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Bainite
About: Bainite is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9520 publications have been published within this topic receiving 145305 citations.
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01 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the main structural differences between the two major types of martensite in ferrous alloys are discussed in terms of their possible effects on the plastic deformation mechanisms which must occur in the parent austenite and product martensites during transformation.
Abstract: Light and electron microscopy have been used to determine the main structural differences between the two major types of martensite in ferrous alloys. In the martensite that forms in dilute alloys of iron, the basic transformation unit takes the shape of a lath, and hence the term lath martensite is appropriate for identifying this morphology. Each lath is the result of a homogeneous shear, and successive shears produce a packet of parallel laths containing a high density of tangled dislocations. The other type, plate martensite, differs in the shape taken by a transformation unit and its transformation sequence is characterized by nonparallel plate formation. Investigation of a large number of binary ferrous systems shows that alloy composition and the transformation temperature influence the transition from lath to plate martensite. These two factors are discussed in terms of their possible effects on the plastic deformation mechanisms which must occur in the parent austenite and product martensite during transformation.
313 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a family of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with varying retained austenite contents was used to produce a series of transformation induced plasticity steels for cold-rolled 0.1C-7.1Mn steel.
Abstract: Manganese enrichment of austenite during prolonged intercritical annealing was used to produce a family of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with varying retained austenite contents. Cold-rolled 0.1C-7.1Mn steel was annealed at incremental temperatures between 848 K and 948 K (575 °C and 675 °C) for 1 week to enrich austenite in manganese. The resulting microstructures are comprised of varying fractions of intercritical ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite. Tensile behavior is dependent on annealing temperature and ranged from a low strain-hardening “flat” curve to high strength and ductility conditions that display positive strain hardening over a range of strain levels. The mechanical stability of austenite was measured using in-situ neutron diffraction and was shown to depend significantly on annealing temperature. Variations in austenite stability between annealing conditions help explain the observed strain hardening behaviors.
310 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided experimental evidence in support of the theory that Widmanstatten ferrite formation involves the co-operative growth of mutually-accommodating plates.
295 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the nature of changes in carbon steel during the processes of quenching and tempering is investigated. But the results are limited to a single type of steel.
Abstract: DURING the past few years several papers have been published on the nature of changes in carbon steel during the processes of quenching and tempering.
290 citations
15 Aug 2009-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of martensite morphology and distribution in a ferrite matrix on the mechanical properties and the damage accumulation in uniaxial tension was investigated in two different automotive-grade dual phase DP600 steels.
Abstract: The effect of martensite morphology and distribution in a ferrite matrix on the mechanical properties and the damage accumulation in uniaxial tension was investigated in two different automotive-grade dual phase DP600 steels. The two sheet steels had roughly 20% volume fraction of martensite but dissimilar chemical composition. A detailed analysis of microstructure and damage accumulation has been conducted as a function of strain. SEM analysis revealed that voids nucleation occurs by martensite cracking, separation of adjacent martensite regions, or by decohesion at the ferrite/martensite interface. Martensite morphology and distribution had a significant influence in the accumulation of damage. The steel with a more uniform distribution of martensite showed a slower rate of damage growth and a continuous void nucleation during the deformation process, which resulted in a higher void density before fracture. On the other hand, the steel with a centre-line of martensite through the sheet thickness exhibited accelerated void growth and catastrophic coalescence in the transverse orientation to the applied load.
287 citations