Showing papers on "Bacteria published in 1977"
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Anearobic bacteria in human disease, Anearobic bacteriology, and its role in disease are studied.
Abstract: Anearobic bacteria in human disease , Anearobic bacteria in human disease , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
729 citations
TL;DR: This article corrects the article on p. 517 in vol.
Abstract: [This corrects the article on p. 517 in vol. 41.].
522 citations
TL;DR: The results with known mixtures of bacteria suggest that hydrogenase-forming, sulfate-reducing bacteria could be active in some methanogenic ecosystems that are low in sulfate, and it is suggested that lack of availability of H(2) for growth of methanogens is a major factor in suppression of meetinghanogenesis by sulfate in natural ecosystems.
Abstract: In the analysis of an ethanol-CO2 enrichment of bacteria from an anaerobic sewage digestor, a strain tentatively identified as Desulfovibrio vulgaris and an H2-utilizing methanogen resembling Methanobacterium formicicum were isolated, and they were shown to represent a synergistic association of two bacterial species similar to that previously found between S organism and Methanobacterium strain MOH isolated from Methanobacillus omelianskii. In lowsulfate media, the desulfovibrio produced acetate and H2 from ethanol and acetate, H2, and, presumably, CO2 from lactate; but growth was slight and little of the energy source was catabolized unless the organism was combined with an H2-utilizing methanogenic bacterium. The type strains of D. vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans carried out the same type of synergistic growth with methanogens. In mixtures of desulfovibrio and strain MOH growing on ethanol, lactate, or pyruvate, diminution of methane produced was stoichiometric with the moles of sulfate added, and the desulfovibrios grew better with sulfate addition. The energetics of the synergistic associations and of the competition between the methanogenic system and sulfate-reducing system as sinks for electrons generated in the oxidation of organic materials such as ethanol, lactate, and acetate are discussed. It is suggested that lack of availability of H2 for growth of methanogens is a major factor in suppression of methanogenesis by sulfate in natural ecosystems. The results with these known mixtures of bacteria suggest that hydrogenase-forming, sulfate-reducing bacteria could be active in some methanogenic ecosystems that are low in sulfate.
455 citations
TL;DR: An electron microscope study of 11 species of demosponges and of two species of calcareous sponges has shown the general occurrence of associated bacteria, usually extracellular, but intracellular in Petrosia ficiformis.
417 citations
TL;DR: A new genus of fastidiously anaerobic bacteria which produce a homoacetic fermentation is described, which is tentatively placed in the family Propionibacteriaceae.
Abstract: A new genus of fastidiously anaerobic bacteria which produce a homoacetic fermentation is described. Cells are gram-positive, oval-shaped, short rods which are actively motile by means of one or two subterminal flagella. Hydrogen is oxidized, and carbon dioxide is reduced to acetic acid. Organic substrates which are fermented in a mineral medium include fructose, glucose, lactate, glycerate, and formate. Pantothenate is required as a growth factor. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type species is 39 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The name Acetobacterium is proposed for this new genus, which is tentatively placed in the family Propionibacteriaceae. The type species, Acetobacterium woodii sp. nov., is named in honor of Harland G. Wood. The type strain of A. woodii is WB1 (= ATCC 29683 and DSM 1030).
400 citations
TL;DR: Two groups of lithotrophic bacteria, the existence of which may be expected on evolutionary and thermodynamical grounds, have not yet been detected: photosynthetic, anaerobic, ammonia bacteria, analogous to coloured sulphur bacteria, and chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrogen with O2 or nitrate as oxidant.
Abstract: Two groups of lithotrophic bacteria, the existence of which may be expected on evolutionary and thermodynamical grounds, have not yet been detected: (A) photosynthetic, anaerobic, ammonia bacteria, analogous to coloured sulphur bacteria, and (B) chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrogen with O2 or nitrate as oxidant.
375 citations
TL;DR: Comparative analysis of methanogens to constitute a distinct phylogenetic group containing two major divisions, and these organisms appear to be only distantly related to typical bacteria.
Abstract: The 16S ribosomal RNAs from 10 species of methanogenic bacteria have been characterized in terms of the oligonucleotides produced by T(1) RNase digestion. Comparative analysis of these data reveals the methanogens to constitute a distinct phylogenetic group containing two major divisions. These organisms appear to be only distantly related to typical bacteria.
361 citations
TL;DR: Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen.
Abstract: Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood, but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen. This occurs by photometabolism (Athiorhodaceae), nitrate respiration (Pseudomonas and Moraxella sp.) and methanogenic fermentation (a consortium) in which the benzene nucleus is first reduced and then cleaved by hydrolysis to yield aliphatic acids for cell growth. These methods may be used by microbial communities to catabolise man-made pollutants.
292 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that purified pili alone cause HA of erythrocytes by binding to mannose-like molecules on the ery Throthrocyte surface by bindingto mannosed-like molecule on the surface of the cell membranes.
Abstract: Many enterobacteria can cause agglutination of erythrocytes, but previous investigations have not proven which components of the bacteria are responsible. We used a strain of Escherichia coli K12 which causes mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (HA) of guinea pig cells. Common pili were purified from these bacteria by shearing them from the bacteria followed by selective precipitation in acid and ammonium sulfate. Isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride removed the remaining outer membrane protein contaminants. These pili are pure by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. By amino acid analysis, they have a mol wt of 17,099 and consist of 45% nonpolar residues. These purified pili agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes, a reaction that is inhibited by anti-pili antibodies and by saccharides related in structure to D-mannose. Proteolytic treatment of erythrocytes does not diminish HA but rather increases the pili-induced HA of human cells. Neuraminidase enhances HA and mannosidase slightly diminishes it. It is concluded that purified pili alone cause HA of erythrocytes by binding to mannose-like molecules on the erythrocyte surface. Thus HA by bacterial pili serves as a useful model system for the mechanism of bacterial pili attachment ot cell membranes.
262 citations
TL;DR: Adhesion was found to vary, between individuals and epithelial cell types, with epithelialcell viability, bacterial cultivation medium and growth phase, number of bacteria added to the epithelial cells, and incubation time and temperature, and influenced by variations in pH and osmolarity.
Abstract: Optimal conditions for in vitro adherence of Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells, previously shown to more efficient for strains causing acute symptomatic than that for strains causing "asymptomatic" urinary tract infections, were investigated. Uroepithelial cells from fresh morning urine of healthy individuals and E. coli bacteria from patients with various forms of urinary tract infeciton were used. Adhesion was found to vary, between individuals and epithelial cell types, with epithelial cell viability, bacterial cultivation medium and growth phase, number of bacteria added to the epithelial cells, and incubation time and temperature. Adhesion was also influenced by variations in pH and osmolarity. Optimal test conditions were obtained with post-log-phase bacterial cultures grown on nutrient broth when 10(8) bacteria were added to 10(5) epithelial cells and incubated for 60 min. Considerable variation was found between experiments done on different days, whereas the variation between duplicates was small. The method described may provide a useful tool in the study of the host-parasite relationship in urinary tract infections.
216 citations
TL;DR: Except for the first 4 days after germination, a greater biomass was produced than could be accounted for by the utilization of the carbohydrates released by the roots grown in the absence of microorganisms, which supports the view that the microorganisms stimulate the loss of soluble organic materials.
Abstract: Barley plants were grown for up to 16 days in solution culture either under axenic conditions or in the presence of a mixed population of microorganisms. The quantities of soluble carbohydrate released by the roots grown in the absence of microorganisms and the numbers of bacteria which developed in the inoculated solutions were determined. Except for the first 4 days after germination, a greater biomass was produced than could be accounted for by the utilization of the carbohydrates released by the roots grown in the absence of microorganisms; this supports the view that the microorganisms stimulate the loss of soluble organic materials. These results are considered in relation to microbial activity in the soil and in particular to the significance of N2 fixation by free-living rhizosphere bacteria in the nitrogen economy of plants.
TL;DR: The cell wall component of Pseudomonas solanacearum that induces disease resistance in tobacco was highly heat stable at neutral or alkaline pH but highly labile at acid pH; activity was unaffected by nucleases and proteases but destroyed by a mixture of beta-glycosidases.
Abstract: The cell wall component of Pseudomonas solanacearum that induces disease resistance in tobacco was highly heat stable at neutral or alkaline pH but highly labile at acid pH. Activity was unaffected by nucleases and proteases but destroyed by a mixture of beta-glycosidases. Washing of bacterial cell walls released a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction with high inducer activity. Purified LPS, extracted by a variety of procedures from whole cells, isolated cell walls, and culture filtrates of both smooth and rough forms of P. solanacearum, induced disease resistance in tobacco at concentrations as low as 50 microgram/ml. The LPS from the non-plant pathogens Escherichia coli B, E. coli K, and Serratia marcescens was also active. Cell wall protein, free phospholipid, and nucleic acids were not necessary for activity. Moreover, since LPS from rough forms was active, the O-specific polysaccharide of the LPS was not required for activity. Hydrolysis of the remaining core-lipid A linkage or deacylation of lipid A destroyed inducer activity. When injected into tobacco leaves, purified LPS attached to tobacco mesophyll cell walls and induced ultrastructural changes in the host cell similar to those induced by attachment of whole heat-killed bacteria.
TL;DR: These two organisms are found to be sufficiently related that they can be considered members of the same genus or family and bear only slight resemblance to “typical” Procaryotic genera; such asEschericbia, Bacillus andAnacystis.
Abstract: The 16S ribosomal RNAs from two species of methanogenic bacteria, the mesophileMethanobacterium ruminantium and the thermophileMethanobacterium thermoautotropbicum, have been characterized in terms of the oligonucleotides produced by digestion withT1 ribonuclease. These two organisms are found to be sufficiently related that they can be considered members of the same genus or family. However, they bear only slight resemblance to “typical” Procaryotic genera; such asEschericbia, Bacillus andAnacystis. The divergence of the methanogeinc bacteria from other bacteria may be the most ancient phylogenetic event yet detected — antedating considerably the divergence of the blue green algal line for example, from the main bacterial line.
TL;DR: The data suggest that the variation in oxygen tolerance of anaerobic bacteria is usually related to their level of SOD, and it is postulated that SOD may be a virulence factor that allows pathogenic anaerobes to survive in oxygenated tissues until the proper reduced conditions are established for their growth.
Abstract: Twenty-two anaerobic bacteria isolated from infected sites and normal fecal flora were assayed for superoxide dismutase (SOD). The organisms were also classified according to their oxygen tolerance into aerotolerant, intermediate, and extremely oxygen-sensitive groups. There was a correlation between the enzyme level and the oxygen tolerance, in that the aerotolerant and intermediate organisms had SOD, whereas the extremely oxygen-sensitive isolates had low or undetectable enzyme. Among the oxygen-tolerant organisms, gram-negative bacteria had higher levels of SOD than gram-positive organisms. Oxygen was shown to induce SOD production in a strain of Bacteriodes fragilis grown in minimal medium under continuous-culture conditions. Enzyme levels in this isolate grown under static conditions were lower in minimal medium than in complex medium, indicating that other components in the complex medium were stimulating the production of SOD. Our data suggest that the variation in oxygen tolerance of anaerobes is usually related to their level of SOD. It is postulated that SOD may be a virulence factor that allows pathogenic anaerobes to survive in oxygenated tissues until the proper reduced conditions are established for their growth.
TL;DR: Prokaryotic Phototrophs: Basic Diffe rences Between Cyanobacteria and the Green and Purple Bacteria 276 major CHARACTERISTICS of the GREEN and PURPLE BACTERIA 277 Cytological and Biochemical Properties.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 276 Prokaryotic Phototrophs: Basic Diffe rences Between Cyanobacteria and the Green and Purple Bacteria 276 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN AND PURPLE BACTERIA 277 Cytological and Biochemical Properties 277 Historical Basis of the Existing Classification 278 Legitimate Names of the Higher Taxa 279 GREEN BACTERIA (CHLOROBIINEAE) 280 Green and Brown Sulfur Bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) 280 Green-colored species ..... ...... ... ... ... ... ........ 280 Brown-colored species and consortiums 280 Filamentous Gliding Green Bacteria (Chloroflexaceae) 281 Thermophilic and mesophilic Chloroflexus 281 Planctonic Chloronema 282 PURPLE BACTERIA (RHODOSPIRILLINEAE) 282 Problems of Differentiation Between Purple Sulfur and Nonsulfur Bacteria 282 Purple Sulfur Bacteria (Chromatiaceae) 283 Criteria for determinative purposes 283 Poorly studied genera and species 284
TL;DR: Six strains of representative species of sulfate-reducing bacteria were tested for their capacity to use elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor for growth and there was good growth and sulfide production by strain Norway 4 and the three isolates.
Abstract: In addition to three new isolates, six strains of representative species of sulfate-reducing bacteria were tested for their capacity to use elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor for growth. There was good growth and sulfide production by strain Norway 4 and the three isolates, two of which had been enriched with sulfur flower and one isolated from a culture with green sulfur bacteria. Slow but definite growth was observed with Desuflovibrio gigas. The type strains of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, D. vulgaris, and Desulfotomaculum nigrificans as well as Desulfomonas pigra did not grow with sulfur. The four strains that grew well with sulfur flower were straight, nonsporulating rods and did not contain desulfoviridin.
TL;DR: It is suggested that peptidoglycan-associated proteins form, or are part of, hydrophilic channels through the outer membrane in Escherichia coli strains that contain one or more Enterobacteriaceae proteins.
TL;DR: The data show that plant cell walls but not membranes contain surfaces to which A. tumefaciens adheres and these exhibit the specificity typical of the host site to which virulent agrobacteria must attach to induce tumors.
Abstract: Cell wall preparations from primary bean leaves were found to inhibit tumor initiation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain B6 when inoculated with the bacteria on bean leaves. Membrane fractions from these same leaves were noninhibitory. The cell walls were effective when applied prior to or with bacteria, but application of cell walls about 15 minutes after bacteria did not affect the number of tumors initiated. Much of the inhibitory activity of the plant cell walls was eliminated by pretreatment with dead site-attaching bacteria or with lipopolysaccharide from these bacteria. Cells and lipopolysaccharide from non-site-attaching agrobacteria had no effect on the activity of the plant cell walls. About 30% inhibition of tumor initiation was obtained with plant cell walls at 50 mug/ml dry weight, and at 10 mg/ml dry weight about 70% inhibition was typical. Both early and late appearing tumors were affected by the cell walls, indicating that they do not exclusively affect tumors arising from either small or large wounds. These data show that plant cell walls but not membranes contain surfaces to which A. tumefaciens adheres and these exhibit the specificity typical of the host site to which virulent agrobacteria must attach to induce tumors. It is concluded that some portion of wound-exposed plant cell wall constitutes the host adherence site in Agrobacterium infections.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the circulating nucleic acids in higher organisms with a focus on bacteria, which possess several extra chromosomal factors including the F factor, R factors, and bacteriocinogenic factors, which are distinguishable by their molecular weight.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the circulating nucleic acids in higher organisms. DNA is able to leave bacteria and enter other bacteria and the mechanisms and situations involved are readily understood. Bacterial DNA can move from members of one strain to those of another by means of conjugation or transduction, which does not strictly involve extracellular release of DNA. Bacteria possess several extra chromosomal factors including the F factor (the first fertility factor), R factors (antibiotic resistance transfer factors), and bacteriocinogenic factors, which are distinguishable by their molecular weight. F and R factors and some bacteriocinogens have a molecular weight of 6–140 × l0 6 , corresponding to 100 to 200 genes, while many bacteriocinogens have a molecular weight of 4–5 × 10 6 —about 15 genes. Transformation also has been achieved by providing one strain of bacteria with non-purified DNA found in the culture medium of another strain.
TL;DR: The major cell wall amino acids and sugars in 177 strains of coryneform bacteria were determined using a ‘rapid’ method using data from four groups according to their oxygen requirements, the wall sugars and the occurrence and nature of free mycolic acids.
Abstract: The major cell wall amino acids and sugars in 177 strains of coryneform bacteria were determined using a ‘rapid’method. Representatives were examined for free mycolic acids and the oxygen requirements of all strains were determined. Included were named strains, most of which were labelled Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium or Microbacterium, and a similar number of unnamed isolates from various natural sources. Strains which contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) were divided into four groups according to their oxygen requirements, the wall sugars and the occurrence and nature of free mycolic acids. Group 1 strains were mainly facultatively anaerobic and contained arabinose and mycolic acids of the Corynebacterium type. They were considered to be members of Corynebacterium sensu stricto and included Cor. diphtheriae and related animal parasites, Microbact. flavum, and Cor. glutamicum and similar species. Group 2 strains were aerobic, contained arabinose and mycolic acids of the ‘rhodochrous’type and were considered members of the ‘rhodochrous’complex. Group 3 strains were aerobic, contained ribose and no mycolic acids. Most were Br. linens strains from cheese but a few, possibly related strains, were from other habitats. Group 4 strains were aerobic and contained neither a pentose sugar nor mycolic acids and were of unknown taxonomic status. Most remaining strains contained lysine or ornithine in the wall and smaller numbers contained L-DAP or diaminobutyric acid; none contained mycolic acids. The chemotaxonomic data are discussed in relation to recent numerical taxonomic studies of coryneform bacteria.
Patent•
17 Oct 1977TL;DR: The antibiotic CC-1065 can be used in various environments to eradicate or control such bacteria as discussed by the authors, but it is not effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella pullorum.
Abstract: Novel antibiotic CC-1065 producible in a fermentation under controlled conditions using the new microorganism Streptomyces zelensis, NRRL 11,183 This antibiotic is active against Gram-positive bacteria, for example, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Sarcina lutea, and Streptococcus faecalis It is also active against Gram-negative bacteria, for example, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella pullorum Thus, antibiotic CC-1065 can be used in various environments to eradicate or control such bacteria
TL;DR: When proteolytic bacteria approach their maximum cell density, extracellular proteases secreted by the bacteria apparently break down the connective tissue between muscle fibers, allowing the bacteria to penetrate the meat.
Abstract: Bacteria are confined to the surface of meat during the logarithmic phase of growth. When proteolytic bacteria approach their maximum cell density, extracellular proteases secreted by the bacteria apparently break down the connective tissue between muscle fibers, allowing the bacteria to penetrate the meat. Non-proteolytic bacteria do not penetrate meat, even when grown in association with proteolytic species.
TL;DR: Estuarine bacteria isolated on metal-containing media were also found to be antibiotic resistant; ampicillin and chloramphenicol were the antibiotics to which resistance was most common.
Abstract: Estuarine bacteria isolated on metal-containing media were also found to be antibiotic resistant; ampicillin and chloramphenicol were the antibiotics to which resistance was most common. Patterns of antibiotic resistance were found associated with a variety of taxa.
TL;DR: In this paper, a coordinate induction of a new protein, a W-reactivation system, a DNA modification system, and prophages was demonstrated following UV irradiation of Bacillus subtilis.
Abstract: Following UV irradiation of Bacillus subtilis there is a coordinate induction of: 1) a new protein, 2) a W-reactivation system, 3) a DNA modification system, and 4) prophages. These functions are induced following UV irradiation of repair proficient bacteria and mutants deficient in excision repair (UVR-1) and DNA polymerase I activity (polA5). However, they are not induced, or are impaired in their ability to be induced in bacteria containing the recA1 and the recG13 mutations. This inducible system is compared to the SOS system observed in E. coli.
TL;DR: Fibrillar structures originating from the plant cell wall in the intercellular spaces of leaves of Leaves of `Red Kidney' bean engulfed a saprophytic bacterium, Pseudomonas putida, after its initial attachment to the host walls.
Abstract: Fibrillar structures, originating from the plant cell wall in the intercellular spaces of leaves of ;Red Kidney' bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., engulfed a saprophytic bacterium, Pseudomonas putida, after its initial attachment to the host walls. Phytopathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas phaseolicola and Pseudomonas tomato, did not adhere to the plant cell wall nor were they encapsulated. Bean lectins may be involved in the attachment and encapsulation processes.
TL;DR: In vitro experiments showed that bacteria deprived of iron in bovine or human sera or milk or in chicken egg white stopped miltiplication and died in a very short time, and antibacterial effects were neutralized effectively with the addition of exogenous iron or the iron-binding bacterial product, enterochelin.
Abstract: Effects of iron on the growth of avirulent and virulent strains of Escherichia coli were tested in mice and in mammalian sera. Infection of the animals with iron increased mortality rates in mice infected with the avirulent strain to levels found in mice infected with the virulent strain. In vitro experiments showed that bacteria deprived of iron in bovine or human sera or milk or in chicken egg white stopped miltiplication and died in a very short time. These antibacterial effects were neutralized effectively with the addition of exogenous iron or the iron-binding bacterial product, enterochelin. In contrast to avirulent bacteria, which were effectively inhibited in mammalian serum, virulent bacteria were able to obtain iron and multiply. The ability of virulent bacteria to grow in mammalian serum is being attributed to the presence of iron-binding enterochelin and lipopolysaccharide in large amounts on the cell walls of virulent bacteria.
TL;DR: After interaction with HeLa cells cultured in vitro, the fraction of adhering extracellular and that of internalized smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and rough 395 MR10 have been determined by two different techniques.
Abstract: After interaction with HeLa cells cultured in vitro, the fraction of adhering extracellular and that of internalized smooth Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS and rough 395 MR10 have been determined by two different techniques. (i) By using the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique on unfixed and acetone-fixed HeLa cell preparations, intracellular bacteria were considered to become stained only after acetone fixation. (ii) Based on the assumption that gentamicin affects only extracellular bacteria, disintegration of the infected HeLa cells and viable count allowed the determination of internalized bacteria. Both techniques showed that MS as well as MR10 bacteria gained intracellular access, the fraction of MR10 cells doing so being much greater. The net increase in the intracellular bacterial population was small within 3 h of incubation.