Showing papers on "Banyan switch published in 2007"

Redundancy RF MEMS Multiport Switches and Switch Matrices

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate novel configurations of planar multiport radio-frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) C-type and R-type switches and redundancy switch matrices for satellite communications. An in-house monolithic fabrication process dedicated to electrostatic multiport RF MEMS switches and switch matrices is developed and fine tuned. The proposed C-type switch is a four-port device with two operational states. This switch exhibits an insertion loss of less than 0.3 dB and isolation of about 25 dB at satellite C-band frequency range. The novel R-type switch is also a four-port device with an additional operational state. The measured results show an insertion loss of better than 0.4 dB and an isolation of better than 25 dB at C-band. This is the first time that an R-type RF MEMS switch is ever reported. Several of these switches are integrated in the form of redundancy switch matrices, and two novel monolithic five to seven redundancy switch matrices are developed, fabricated, and tested. It is shown that the additional operating state of the R-type switch not only decreases the number of elements by 50% but also reduces the size drastically

Performance Analysis of blocking Banyan Switches

Abstract: Banyan Networks are a major class of Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs). They have been widely used as efficient interconnection structures for parallel computer systems, as well as switching nodes for high-speed communication networks. Their performance is mainly determined by their communication throughput and their mean packet delay. In this paper we use a performance estimation model that is based on a universal performance factor, which includes the importance aspect of each of the above individual performance factors (throughput and delay) in the design process of a MIN. The model can also uniformly be applied to several representative networks. The complexity of the model requires to be investigated by time-consuming simulations. In this paper we study a typical (8X8) Baseline Banyan Switch that consists of (2X2) Switching Elements (SEs). The objective of this simulation is to determine the optimal buffer size for the MIN stages under different conditions

On the choice of all-optical switches for optical networking

Abstract: New real-time applications are being developed on computer networks for the management of different types of information and knowledge, and therefore, demand for more and more bandwidth is increased each year. All-optical networking can be the sole approach to provide the huge bandwidth required for future networks. The essential elements in such an optical network are optical switches. Four important parameters in optical switches are cost, the longest path, the shortest path, and the blocking status of optical switches. We provide formulations to obtain the number of switching elements, and the longest/shortest path performances. All these formulations are based on using 2times2 SEs to build an optical switch. The choice of optical switch is an important issue in the design of optical networks. In this paper, different optical switches such as Crossbar, Clos, Banyan, Batcher Banyan, Benes, Butterfly, Cantor, and Spanke switches are studied. We focus on the architectures of these switches and provide a comparison on the mentioned parameters in order to enable an optical network designer to choose an appropriate optical switch.

Demonstration for rearrangeable nonblocking 8x8 matrix optical switches based on extended banyan networks.

Abstract: Based on the CROSSBAR network (CN) and the BANYAN network (BN), two new rearrangeable nonblocking constructions of extended BANYAN network (EBN) were proposed for implementing 8×8 optical matrix switch. The interconnection characteristics of these two types of rearrangeable nonblocking EBN were studied, and the logic program for driving switching units was provided. The calculated insertion loss is 3.3 dB for 8×8 optical matrix switch. Silica waveguide 8×8 matrix optical switch was designed and fabricated according to the calculated results. The silica waveguide propagation loss of 0.1dB/cm and waveguide-fiber coupling loss of 0.5dB/point were measured. With the fabricated 8×8 matrix optical switch, optical insertion loss of 4.6 dB, cross-talk of -38 dB, polarization dependent loss of 0.4 dB, averaged switching power of 1.6 W, and switching time of 1 ms were obtained. A basic agreement between experimental results and theoretical calculated values was achieved.

Rearrangeable Nonblocking 8 $\times$ 8 Matrix Optical Switch Based on Silica Waveguide and Extended Banyan Network

Abstract: Based on the crossbar network and the Banyan network (BN), a new rearrangeable nonblocking structure of extended Banyan network (EBN) was proposed for implementing an 8 times 8 optical matrix switch. The interconnection characteristics of the rearrangeable nonblocking EBN were studied, and the diagram of the logic program for driving the operation of switching units was provided. A silica waveguide 8 times 8 matrix optical switch was designed and fabricated according to the calculated results. The silica waveguide propagation loss of 0.1 dB/cm and waveguide-fiber coupling loss of 0.5 dB/facet were measured. With the fabricated 8 times 8 matrix optical switch, the insertion loss of 4.6 dB, the crosstalk of -38 dB, the polarization-dependent loss of 0.4 dB, the averaged switching power of 1.6 W, and the switching time of 1 ms were achieved. A basic agreement between experimental results and theoretical calculated values was achieved

Mechanically tri-stable SPDT metal-contact MEMS switch embedded in 3D transmission line

Abstract: This paper presents an electrostatically actuated MEMS switch mechanism for a mechanically tri-stable single- pole-double-throw (SPDT) metal-contact switch, which is fully embedded in the signal line of a low-loss 3D-micromachined coplanar-waveguide T-junction. The switch features mechanical tri-stability, i.e. all three stable states of the switch are maintained by an interlocking mechanism without applying external actuation energy. The actuation voltage is only necessary for triggering the transition between the three stable states. In contrast to conventional MEMS switch designs where the switch actuator is built around the transmission line and thus creates a discontinuity in the waveguide, the switch mechanism of the presented design is completely embedded in the signal line of the coplanar waveguide. This, together with a 3D micromachined transmission line design confining the major part of the field lines in the air and not in the substrate, results in very low insertion loss and low reflections. Furthermore, the switches feature active opening which results in very reliable operation of the switches. Single-pole-double-throw metal-contact switches have been fabricated in a very simple, single photolithography mask process, and successfully evaluated from DC to 15 GHz.

Implementation method for a three-dimensional Banyan network in free space

Abstract: Banyan optical networks play an important role in free-spatial photonic networks and optical communications. Based on previous research on the one-dimensional (1-D) Banyan network, the characteristics and structures of three-dimensional (3-D) Banyan networks are introduced and analyzed. Simultaneously, the experimental module of a 3-D Banyan network, which is integrated with a polarizing beam-splitter, 4×4 micro blazed-grating array plane, half-silvered mirror, 4×4 spatial light modulator, and mirror, is proposed and demonstrated. The 4×4 micro blazed-grating array plane can fulfill the vertical and horizontal connections of the 3-D Banyan network, and the mirror provides the straight connections. The theoretical analysis shows that the experimental setup can accomplish some functions such as optical signal switch, multicast, broadcast, and the 4×4 matrix conversion, and has advantages of compact in structure, low crosstalk, high speed, and efficient performance. Therefore, the designed experimental module of 3-D Banyan network can be implemented in free-spatial optical interconnection networks and optical signal processing.

Rearrangeable Nonblocking 8×8 Matrix Optical Switches Based on Extended Banyan Network

Abstract: Based on the CROSSBAR network (CN) and the BANYAN network (BN), two new rearrangeable nonblocking constructions of extended BANYAN network (EBN) are proposed for implementing 8×8 optical matrix switch. The interconnection characteristics of these two types of rearrangeable nonblocking EBN were studied, and the logic program for driving switching units was provided. The calculated insertion loss was 3.3 dB for 8×8 optical matrix switch. Silica waveguide 8×8 matrix optical switch was designed and fabricated according to the calculated results. The silica waveguide propagation loss of 0.1dB/cm and waveguide-fiber coupling loss of 0.5dB/point were measured. With the fabricated 8×8 matrix optical switch, optical insertion loss of 4.6 dB, cross-talk of -38 dB, polarization dependent loss of 0.4 dB, averaged switching power of 1.6 W, and switching time of 1 ms were achieved. A basic agreement between experimental results and theoretical calculated values was achieved.

The design of a quantum Benes switch

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a novel framework for building a NtimesN quantum Benes switch that can route quantum packets without blocking Previous studies about quantum systems have discussed many switching algorithms including merge sorting (Cheng and Wang, 2006) or self-routing Banyan switch (Shukla et al, 2005) etc We build a newly quantum parallel routing scheme that achieves internally conflict free and real-time path permutations by using the quantum logic circuit modules