Showing papers on "Bark published in 1988"

Flavonoid Biocides: Wood Preservatives Based on Condensed Tannins

Abstract: Summary The condensed tannins are natural wood preservatives found in high concentrations in the bark and wood of some tree species Condensed tannin-containing bark extracts from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) were evaluated as wood preservatives using standard methods Bark extracts by themselves did not cause any reduction in weight loss of pressure-treated wood blocks at the retentions tested However, they do have efficacy as wood preservatives when complexed with copper (II) ions The best experimental wood preservative formulation was a dual treatment using a sulphited bark extract first, followed by a Cu~ treatment At some retentions, this method yielded wood blocks with greater resistance to decay by Corio/us versicolor than pentachlorophenol A single stage treatment of extract plus copper using an aqueous ammoniacal solvent was also successful but not as effective as the dual treatment

Phenolic compounds of the mulberry tree and related plants.

Abstract: Moraceae comprise a large family of sixty genera and nearly 1400 species (1), including important groups such as Artocarpus, Morus, and Ficus. In particular, Morus (mulberry) is a small genus of trees and shrubs found in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere and has been widely cultivated in China and Japan for its leaves which serve as indispensable food for silkworms. Many varieties of Morus are cultivated in Japan; these varieties are described as belonging to three species: Morus alba l. (“ Karayamaguwa” in Japanese), M. bombycis Koidz. (“ Yamaguwa” in Japanese), and M. lhou (ser.) Koidz. (“ Roguwa” in Japanese) (2). In addition, the root bark of the mulberry tree (Mori Cortex, Morus alba l. and other plants of the genus Morus) has been used as an antiphlogistic, diuretic, and expectorant in Chinese herbal medicine (3, 4), and the crude drug is known as “Sohakuhi” in Japanese. In the pharmaceutical field, a few papers have been published reporting the hypotensive effect of this extract (5–11). The first of these reports was presented by Fukutome in 1938 who asserted that oral administration of the hot water extract of the mulberry tree showed a remarkable hypotensive effect in rabbits (5). Ohishi reported the hypotensive effect of the ethanol extract of mulberry root bark (6), while Suzuki and Sakuma (7) reported that the hypotensive activity seemed to be due to phenolic substances and that the effect disappeared on acetylation. Later, Katayanagi et al. reported that the ether extract of the root bark given to rabbits (6 mg/ Kg, iv) showed a marked hypotensive effect and that the active constituents seemed to be a mixture of unstable phenolic compounds (8). Tane-Mura ascribed the activity of mulberry tree root bark to acetylcholine and its analogues presumably contained in the alcohol soluble fraction, and that the hypotensive constituents produced a yellowish-brown precipitate on treatment with Dragendorff reagent (9).

Effects of organic matter decomposition level and cellulose amendment on the inoculum potential of Rhizoctonia solani in Hardwood bark media

Abstract: Chung, Y. R., Hoitink, H. A. J., Dick, W. A., and Herr, L. J. 1988. Effects of organic matter decomposition level and cellulose amendment on the inoculum potential of Rhizoctonia solani in hardwood bark media. Phytopathology 78:836-840. Container media amended with fresh hardwood bark (45% cellulose, damping-off. High levels of cellulose (20%, w/w) established high cellulase w/w) were conducive to Rhizoctonia damping-off of radish. Those levels in the Rhizoctonia-infested bark compost media, increased the amended with hardwood bark compost were suppressive. Significantly population of R. solani, and negated suppression. Even in the presence of a higher cellulase activity was present in the fresh bark medium colonized by suppressive microflora, the high cellulose amendment increased R. solani than in the bark compost medium. The population of R. solani conduciveness. We conclude that high cellulose levels increase the increased in the fresh bark but not in the bark compost medium. Addition inoculum potential of R. solani, resulting in increased damping-off of low levels of cellulose (5%, w/ w) to the bark compost medium decreased severity. Rhizoctonia solani KUhn is a destructive, versatile, and South Charleston, OH, was mixed with nitrogen and water and widespread pathogen of various plants. It has high competitive then composted in windrows, as described previously (22). During saprophytic ability in soil (10,26,28). However, R. solani cannot this process approximately 40% of the carbon, mostly in the form colonize soil devoid of a food base (5,8,25). Bateman (3,4) showed of cellulose, is volatilized as carbon dioxide (1,6). Bark-amended that R. solani can utilize cotton fibers, filter paper, and container media were prepared by mixing fresh bark or bark carboxymethyl cellulose as sole sources of carbon, by producing composts of various maturity levels with Canadian sphagnum peat cellulase in culture. It also can utilize cellulose in soil (7,12,13). and perlite (5;2:3, v/v). Fresh bark medium was prepared with Nutrient availability and soil organic matter decomposition level, bark that had been removed from trees less than 1 wk before. therefore, are primary factors affecting growth and saprophytic Unless specified otherwise, the bark compost medium was precolonization of R. solani and, consequently, its inoculum potential pared with 44-wk-old compost. The pH of all media ranged from in soil (13,25,31). 6.0 to 6.4. Slow-release fertilizer was added to all treatments During the past decade, a variety of organic wastes have been immediately before planting, as described previously (23,24). In used in container media for the production of ornamental plants some experiments, container media were heated in an oven (5 days, (14). Nelson et al (23,24) reported that Rhizoctonia damping-off of 60 C) to simulate effects of self-heating on the compost microbiota radish was suppressed in container media amended with mature that occur naturally in compost piles. This procedure destroys bark compost but not with fresh bark. They also found that most of the suppressive effect of the bark compost medium to survival of propagules of Rhizoctonia was significantly better in Rhizoctonia damping-off (17). In such experiments, additional fresh bark media than in mature bark compost media. Cellulose is container media also were incubated at 25 C. Media incubated at broken down through activity of cellulolytic microorganisms 25 C remained suppressive, therefore, and served as controls. during composting (1, 11). Populations of R. solani, therefore, Bioassay. A radish bioassay was used to determine the could be affected directly by the maturity level (cellulose content) suppressiveness of container media to Rhizoctonia damping-off of composts. The microflora in composts changes as the level of (24). Radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L. 'Early Scarlet Globe,'97% decomposition increases (9,14,27). This also may affect the ability germination) were placed at equal spacing in each of five, 10-cmof R. solani to colonize compost-amended substrates or to cause diameter, pots (10-cm depth, 500-ml capacity, 32 seeds/pot) and disease. The relative contribution of these factors to disease covered with a 1-cm layer of container medium. Soil inoculum of severity is unknown. R. solani, produced in a chopped-potato soil mixture (15), was air Suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost dried and screened to yield 1-2-mm pieces of inoculum (22). Unless media has been attributed to the activity of Trichoderma spp., specified otherwise, the container medium was infested with 0.4 g other fungi (17,24), and their interaction with bacterial antagonists of this soil inoculum per liter. The experimental design was a (16). Unidentified components of this soil microflora may be randomized factorial. Pots were incubated and watered in a involved as well. In this paper, we report population development growth chamber at 25 C under continuous illumination. After 7 of R. solani in substrates amended with cellulose and with bark days, each plant was rated according to a disease severity scale in composts of various maturity levels. These populations were which: 1 = symptomless, 2 = diseased but not damped-off, 3 = related to cellulase activity produced in these substrates. postemergence damping-off and 4 = preemergence damping-off. Mean disease severity was based on five replicates. Analysis of MATERIALS AND METHODS variance of data was performed by using MINITAB computer program. Means were compared with and F protected LSD. Each Preparation of container media. Freshly hammermilled hardexperiment was repeated at least once. wood tree bark (mostly Quercus spp.), obtained from Paygro, Inc., Population development of R. solani. Populations of R. solani were examined in container media prepared with fresh bark ©1988 The American Phytopathological Society (

Bark and Leaf Lectins of Sophora japonica Are Sequestered in Protein-Storage Vacuoles

Abstract: The leguminous tree Sophora japonica contains a family of closely related, but distinct, lectins. Different members of this family are independently expressed in seeds, leaves, and bark (CN Hankins, J Kindinger, LM Shannon 1987 Plant Physiol 83: 825-829; 1988 Plant Physiol 86: 67-10). The inter-, and intracellular distribution of the bark and leaf lectins was studied by indirect postembedding immunogold electron microscopy. Aldehyde fixed bark and leaves postifixed with OsO 4 and embedded in LR White resin permitted sensitive and specific immunogold labeling while maintaining cellular ultrastructure. The leaf and bark tissue cells contain protein-filled storage vacuoles which occupy most the cell9s interior volume. The leaf and bark vacuoles closely resemble the protein bodies, or protein storage vacuoles, of seed cotyledons. The leaf and bark lectins were found to be exclusively sequestered in the protein-storage vacuoles of these tissues.

The Toxicity of Norway Spruce Monoterpenes to Two Bark Beetle Species and Their Associates

Abstract: Monoterpenes are involved in the preformed and induced defenses of conifers against bark beetles. They are produced in the pre-constituted resin system of the trees as well as in the tissues subject to induced wound reaction. While it is well-known that these compounds are generally toxic to arthropods, their effect on bark beetles is less clear, and contradictory statements appear in the literature. On the one hand, bark beetles are supposed to be relatively immune to terpene toxicity because of their long coevolution with conifers. Monoterpenes belong to the so-called “qualitative defenses” of plants to which specialist herbivores are able to adapt (Cates and Alexander 1982). On the other hand, there are some experimental studies and observations which suggest that some monoterpenes remain sufficiently toxic to bark beetles to significant-ly influence their ecology. For example, studies by Smith (197 5) and by Sturgeon (1979) in thePinus ponderosa/Dendroctonus brevicomis association suggest that tree resistance is linked to a higher limonene content. The hypothesis is that in areas of intensive tree killing byD.brevicomis. selective pressure exerted by the insects led to an increase in the proportion of trees having a high limonene content.

Amino nitrogen and phenolic constituents of bark of American beech, Fagus grandifolia, and infestation by beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga

Abstract: Concentrations of amino acids, total amino nitrogen, and phenols, ratio of phenol to amino nitrogen, and pH in the bark of American beech, Fagus grandifolia, were determined to see if these chemical constituents were correlated with susceptibility of trees to infestation by the beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga. The relationship of these bark constituents with scale infestation levels (none, light, and moderate), tree size (large vs. small trees), and bark shading was determined. Levels of some individual amino acids and total amino acid content in moderately infested trees were significantly higher than in uninfested trees. Large uninfested beech trees, which tend to be more readily infested by scale, had significantly higher concentrations of aspartic acid. Concentrations of phenol in the outer bark of both infested and uninfested trees were significantly higher than in the inner bark. However in bark infected by Nectria, phenol levels in the inner bark were significantly higher than in the outer bark.

Beech bark disease: the temporal pattern of cankering in aftermath forests of Maine

Abstract: In North America, beech bark disease occurs when bark of American beech (Fagusgrandifolia) is infested by beech scale (Cryptococcusfagisuga), then infected and killed by a fungus, Nectriacoccinea v...

Entada Saponins (ES) II and IV from the Bark of Entada phaseoloides

Abstract: The structures of entada saponins II and IV, isolated from the bark of Entada phaseoloides (L.) MERRILL (Leguminosae), were elucidated as 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)][β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)][2-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)-6-O-((6R)-6-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-(2E)-2, 7-octadienoyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid (1) and entagenic acid (3).