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Bainite
About: Bainite is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9520 publications have been published within this topic receiving 145305 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, a model for carbon partitioning between supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite is presented, where the process involves quenching the remaining austenites below the martensite-start temperature, followed by a partitioning treatment to enrich the remaining Austenite with carbon.
Abstract: A model is reviewed, that describes the endpoint of carbon partitioning between supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite. A new process, quenching and partitioning (Q&P), has been developed recently to intentionally employ such partitioning in creating useful ferrous microstructures containing retained austenite. The process involves quenching austenite below the martensite-start temperature, followed by a partitioning treatment to enrich the remaining austenite with carbon, thereby stabilizing it to room temperature. Recent experimental studies have confirmed that Q&P provides a viable means to create microstructures containing carbon-enriched retained austenite, and attractive property combinations have been achieved in a variety of materials, while opportunities remain for further optimization. Furthermore, some implications of the partitioning model with respect to fundamentals of the bainite transformation are discussed, including the possibility of displacive growth under carbon diffusion control, with an austenite composition at the α/γ interface represented by the (adjusted) T0 composition. It is suggested that individual movements of iron atoms are likely during growth of Widmanstatten ferrite, and that there may be a need for further consideration of thermally activated iron-related processes in general.
465 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dependence of the martensite-start temperature on the austenite grain size has been investigated and a theory based on the ability to detect transformation as a function of the grain size was proposed.
456 citations
TL;DR: In this article, microstructural evidence, together with a thermodynamic analysis, of the bainite reaction in steels are presented in support of a growth mechanism involving the propagation of displacive sub-units.
455 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a quantitative relationship between the composition and some important mechanical properties of silicon containing steels, which can be transformed isothermally to an aggregate of bainitic ferrite and carbon enriched retained austenite only, has been developed.
Abstract: Recent work on the mechanism of the bainite transformation has shown that the extent of transformation to bainitic ferrite, and the carbon content of the remaining austenite, can be estimated thermodynamically. This paper is concerned with the application of this recent work to the development of a quantitative relationship between the composition and some important mechanical properties of silicon containing steels, which can be transformed isothermally to an aggregate of bainitic ferrite and carbon enriched retained austenite only. It is demonstrated that the method has predictive capabilities, and forms the basis of further work (Part 2 of this study) on the theoretical design, optimization, and testing of two promising steel compositions.
451 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report methods for accelerating the rate of reaction without compromising strength, and show that bainitic ferrite plates produced by transformation at low temperatures can be as thin as 20 nm with a hardness in excess of 650 HV.
Abstract: Recent work has shown that bainitic ferrite plates produced by transformation at low temperatures can be as thin as 20 nm with a hardness in excess of 650 HV. However, it may take several days in order to achieve the required degree of transformation at low temperatures. In this work we report methods for accelerating the rate of reaction without compromising strength.
420 citations