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Bainite

About: Bainite is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9520 publications have been published within this topic receiving 145305 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of cyclic deformation on the microstructures were analysed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).
Abstract: The low cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviour of several commercially-produced multiphase steels was studied; including dual-phase (DP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). In addition, a novel TRIP980 hybrid microstructure was examined that consisted of coarse ferrite grains along with low temperature bainite regions interspersed with retained austenite. Fully reversed strain controlled fatigue tests were conducted on the different steels to determine the cyclic stress response and strain to failure. The effects of the cyclic deformation on the microstructures were analysed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that the initial cyclic hardening behaviour and low cyclic softening ratio observed in the TRIP steels was not necessarily due to austenite to martensite transformation. Differences between the austenite transformation behaviour of the conventional and novel hybrid TRIP microstructures was related to the different surrounding phases and the size of the retained austenite.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitative theory to explain bainite formation kinetics has been proposed based on the nucleation kinetics of bainitic sub-units, which shows acceptable correlation with experimental results, but it is observed that the kinetic models show a certain degree of discrepancy with actual kinetics.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the aging at room temperature (RT) and the tempering behavior in the temperature range 293 to 973 K of ternary iron-nickel-carbon martensite (containing 14.4 at.pct Ni and 2.35 at. pct C) was investigated principally by using X-ray diffractometry to analyze changes in the crystalline structure and differential scanning calorimetry to determine heats of transformation and activation energies.
Abstract: The aging at room temperature (RT) and the tempering behavior in the temperature range 293 to 973 K of ternary iron-nickel-carbon martensite (containing 14.4 at. pct Ni and 2.35 at. pct C) was investigated principally by using X-ray diffractometry to analyze changes in the crystalline structure and differential scanning calorimetry to determine heats of transformation and activation energies. These techniques also were used in the parallel study performed in this work of the tempering behavior of FeC martensite (containing about 4.4 at. pct C) in the temperature range 298 to 773 K. Analysis of the structural changes revealed that in both FeNiC and FeC the following processes occurred: (1) formation of carbon enrichments and development of a periodic arrangement of planar carbon-rich regions up to 423 K; (2) precipitation of e/η transition carbide and transformation of a part of the austenite into ferrite under simultaneous enrichment with carbon of the remaining austenite (between 423 and 523 K); (3) decomposition of the retained austenite into ferrite and cementite between 523 and 723 K (only partly for FeNiC); (4) precipitation of cementite between 523 and 723 K; and (5) for FeNiC, reformation of austenite from ferrite and cementite above 773 K. A short comparative discussion concerning the first stage of martensite decomposition for FeC, FeNiC, FeN, and FeNiN martensites is given.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different second phases and the volume fraction of bainite on the mechanical properties of Nb bearing ferrite+bainite steels are discussed.
Abstract: Dual phase steels have not shown superior characteristics with regard to the properties such as hole expansion, Charpy impact, fatigue and especially flash butt welding which is closely related to wheel rim fabrication. Through the investigation of the nature and volume fraction of second phase and alloying elements, it has been clarified that Nb bearing steels, whose microstructure contains ferrite and 10 to 20% bainite, eliminate these problems in dual phase steels and exhibit excellent characteristics. We will discuss the effects of the different second phases and the volume fraction of bainite on the mechanical properties.It is found that as far as flash butt welding is concerned, Nb bearing ferrite+bainite steel does not show any remarkable softening or localized necking in the heat affected zone which often occurs in dual phase steel because of the tempering of martensite. The superiority of the stretch flangeability of Nb bearing ferrite+bainite steel is ascribed to the superior ductility of bainite compared to that of martensite or pearlite.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of cooling rate on the hardness and microstructure of the hot-stamped boron steel containing 2 mass% carbon was investigated and the results showed that reducing the cooling rate significantly reduces the hardness.

60 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023211
2022417
2021337
2020425
2019427
2018409