Topic
Bainite
About: Bainite is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9520 publications have been published within this topic receiving 145305 citations.
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the theoretical foundations of most of the major phases that occur due to the solid-state transformation of austenite are described, including the thermodynamics, kinetics and evolution of morphological features, and where appropriate, the crystallography and shape deformation of the phase concerned.
Abstract: This Chapter describes the theoretical foundations of most of the major phases that occur due to the solid-state transformation of austenite The phases include allotriomorphic ferrite, pearlite, Widmanstatten ferrite, bainite and martensite, covering in each case the thermodynamics, kinetics and evolution of morphological features, and where appropriate, the crystallography and shape deformation of the phase concerned Elementary mathematical derivations are included without compromising on the seminal features of particular transformations Case studies are then presented, which show the ability of the theory to predict useful steels, for example, the TRIP and TWIP alloys, bulk nanostructured bainite, and welding materials that mitigate the development of residual stress in constrained assemblies
85 citations
01 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the carbon content and the amount of retained austenite have been determined as a function of transformation temperature in an SAE-9262 steel, and it has been shown that this remarkably high carbon content falls short of the one predicted by the Kinsman-Aaronson extrapolation of the A3 curve thus indicating that the bainitic transformation cannot be considered simply as an extension of the proeutectoid transformation.
Abstract: The formation of bainite in steel is generally accompanied by an enrichment in carbon of the adjacent austenite which can become remarkably stable as evidenced by its very slow transformation rate and its very lowMs point. This paper presents the results of a study of this residual austenite in an SAE-9262 steel. Both the carbon content and the amount of retained austenite have been determined as a function of transformation temperature. It has been shown that the carbon content of the enriched austenite passes through a maximum of 1.7 pct at a reaction temperature of 400°C. However, this remarkably high carbon content falls short of the one predicted by the Kinsman-Aaronson extrapolation of theA3 curve thus indicating that the bainitic transformation cannot be considered simply as an extension of the proeutectoid transformation. In view of the inadequacy of the standard thermodynamics theory of theBs temperature, a kinetic point of view is proposed for the definition of this temperature.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the workhardening rate of spheroidite is determined by the cementite morphology and is independent of the interparticle distance, and an important additional contribution comes from plastic constraint effects in the nodules.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this article, five types of ferrite-pearlite structure carbon steels with different carbon contents were friction stir welded under various welding conditions, and the mechanical properties and microstructures of the FSW carbon steel joints were evaluated.
Abstract: Five types of ferrite–pearlite structure carbon steels with different carbon contents (IF steel, S12C, S20C, S35C, S50C) were friction stir welded under various welding conditions, and the mechanical properties and microstructures of the FSW carbon steel joints were evaluated. Compared with IF steel, the microstructures and mechanical properties of the carbon steel joints are significantly affected by the welding conditions. When the carbon content is less than or equal to 0.12 mass%, the welding produces ferrite–pearlite structures, and the strength slightly increases compared to the base metal due to the refined microstructure; when the carbon content is above 0.2 mass%, the welding produces ferrite–pearlite plus harder phases like the martensite and bainite microstructures, resulting in a significantly increased strength of the joints. These are dependent on each of the thermal-mechanical cycles.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of increasing the nickel content from 3 to 7 or 9 wt% were investigated in high strength steel weld metals with 2 wt-% manganese.
Abstract: The effects of increasing the nickel content from 3 to 7 or 9 wt-% were investigated in high strength steel weld metals with 2 wt-% manganese. Nickel additions were beneficial to strength but detrimental to impact toughness. Significant segregation of nickel and manganese to interdendritic regions was observed at the two higher nickel contents. In these weld metals a mainly martensitic microstructure developed at interdendritic regions, whereas bainite was found at dendrite core regions. The microstructural inhomogeneity was due to segregation and the accompanying stabilisation of austenite in solute enriched regions to lower transformation temperatures. With 3 wt-% nickel the microstructure was found to be more homogeneous, with mainly bainite forming. The decrease in impact toughness with increasing nickel content was mainly attributed to the formation of coarse grained coalesced bainite.
84 citations