Showing papers on "Bark published in 1974"
TL;DR: In this article, gas-chromatographic analysis of the volatile oils of commercial cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), grown in Sri Lanka, revealed interesting differences between them.
Abstract: Gas-chromatographic analysis of the volatile oils of the leaves, stem-bark and root-bark of commercial cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), grown in Sri Lanka revealed interesting differences between them. All three oils possessed the same array of monoterpene hydrocarbons though in different proportions. The main constituents of leaf, bark and root oils are eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and camphor, respectively. Besides these, several other significant differences were observed. α-Ylangene, methyl and ethyl cinnamate in leaf oil, benzyl benzoate in bark oil and 4-terpinene-1-ol in root-bark oil are reported for the first time.
52 citations
TL;DR: Evidence has been obtained for lateral transport of bark applied 210Pb from bark to wood in a range of tree species and this lateral redistribution was found to be independant of cambial reactivation, Lead being recovered from bark and wood in the same proportions from dormant and non-dormant shoots.
Abstract: Evidence has been obtained for lateral transport of bark applied 210Pb from bark to wood in a range of tree species. This lateral redistribution was found to be independant of cambial reactivation, Lead being recovered from bark and wood in the same proportions from dormant and non-dormant shoots. The results are discussed in relationship to naturally-occurring uptake of Lead by stems.
46 citations
TL;DR: The stem bark of Xanthoxylum piperitum DC. was phytochemically examined and five new lignans, viz., xanthoxylol (3), piperitol (5), their γ, γ-dimethylallyl ethers (6, 7) and sanshodiol (8) were isolated besides l-asarinin (1) and l-sesamin (2) and their structures were determined as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The stem bark of Xanthoxylum piperitum DC. was phytochemically examined and five new lignans, viz., xanthoxylol (3), piperitol (5), their γ, γ-dimethylallyl ethers (6, 7) and sanshodiol (8) were isolated besides l-asarinin (1) and l-sesamin (2) and their structures were determined. Phytosterol, γ-fagarine, skimmianine, syringaldehyde, piperonylic acid, menisperine, laurifoline and magnoflorine were also isolated from the same source.
43 citations
Journal Article•
33 citations
TL;DR: From the bark extractives of Calophyllum trapezifolium thw. calabaxanthone (I), taraxerol, β-simiarenol and β-sitosterol, and a new xanthone, trapezifiolixanthone(III) have been isolated.
Abstract: From the bark extractives of Calophyllum trapezifolium Thw. calabaxanthone (I), taraxerol, β-simiarenol, β-sitosterol, and a new xanthone, trapezifolixanthone (III) have been isolated. The latter has been shown to be 5,10-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-12-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)pyrano[3,2-b]xanthen-6(2H)-one.
31 citations
Journal Article•
27 citations
TL;DR: The bark and wood tissues ofRobinia pseudoacacia L.,Tilia cordata Mill.
Abstract: The bark and wood tissues ofRobinia pseudoacacia L.,Tilia cordata Mill., andAcer platanoides L., grown in different localities of Munich with varying traffic intensity, were quantitatively analyzed for lead content in both radial and axial directions. In comparison to the non-heartwood-forming genera (Tilia, Acer) the heartwood-formingRobinia showed distinct differences in radial distribution of lead: the sapwood ofRobinia had higher lead contamination than the heartwood. The innermost heartwood zone of this species had a higher lead content than did the younger heartwood tissue. InTilia andAcer, the wood zones of different ages did not exhibit significant differences in their lead concentrations. The bark surface showed a high lead concentration which could be washed off to a large extent with water. The lead concentration in the trunk ofRobinia was found to increase in basipetal direction. The lead content in bark and sapwood of this species was proportional to the traffic intensity in the neighborhood. The results are discussed in relation to the possible translocation of lead within the trees.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the bark and timber extractives of C. thwaitesii Planch and Triana and C. walkeri Wight have been studied and a new di-isoprenylated xanthone has been isolated from the former and shown to be 13.
Abstract: The bark and timber extractives of C. thwaitesii Planch and Triana and C. walkeri Wight have been studied. The former contained taraxerol and friedelin in the bark whilst the latter had taraxerol and β-simiarenol. In addition a new di-isoprenylated xanthone, named thwaitesixanthone, has been isolated from the former and shown to be 13-hydroxy-3,3,10,10-tetramethyl-3H,10H-dipyrano[3,2-a:2′,3′-i]xanthen-14-one (IV) while calabaxanthone, 5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2H-pyrano[3,2-b]xanthen-6-one (I) was isolated from the latter. The timber extractives of both species gave 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, jacareubin (IIa), and β-sitosterol. The latter species also contained guanandin (VIII), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone (X), and the new metabolite 1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (IX).
24 citations
23 citations
TL;DR: A new alkaloid, norerythrostachamine (1) from extracts of E. chlorostachys bark, was shown to be the ester and amide of 2-methylaminoethanol and 3β,7β-dihydroxycass-13(18)-en-16,19-dioic acid 16-methyl ester already known from borohydride reduction of erythrophlamic acid as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A new alkaloid, norerythrostachamine (1), and its rearrangement product, norerythrostachamide (2), from extracts of E. chlorostachys bark, are shown to be the ester and amide of 2-methylaminoethanol and 3β,7β-dihydroxycass-13(18)-en-16,19-dioic acid 16-methyl ester already known from borohydride reduction of erythrophlamic acid. A second isomeric pair, norcassamidine (3) and norcassamidide (4), derived from 2-methylaminoethanol and cassamidic acid, are described as well as a new amide, norcassaidide (9, formed from the same amine and cassaidic acid. The known alkaloids cassaidine (6), cassamidine (7) and norerythrophlamide (8) were also isolated.
TL;DR: Information is lacking on the degree of defoliation likely to render trees susceptible to bark beetle attack on the basis of drought, natural disasters, diseases, or old age.
Abstract: Most of the economically important genera of North American Scolytidae commonly infest trees weakened by a variety of agents including drought, natural disasters, diseases, or old age, and are therefore considered secondary insects (Rudinsky 1962). Outbreaks of defoliating insects have occasionally weakened trees to the point they have become susceptible to secondary bark beetle invasion. For example, secondary bark beetles killed 16.7% of the ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Laws.) defoliated by the pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia Felder & Felder, in central Idaho (Evenden 1940). Similarly, defoliation of white fir, Abies concolor (Lindl.), by the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough, in California was followed by infestations of the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeConte, and a roundheaded borer, Tetropium abietis Fall (Wickman 1963). Unfortunately, the intensity of defoliation associated with such bark beetle outbreaks has seldom been documented and as a result we lack information on the degree of defoliation likely to render trees susceptible to bark beetle attack.
TL;DR: The following oxygenated diterpenes have been isolated from the bark of Podocarpus ferrugineus D. Don: isopimarol, sandaracopimaric acid, ferruginol, sugiol, sugiyl methyl ether, xanthoperol, royleanone, 6-dehydroroyleanone, cryptojaponol and 5β-hydroxy-6-oxasugiyl methyl Ether.
TL;DR: The nitrogen concentration in A. fumigatus was found to be nearly constant throughout the growth cycle and to be independent of the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the medium but to vary with the carbon source used.
Abstract: A fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., which used bark as its sole carbon and energy source, was isolated. Difficulties arose in measuring fungal growth, since the hyphae and the bark could not be ...
TL;DR: The pattern of fungal colonisation was examined in the wood at the base of spruce stems which had been damaged at different times over the previous six years during normal log-extraction operations.
Abstract: Studies are described in which the pattern of fungal colonisation was examined in the wood at the base of spruce stems which had been damaged at different times over the previous six years during normal log-extraction operations. The mycoflora of the wood and bark of undamaged stems in similar crop conditions was also examined.
TL;DR: Forest and glasshouse experiments are described in which necrosis of beech bark followed wound inoculation with Nectria isolates during dormancy with linear growth rate of the fungus in culture was compared over a range of temperatures.
Abstract: Nectria ascospores discharged from a Beech bark diseased tree were monitored by a spore trap, and prevailing meteorological conditions were recorded. Forest and glasshouse experiments are described in which necrosis of beech bark followed wound inoculation with Nectria isolates during dormancy. Perithecia were produced in vitro and spore dimensions were measured. Linear growth rate of the fungus in culture was compared over a range of temperatures.
TL;DR: The kinos of Eucalyptus astringens, E. lehmannii and E. platypus contain mainly polymerized leucocyanidin, appreciable amounts of dihydrokaempferol 3-rhamnoside and trace amounts of other components.
01 Sep 1974
TL;DR: Three-year-old active and dormant sycamore plants were treated with labelled auxin solution applied to the outer bark or the inner xylem in order to establish the rate of transport of radioactive materials in longitudinal and radial directions.
Abstract: Summary
Three-year-old active and dormant sycamore plants were treated with labelled auxin solution applied to the outer bark or the inner xylem in order to establish the rate of transport of radioactive materials in longitudinal and radial directions.
The velocity of auxin transport in the vertical direction within the bark was 0.4–0.6 cm/h in active plants and 0.1–0.2 cm/h in dormant plants. It was found that auxin can move from bark to xylem or vice versa. Autoradiography shows that radial transport takes place within the rays. Auxin is translocated from xylem to bark at a higher rate and in greater amounts than in the reverse direction both in active and dormant plants, but the radial transport from bark to xylem in dormant plants is greater than in active plants. The slower the vertical transport within the bark the faster the radial one in the centripetal direction. On the other hand, the rate of the transport in the centrifugal direction was found to be slower for dormant plants. A higher level of auxin may be maintained in the cambium of active plants because of the centrifugal movement of auxin within the xylem.
TL;DR: The variation in length of cell elements both in bark and wood of a few tropical trees and in woods with storeyed cambia shows a tendency for increase in length from periderm to cambium, just as the wood fibres and vessel members increase from pith to c Cambium.
Abstract: The variation in length of cell elements both in bark and wood of a few tropical trees (Mangifera altissima, Mansonia altissima, Pentacme contorta, Pterocarpus marsupium, Shorea megrosensis, Shorea squamata, Triplochtion scleroxylon) is described. The phloem fibres and sieve tube members show a tendency for increase in length from periderm to cambium, just as the wood fibres and vessel members increase from pith to cambium. The phloem fibres are generally longer than wood fibres (40–70%). In woods with storeyed cambia the sieve tube members exhibit no variation, retaining a constant length throughout the width of the bark; the phloem fibres possess the normal trend of a length increase from periderm to cambium. The length variation of sieve tube members and phloem fibres with the height of the tree generally exhibits a decreasing trend from butt to top, although a slight increase in length of phloem fibres at the top was noticed.
TL;DR: Five new compounds have been established in the root bark of Neorautanenia edulis and the constitution of five new compounds, (−)-neorautenol, (+)-neodunol, (−-homoedudiol, neorauteen and neoduleen, is established.
TL;DR: The ultrastructure of the chambered crystalliferous cells occurring at the periphery of bast fibre groups in the bark of Acacia senegal has been described and these cells are originally parenchymatous and retain the protoplast even after crystal-formation.
TL;DR: Ambrosia Beetles, Attractant, Xyloterus 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-one was found in equal amounts in the extracts of males and females of three species of ambrosia beetles.
Abstract: Methylmyristate and ethylpalmitate were identified from males and females of the ambrosia beetle Xyloterus domesticus L. The role of these compounds is discussed in connection with a brief survey concerning the occurrence of long-chain fatty-acid esters in other insects and in the phloem of softwood as attractants for bark beetles.
01 Dec 1974-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: Observations suggest that pheromones similar to those of bark beetles are present in the frass of the pine weevil.
Abstract: The response of the pine weevil,Hylobius abietis, to pheromones of other beetles has been studied electrophysiologioally and behaviourally. The weevils responded to odours of their own frass as well as to pheromones isolated from frass of the bark beetles. The latter feeds on the same plants but belong to a different family. To pheromones of another weevil of the same family, no response was obtained. This species, however, feeds on other plants. These observations suggest that pheromones similar to those of bark beetles are present in the frass of the pine weevil.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: A canker disease caused by Godronia multispora Gro es on Betula verrucosa Ehr.
Abstract: A canker disease caused by Godronia multispora Gro es on Betula verrucosa Ehr. and B. pubescens Ehr. was described . The disease occurred most frequently in drained peatlands. B . pubescens was more resistant to the disease than B. verrucosa.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the wettability of pine rhytidome surfaces after extraction, heating, and aging was determined after phellogen and old phloem surfaces of loblolly pine.
Abstract: Wettability, as indicated by contact angle with water, of phellogen and old phloem surfaces of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) rhytidome was determined after extraction, heating, and aging. These two tissues are the predominant surfaces exposed after milling pine bark into small particles. Contact angles measured for bark surfaces were over 50% higher than those published for wood. Old phloem gave an average angle of 118° while phellogen was significantly more wettable with an average contact angle of 106°. Extraction of bark by diethyl ether and methanol increased wettability. Furthermore, large contact angles were measured on glass plates covered with condensed bark extractives. Heat treatments at 105 C for 78 hr increased the contact angle, thus decreasing wettability. The influence of heating time on contact angle was described by an exponential function whose coefficients were used for quantitative assessment of the treatment effects. Surface aging was shown to involve the same general physico-chemical processes as heating. Effects of heating were shown to be related to ether and methanol soluble extractives in loblolly pine bark.
TL;DR: From the bark of Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa (Rutaceae) 5 furoquinoline and benzophenanthridine alkaloids were isolated.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A preliminary study has been made around a sulfite plant in the north of Sweden as mentioned in this paper, where the emission of sulfur dioxide increased considerably in 1950 as a consequence of the introduction of lye-burning.
Abstract: A preliminary study has been made around a sulfite plant in the north of Sweden. The emission of sulfur dioxide increased considerably in 1950 as a consequence of the introduction of lye-burning. Using the pH in pine bark and two common lichen epiphytes as indicators, the resistant Parmelia physodes and the very sensitive Alectoria implexa, the area studied was divided into regions with different degrees of air pollution, mainly sulfur dioxide.