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Bainite
About: Bainite is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9520 publications have been published within this topic receiving 145305 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between as-formed microstructure and mechanical properties of hot stamped boron steel used in automotive structural applications and found that an area fraction of ferrite greater than 6% led to an increased uniform elongation and an increase in n-value without affecting the strength of the material for equivalent hardness levels.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model is developed to understand the kinetics of bainite formation during isothermal treatments, which is derived under the assumptions of displacive mechanism of BFR formation.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the plastic stability of retained austenite and the strength-ductility balance at room temperature are improved with the increase in C content in retained Austenite after opimizing the bainite transformation time in the continuous annealing process.
Abstract: Mechanical properties of a 0.14%C-1.9%Si-1.7%Mn TRIP steel have been studied especially from the aspect of the plastic stability of retained austenite which was varied by changing bainite transformation time at 400°C. The plastic stability of retained austenite and the strength-ductility balance at room temperature are improved with the increase in C content in retained austenite after opimizing the bainite transformation time in the continuous annealing process. Martensitic transformation can occur from the plastically unstable retained austenite with low C content. The kinetics model for deformation-induced martensitic transformation explains the experimentally obtained change in volume fraction of retained austenite with plastic strain in terms of the C content in retained austenite.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to observe bainitic nucleation and growth in a superbainite steel and the morphological development of bainite transformation was directly observed.
81 citations
TL;DR: The incomplete transformation (ICT) phenomenon is defined as the temporary cessation of ferrite formation (in the absence of carbide precipitation at α:γ boundaries) before the fraction of austenite transformed to ferrite predicted by the Lever rule is attained as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The incomplete transformation (ICT) phenomenon is defined as the temporary cessation of ferrite formation (in the absence of carbide precipitation at α:γ boundaries) before the fraction of austenite transformed to ferrite predicted by the Lever rule is attained. The ICT phenomenon is central to the “overall reaction kinetics” definition of bainite but plays lesser roles in the quite different groups of phenomena comprising the “surface relief” and “generalized microstructural” definitions. Experimental generalizations that can be made about the ICT are briefly noted. Effects of alloying elements, X, upon various aspects of the nucleation and growth of ferrite are listed in order of apparently increasing strength. The ICT is seen to be one of the stronger effects in the latter spectrum. Theories of the ICT are then critically examined. The currently most promising theories involve (1) the cessation of growth induced by the coupled-solute drag effect (C-SDE), accentuated by the overlap of the carbon diffusion fields associated with adjacent ferrite crystals; and (2) the concepts of item (1) plus local alloying element partition between ferrite and austenite (LE-NP), thereby making any further ferrite growth require volume diffusion of X in austenite and thus to take place exceedingly slowly. Distinguishing between these theories will require use of an Fe-C-X system in which the temperature-carbon concentration paths of the paraequilibrium (PE) Ae3 and of the “no partition” boundary are well separated. Although the Fe-C-Mo system has proved convenient for studying many aspects of the ICT phenomenon, it does not fulfill this specification. Fe-C-Mn alloys do so and should be particularly useful subjects for future investigations of the ICT phenomenon.
81 citations