative analyses showed that these phytochemicals were present in different concentrations. The concentration of phytate and total phenolics were significantly higher in A. indica when compared with those of P. nigrescens respectively at P<0.05. It was also observed that A. indica had lower concentrations in alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids and tannin when compared with those of P. nigrescens respectively. Also tested were antioxidants (ascorbic acid, DPPH and FRAP). The concentration of ascorbic acid was significantly higher in A. indica when compared with that of P. nigrescens at P<0.05. α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential of A. indica and P. nigrescens was investigated respectively at different concentrations with A. indica having the higher radical scavenging potential. The scavenging potential of DPPH was found to increase with increasing concentration of the extracts. Conclusion: Result of this study showed that both plants are rich in phytochemicals and possess antioxidant potential. Hence, they might act as prophylactic and remedy for different diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity, etc. Parquetina nigrescens might be more potent than Azadirachta indica in acting as a remedy for different diseases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Neem oil extract has significant bactericidal activity against H. pylori, and has several favorable pharmacological properties, including ability to kill non-growing bacteria, increased activity at low pH, and no hemolytic activity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-Azadirachta indica (neem) nanofibrous mat under optimum processing conditions of electrospinning technique from a mixer of PVA and neem extract to utilize the inherent medicinal properties of this herb for biomedical application.
Abstract: The present study provides credence to the formation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–Azadirachta indica (neem) nanofibrous mat (PNNM) under optimum processing conditions of electrospinning technique from a mixer of PVA and neem extract to utilize the inherent medicinal properties of this herb for biomedical application. The bonding behavior, orientation of fibers, thermal behavior, and moisture management properties were evaluated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and moisture management tester (MMT) reports respectively. The antibacterial activity of the developed sample at the maximum mixing ratio of neem extract (80%) was tested against Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria using agar disc diffusion method. The results reveal that the prepared nanofibrous mat exhibited better thermal and moisture management properties in comparison with PVA nanofiber alone. The formation of smooth fibers was confirmed by SEM images having average diameter of 185 nm under 5k, 10k and 15k magnifications. The characteristic peaks of PVA and neem constituents in FTIR spectra of the developed mat confirmed the presence of both components. Bacterial resistance was reached up to 20 mm due to the antibacterial constituents of neem extract. Thus the developed mat could be used as a biocompatible and bio based in biomedical applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of the ME on the parasite-host interactions appeared to be mouse strain-dependent, but also related to the ripening stage of the neem fruits, as only the unripe fruit seed kernel extracts displayed appreciable bioactivity.
Abstract: Medicinal plant research may contribute to develop new pharmacological control tools for vector borne diseases, such as malaria. The effects of methanol extracts (ME) obtained from seed kernel of ripe and unripe Azadirachta indica fruits were studied on erythrocytic proliferation of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA and on mice pro-inflammatory response, as evaluated by measuring the matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plasma levels, in two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) which are considered as prototypical of Th1 and Th2 immune response, respectively. ME obtained from seed kernel of unripe Azadirachta indica fruits decreased by about 30% the proportion of erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite in C57BL/6 mice in the 4 days suppressive test. In this treatment group, MMP-9 and TNF levels were notably higher than those measured in the same mouse strain treated with the anti-malarial drug artesunate, Azadirachta indica kernel extracts from ripe fruits or solvent. In BALB/c mice, treatment with kernel extracts did not influence parasitaemia. MMP-9 and TNF levels measured in this mouse strain were notably lower than those recorded in C57BL/6 mice and did not vary among treatment groups. The effects of the ME on the parasite-host interactions appeared to be mouse strain-dependent, but also related to the ripening stage of the neem fruits, as only the unripe fruit seed kernel extracts displayed appreciable bioactivity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Water dispersible tablet (WT), containing neem (Azadirachta indica) oil as a mosquitocide, exhibited 98% mortality against third instars larvae of Anopheles culicifacies followed by residual effect upto sixth week and was found to be non-toxic to the non-target fish, Poecilia reticulate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both P1S and P2S exhibited antiviral activity when used simultaneously to HSV-1, with 50% inhibitory concentration/selectivity index, respectively, and the antiviral effect is probably due to the interference of polysaccharides at the early stages of HSv-1 replication, including adsorption.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: The present chapter provides the critical description of phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of different parts of neem tree and its important natural bio-active compounds.
Abstract: The extracts of different parts of neem tree (Azadirachta indica) have been well documented for its pharmacological or medicinal properties and their wide applications by indigenous healthcare practices. Pharmacological properties exhibited by plant parts could be further explored for development of new herbal formulations and therapeutic agents. Pharmacological properties of neem tree are due to the presence of active phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, alkaloids, tannins, sulphurous compounds, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. Various medicinal properties and applications of neem tree have been well documented in ancient Indian system of medicine and scripts such as Susruta Samhita and Charak Samhita. Over 700 herbal preparations based on A. indica have been recognized in traditional system of medicine such as Unani, homoeopathy, Ayurveda and Siddha, and more than 160 local practices are known in different countries of the world in which neem contributes as a main or the sole constituent for curing various diseases. Neem displays various medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antigingivitis, antifungal, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antipyretic and wound healing activities. All the parts of neem tree have been used as traditional medicines. In addition to its therapeutic potential, neem is being extensively used as eco-friendly commercial agrochemicals and pesticides. The present chapter provides the critical description of phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of different parts of neem tree and its important natural bio-active compounds.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a seaweed-based biodegradable films with incorporation of different concentrations of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract was studied.
Abstract: Seaweed-based biodegradable films were studied with incorporation of different concentrations of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract. The films were fabricated via a hot casting method and were subjected to physical, mechanical, and morphological examinations to investigate the effect of the neem extract reinforcement in the edible film. There was moderate improvement in the tensile strength, contact angle values, and elongation at break values, while the water vapour permeability was reduced with the addition of neem leaves extract beyond 5 w/w %. Analysis of the morphology of the fabricated films confirmed that there was good dispersion of the neem leaves extract in the seaweed matrix films, which resulted in the enhanced mechanical strength of the fabricated films. Moreover, the fabricated composite films showed excellent antimicrobial activity towards both Gram-positive bacterium subclasses (coccus and bacillus), which is highly desirable for the packaging material in the current scenario. So far, this is the first report on neem leave based seaweed films with enhanced antimicrobial activity, which makes them suitable for sustainable packaging application. The experiments showed that the seaweed-based film incorporated with neem leaves extract has potential application as an active packaging material due to its enhanced mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Eucalyptus oil was found to be more effective against mosquito larvae at lower concentration as compared to neem oil, and can be utilized in the community in artificial and small temporary water bodies as an eco-friendly vector control measure in the era of increasing resistance to chemical insecticides.
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Plant-based products can provide safe and biodegradable mosquito control agents. The essential oils have a strong odor due to complex secondary metabolites and exhibit lower density than that of water, which renders them suitable to form a thin layer above the water surface. The present study was designed to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal activity of Eucalyptus and neem oils against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the activity of commercially available Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and neem (Azadirachta indica) oils against larvae and pupae of A. aegypti and A. albopictus for their larvicidal and pupicidal activity, stability in different water types, dependence on volume and surface area of the water body, and residual efficacy. Results: Eucalyptus oil was found to be more effective against larvae and pupae at lower concentrations, i.e., concentration at which 50% is observed (LC50) for larvae and pupae was 93.3 and 144.5 parts per million (ppm) and concentration at which 90% is observed (LC90) was 707.9 and 741.3 ppm, respectively, while for neem oil, LC50 for larvae and pupae was 7852 and 19,054 ppm and LC90 was 10,092 and 19,952 ppm, respectively. The efficacy of Eucalyptus oil depended on surface area rather than volume of water, and the residual efficacy of Eucalyptus oil was up to 8 days. Conclusions: Eucalyptus oil was more effective against mosquito larvae at lower concentration as compared to neem oil. It can, therefore, be utilized in the community in artificial and small temporary water bodies as an eco-friendly vector control measure in the era of increasing resistance to chemical insecticides.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that adding neem powder to acrylic resin denture base materials reduces the adhesion of C. albicans; therefore, the incorporation of neem could be a possible denture stomatitis prevention method.
Abstract: Background Denture with antimicrobial activities is desirable to prevent Candida albican adhesion subsequently decreasing the susceptibility of denture stomatitis incidence. Azadirachta Indica, commonly known as Neem powder has antimicrobial effect but the effect of its addition to acrylic denture base on C. albicans adhesion has not been investigated. The aim of this study was determine whether adding neem powder to acrylic denture base materials could reduce Candida albicansadhesion. Material and methods One hundred and twenty acrylic resin denture specimens were fabricated and divided into heat-polymerized (n=60) and auto-polymerized (n=60) groups. Each group was further divided into 6 groups (n=10) based on the neem concentration: 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 wt% of the polymer. After polymerization, the specimens were polished, stored in distilled water, sonicated, sterilized, submerged in artificial saliva containing C. albicans, and finally, placed in an incubator at 37°C. Slide counting and direct culture methods were used to assess the antifungal effects of the neem addition. An analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's test were performed for the data analysis (p≤0.05 was statistically significant). Results Based on the results, the neem addition significantly decreased the C. albicans count when compared to the control group (p≤0.05). Moreover, the count decreased as the neem concentration increased (lowest count with 2.5 wt%). Conclusions The results suggest that adding neem powder to acrylic resin denture base materials reduces the adhesion of C. albicans; therefore, the incorporation of neem could be a possible denture stomatitis prevention method. Key words:Denture stomatitis, Candida albicans, Azadirachta indica, neem powder, denture base.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lower concentration of tulsi and higher concentration (4 mg/ml) of neem leaf methanolic extract was observed to be effective against urinary tract infections in human causative agent S. aureus.
Abstract: In the present study, green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles was done using methanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica L. as well as Ocimum sanctum L. The antimicrobial activity was screened against UTI causing bacteria, viz. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles derived from tulsi leaf extract inhibited E. coli by 12.00 ± 0.65 mm, K. pneumoniae by 9.66 ± 0.11 mm and S. aureus by 23.00 ± 0.81 mm at concentrations 1 mg/ml. Similarly, silver nanoparticles derived from neem leaf extract inhibited K. pneumoniae by 9.11 ± 0.81 mm and S. aureus by 09.0 ± 1.17 mm at concentrations 1 mg/ml respectively. Lower concentration (1 mg/ml) of tulsi and higher concentration (4 mg/ml) of neem leaf methanolic extract was observed to be effective against urinary tract infections in human causative agent S. aureus.



Journal ArticleDOI
23 Mar 2019
TL;DR: This paper attempts to give an insight into the biological activities of some of the compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the extract, clinical studies and medicinal applications along with their safety evaluations.
Abstract: An understanding of the chemistry of the secondary metabolites of neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is essential and important due to its medicinal properties. Several studies have been done on the biological and pharmacological activities with a considerable progress made with respect to its biological activity and medicinal uses. The neem safety is known from its long communal ethno-pharmacological uses as a category one herbal product. It is readily available with great access to the local population at low cost and environmentally friendly. This paper attempts to give an insight into the biological activities of some of the compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the extract, clinical studies and medicinal applications along with their safety evaluations. Issues on the active chemical constituents of various formulations, commercially available neem products, are also mentioned along with their respective application.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jul 2019
TL;DR: The results showed that all measured indices had positive correlation with together except FCW and DCW with azadirachtin accumulation.
Abstract: Azadirachtin is an important secondary metabolite from Azadirachta indica used as a natural biopesticide. This study is the first comprehensive report concerning the influence of plant growth regulators on callus induction, cell suspension growth, and azadirachtin accumulation and production in cell suspension cultures of A. indica. We investigated the effect of plant growth regulators including different types of auxins and cytokinins and their combinations on callus induction, cell suspension growth, and azadirachtin accumulation and production. The highest percentage of callusing (100%) obtained at different combinations of plant growth regulators on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L picloram and 2 mg/L kinetin and the highest fresh weight of callus (264.50 mg) was observed in MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L NAA and 3 mg/L kinetin. In cell suspension cultures, the maximum cell density, SCV, and PCV were 2.44 × 106 cells per mL, 97.95%, and 81.46%, respectively, obtained in the MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 3 mg/L zeatin riboside. The highest average growth rate (0.25 days) was on MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L NAA and 3 mg/L zeatin riboside. The MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L picloram and 2 mg/L kinetin produced the highest amount of fresh cell weight (493.02 g/L), dry cell weight (77.27 g/L), azadirachtin accumulation (3.69 mg/gDW), and azadirachtin production (285.64 mg/L). The results showed that all measured indices had positive correlation with together except FCW and DCW with azadirachtin accumulation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the conventional jar test was used to evaluate the % mixed microalgae harvesting efficiency from domestic wastewater by using different natural coagulants such as de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake, Moringa oleifera, Conocarpus erectus, and neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds compared to alum as a chemical co-agulant.
Abstract: The conventional jar test was used to evaluate the % mixed microalgae harvesting efficiency from domestic wastewater by using different natural coagulants such as de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake, Moringa oleifera, Conocarpus erectus and neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds compared to alum as a chemical coagulant. The highest microalgae removal efficiency (97.91%) was achieved with powdered neem (A. indica) seeds at 100 mg/L dosing, mixing speed 100 rpm, with 10 min agitation time and pH 9. Interestingly, it was observed that % removal of microalgae was found above 94% in all cases with neem (A. indica) seeds as compared to other coagulants. Then, the % removal is followed by C. erectus with 93.44 % and alum 91.62%. However, the consumption of alum was very high (200 mg/L) to achieve higher % removal efficiency making it uneconomical. Statistically, it was found that both coagulants neem (A. indica) and de-oiled cake of J. curcas seeds were having a percentage contribution of coagulant dosing on the harvesting results. The techno-economic analysis showed that the powdered neem (A. indica) and M. oleifera seeds were found the most economical in terms of mixed microalgae harvesting cost per litre of wastewater, i.e. (US$ 0.0068/L) and (US$ 0.0052/L), respectively. De-oiled cake of J. curcas seeds can effectively remove microalgae with % removal 84.98 %, but the cost analysis revealed that de-oiled cake of J. curcas seeds has higher harvesting cost per litre (US$ 0.0103/L) compared to neem (A. indica) and M. oleifera seeds. Thus, it is suggested to use the neem (A. indica) as coagulants for mixed microalgae removal from domestic wastewater with effective % microalgae removal in a cost-effective manner for biodiesel production.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Green tea and neem leaves showed good antimicrobial effects and can be used to explore novel antimicrobial compounds against MRSA and STEC.
Abstract: Objective: This study aims at investigating the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis (common name: Green tea) and Azadirachta indica (common name: Neem) leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC). Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were processed and extracted by 99% ethanol and recon¬stituted with 50% ethanol before testing. Disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to determine zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. Nutrient agar plate was used to estimate the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Maximum ZDI value was observed for green tea against MRSA (7.5 mm) and minimum for neem (4.9 mm). Moreover, the highest ZDI against STEC was also for green tea and the com¬bination of green tea and neem (4.5 mm). The MIC values of green tea extract were 15.625 and 31.25 mg/ml against MRSA and STEC, respectively, whereas the MIC of neem was 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively. The combination had similar MIC (46.87 mg/ml) against both organ¬isms. Green tea showed the lowest MBC values, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/ml, against MRSA and STEC, respectively. However, MBC of neem and the combination against MRSA and STEC were found >250 mg/ml, >500 mg/ml and 93.75 mg/ml, >375 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Green tea and neem leaves showed good antimicrobial effects and can be used to explore novel antimicrobial compounds against MRSA and STEC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support the involvement of A. indica in the food industry as a natural antioxidant that could replace synthetic ones in the refrigerated storage of raw beef patties.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the total polyphenol content, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and to evaluate their effect on shelf-life stability of raw beef patties during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. During 11 days of storage, the antioxidant effect of A. indica on ground beef meat was investigated by the determination of lipid oxidation, pH, anti-radical activity, color, hexanal content, and microbial growth. The results obtained showed that fresh A. indica leaves and synthetic conservative behaved in the same way and retarded the lipid oxidation of chilled beef patties while increasing their pH (5.40 and 5.45, respectively). It can also be said that A. indica limited the loss of color, reduced the metmyoglobin formation (36.70%) and had a significant effect on bacterial growth and hexanal content. In addition, the results obtained through anti-radical and antimicrobial properties showed proportional values of total polyphenol content and radical scavenging activity of leaf extracts as they showed their antimicrobial effect against some bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, among others. These results support the involvement of A. indica in the food industry as a natural antioxidant that could replace synthetic ones.