Showing papers on "Bark published in 1994"
TL;DR: Some physical, thermal, and chemical properties of bark of 16 tree species native to the central hardwood region were measured to determine their potential to protect the vascular cambium from dama...
Abstract: Some physical, thermal, and chemical properties of bark of 16 tree species native to the central hardwood region were measured to determine their potential to protect the vascular cambium from dama...
202 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ambient temperature adsorption of the metal cations Zn2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ on Pinus pinaster bark pretreated with acidified formaldehyde solution, and particularly the influences of the pretreatment conditions and of the pH of the cation solution on the adaption capacity of the bark, were investigated.
146 citations
TL;DR: From the bark of the CORREA (Rutaceae), an Indonesian medicinal plant, two new lignan-glucosides, (-)-lyoniresinol 2α-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (3) and (-)-4-epi-lyonireinol 3 α-O −β −D −D-glocopyranoide (4), have been isolated as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: From the bark of Aegle marmelos CORREA (Rutaceae), an Indonesian medicinal plant, two new lignan-glucosides, (-)-lyoniresinol 2α-O-β-glucopyranoside (3) and (-)-4-epi-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), have been isolated together with two known lignan-glucosides, (+)-lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (-)- lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2).
98 citations
TL;DR: The isolation from Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) bark of casuarine 1, (1R,2R,3R,6S,7S, 7aR)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6,7-tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine is reported as mentioned in this paper.
97 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two xanthones, named caloxanthones A and B, were isolated from the root bark of Calophyllum inophyllus, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis by 2D NMR techniques.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the factors affecting the quality of hemp grown in The Netherlands for paper production is described, where the secondary bast fibre content was determined by manually separating primary and secondary phloem tissue after boiling in 2% NaOH solution.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the suitability of barks from four mature pine species (Pinus caribaea, Pinus elliottii, pinus pinaster andPinus sylvestris), one young pine species(Pinus radiata) and one spruce species (Picea abies) was examined for their efficacy as raw materials for conversion to high quality adhesives for reconstituted wood products.
Abstract: Barks available in commercial quantities in Australia and overseas have been examined for their efficacy as raw materials for conversion to high quality adhesives for reconstituted wood products Previously bark from maturePinus radiata was found to be suitable This paper examines the suitability of barks from four mature pine species (Pinus caribaea, Pinus elliottii, Pinus pinaster andPinus sylvestris), one young pine species (Pinus radiata) and one spruce species (Picea abies) Only the bark extracts ofPinus caribaea andPinus pinaster gave high quality (Type A bond, WBP) wood adhesives The gluing properties of the adhesives derived from the extracts appeared to be dependent on their contents of formaldehyde-reactive polyflavanoids as indicated by their Stiasny values, with a value of 65% being the minimum for producing a high quality adhesive by the methods used
64 citations
TL;DR: The ellagitannins 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose, pedunculagin, vescalagin, and castalagin; and the procyanidinoellag itannin mongolicanin have been isolated from the bark of Quercus petraea and had a weak antisecretory effect.
Abstract: The ellagitannins 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose, pedunculagin, vescalagin, and castalagin; the flavanoellagitannins acutissimin A, acutissimin B, eugenigrandin A, guajavin B, and stenophyllanin C; and the procyanidinoellagitannin mongolicanin have been isolated from the bark of Quercus petraea. The ellagitannin fraction had a weak antisecretory effect.
55 citations
TL;DR: In jarrah and in some pine stem and root samples, an inapparent infection was established in the xylem, but in other pine samples, invaded wood became dry and/or resin soaked and the fungus persisted longer in and was more freguently isolated from wood than from bark.
Abstract: Woody stems and roots of field-grown Pinus radiata (pine) and Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) were inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi, and the progress of invasion was investigated by sampling wood and bark 1, 3, 6, and, in some cases, 12 wk after inoculation. P. cinnamomi rapidly invaded phloem and xylem of both species, and a hemibiotrophic infection developed in the phloem. In jarrah and in some pine stem and root samples, an inapparent infection was established in the xylem, but in other pine samples, invaded wood became dry and/or resin soaked. This fungus persisted longer in and was more freguently isolated from wood than from bark [...]
55 citations
TL;DR: In this article, five new canthin-6-one alkaloids, 9,10-dimethoxycanthin-six-one, 10-hydroxy-9-methoxy-canthin 6-one and 11-hydroxyl-10methoxide-10-methyltimethylcan-thin 6.5-dione, were isolated from the bark and wood of Eurycoma longifolia, along with two known β-carboline alkaloid.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the historical use of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) inner bark by the Saami near Lake Sadvajaure, N. Sweden was studied with dendro-ecological methods.
Abstract: The historical use of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) inner bark by the Saami near Lake Sadvajaure, N. Sweden was studied with dendro-ecological methods. Damming of the lake for hydroelectric power enabled destructive sampling of all pines with scars from bark peeling in an area of 870 ha. A total of 111 dead and live pines with 136 bark peelings were found. Stem-sections were taken for cross-dating to determine the precise peeling year and season. The oldest peeling was dated to 1618, which is the oldest reported evidence of Saami use of inner bark. No bark peelings were made after 1870 in the studied area which coincides with a shift to more extensive reindeer herding, and with colonization by Swedish farmers in the area. The regular use of inner bark over time and the absence of peeling peaks in known agrarian famine years support the hypothesis that inner bark was used regularly, and not only as an emergency food. Changes in spatial peeling activity around the lake is interpreted as temporal changes in nomadic fishing activity. We conclude that tree ring studies can provide valuable information about former mobile use of natural resources by Saami in boreal forest landscapes.
TL;DR: A triphenyl-type sesquineolignan, named simonsinol (1), was isolated from the bark of Illicium simonsii and its structure was elucidated based on the detailed analysis of its 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra.
Abstract: A new triphenyl-type sesquineolignan, named simonsinol (1), was isolated from the bark of Illicium simonsii and its structure was elucidated based on the detailed analysis of its 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra. A new biphenylneolignan, named isomagnolone (5), was also isolated and its structure was determined by the analysis of the two dimensional (2D) NMR spectra.
TL;DR: Higher than desirable salt levels in all compost-amended media were leached quickly (within 2 weeks of planting) and not detrimental to the species tested [...]
Abstract: Four deciduous ornamental shrubs ['Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid); Tartarian dogwood (Cornus alba L.); 'Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab.); 'Variegata' weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.D.C.)] were grown in trickle-fertigated containers. There were eight media consisting of 25% or 50% sphagnum peat or composted pine bark, 25% sand, and the remainder one of two sources of spent mushroom compost; four media with 50% peat or bark mixed with 50% spent mushroom compost; and a control medium of 100% pine bark. Initially, higher than desirable salt levels in all compost-amended media were leached quickly (within 2 weeks of planting) and not detrimental to the species tested [...]
TL;DR: Analysis of seven taxanes extracted from bark and foliage of pacific yew showed a gradient of decreasing concentration from stem base to branch tip, attributed to the generally higher concentration of taxanes in the phloem tissue and the decrease in inner bark thickness from base to branches tip.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Three new caffeic acid esters [3β,23-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid 3β-caffeate, 3β, 23-dhydroxy -lup-20(29)-en- 28-OIC acid 3 β-Caffeate] were isolated from the outer bark of Betula pubescens.
TL;DR: In this paper, conditions for extracting bark of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) were examined with the purpose of obtaining high yield and high quality extractives for wood adhesives.
Abstract: Conditions for extracting bark of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were examined with the purpose of obtaining high yield and high quality extractives for wood adhesives. A four-stage squeeze extraction comprising a two-stage extraction with hot water and one-stage extraction with NaOH aqueous (pH 8.3) solution followed by a one-stage washing with hot water doubled the extractives yield obtained by the first two-stage hot water extraction alone and resulted in a total extractives yield of 30% from commercially available samples of the radiata pine bark.
TL;DR: Quantitative changes of certain anatomical characters during bark development of Quercus robur L., Ulmus glabra Huds.
Abstract: Quantitative changes of certain anatomical characters during bark development of Quercus robur L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Populus tremula L. and Betula pendula Roth were analysed.
TL;DR: In this study, powdered pine bark was added to nematode-infested soil at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 g kg−1.
Abstract: Evaluation of enzyme activities in combination with taxonomic analyses may help define the mechanisms involved in microbial decomposition of orgaic amendments and biological control of soilborne pathogens. In this study, powdered pine bark was added to nematode-infested soil at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 g kg−1. Total fungal populations did not differ among treatments immediately after application of pine bark. After 7 days, fungal populations were positively correlated with increasing levels of pine bark. This increase was sustained through 14 and 21 days.Penicillium chrysogenum andPaecilomves variotii were the predominant fungal species isolated from soil amended with pine bark. Total bacterial populations did not change with addition of pine bark at 0, 7, and 14 days after treatment. At 21 and 63 days, total bacterial populations declined in soil receiving the highest rates of pine bark. Addition of pine bark powder to soil caused a shift in predominant bacterial genera fromBacillus spp. in nonamended soil, toPseudomonas spp. in amended soil. Soil enzyme activities were positively correlated with pine bark rate at all sampling times. Trehalase activity was positively correlated with total fungal populations and with predominant fungal species, but was not related to bacterial populations. The number of non-parasitic (non-stylet bearing) nematodes andMeloidogyne arenaria in soil and roots were not correlated with pine bark rate. However,Heterodera glycines juveniles in roots, and the number of cysts g−1 root, declined with increasing levels of pine bark.
TL;DR: Three new lignan glycosides have been isolated from the bark of Albizzia myriophylla by isolating 6-epi-syringaresinol 4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β- d-glucopyranoside and three closely related newLignan Glycosides.
TL;DR: The bark response to mechanical wounding was essentially the same in healthy and declining trees and progressive suberisation resulted in the formation of a 'ligno-suberised zone', which fused with the phellem of the pre-existing periderm.
Abstract: The bark of five healthy and six declining silver firs (Abies alba Mill.) was artficially wounded in July 1991. Structural changes were observed 6, 9, 16,23, and 40 days later. After 6-9 days, there was necrosis and deposition of polyphenols in the exposed tissues. Hypertrophy of the axial and ray parenchyma, and hyperplasia of the rays resulted in the formation of a parenchymatic zone below the necrotic tissues. The outermost cells of this zone just below the necrotic tissues exhibited thickening of walls and lignification in the corners of individual cells. Except in two apparently healthy trees and one strongly declining test tree, intracellular suberin was detectable in some lignified cells by day 16. By then polyphenols were visible in the axial parenchyma cells underneath the parenchymatic zone. Between 23 and 40 days after wounding, progressive suberisation resulted in the formation of a 'ligno-suberised zone', which fused with the phellem of the pre-existing periderm. By day 23, initiation of a new phellogen internal to the 'Iigno-suberised zone' was observed. By the end of the experiment, the necrophylactic periderm did not fuse with the pre-existing periderm. The cells with brown deposits underlying the parenchymatic zone were not noticed on day 40. Suberisation coincided with the imperviousness detected in all trees by day 23. The bark response to mechanical wounding was essentially the same in healthy and declining trees.
TL;DR: In this article, the anatomical characteristics of peatified Calluna vulgaris stems isolated from a selection of Northwest European raised bog peat deposits were compared with intact stems in order to reveal anatomical modifications caused by the peatification process.
TL;DR: In this paper, both fresh and old oleoresin samples from both bark and cones of Caucasian fir were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and the results showed that the dominant constituent of the old Oleoresins was abietadiene (23.0%) and α-Pinene (21.9% and 17.2%).
Abstract: Fresh and old oleoresin samples from bark and cones of Abies nordmanniana and Picea onentalis were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The fresh Oleoresins from both bark and cones of Caucasian fir were mainly composed of monoterpenes (40.0% and 21.3%, respectively) and resin acids (27,4% and 36.8%). α-Pinene was the dominant constituent of monoterpenes in the bark and cone (21.9% and 17.2%) and abietic acid of the resin acids (11.4% and 19.8%). Pimaric acid, a common resin in softwood resins and oleoresins, was not found in the samples. Sesquiterpenes, resin aldehydes and resin alcohols were minor constituents of the fresh samples. Analysis of the old samples from bark of Caucasian fir presented a completely different composition. The major part of the resin was composed of resin hydrocarbons (34.1%) They were not detected in the fresh samples. The dominant constituent of the old oleoresin was abietadiene (23.0%).
TL;DR: A new xanthonoid was isolated from the bark of Calophyllum tomentosum and established as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,8-dihydroxy-1,1-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthen-2,9-dione by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Abstract: A new xanthonoid, tomentonone [1a], together with zeyloxanthonone [1b], calozeyloxanthone [3], and five other hydroxylated xanthones, was isolated from the bark of Calophyllum tomentosum. The structure of 1a has been established as [1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,8-dihydroxy-1,1-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthen-2,9-dione] by spectroscopic and chemical methods
TL;DR: From the root bark of Calophyllum inophyllus L. (Guttiferae), a new xanthone named caloxanthone C (1) and 4-hydroxyxanthone (2) were isolated.
Abstract: From the root bark of Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae), a new xanthone named caloxanthone C (1) and 4-hydroxyxanthone (2), and from the heartwood of root, a new xanthone 1-hydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone (3) in addition to three known xanthones [1,2-dimethoxy-(4), 2-hydroxy- 1-methoxy-(5)], and 6-deoxyjacareubin (6) were isolated. The structures were characterized by means of a spectroscopic analysis
TL;DR: Two new compounds, an isoflavanone named sigmoidin J and a coumestan derivative named sigmaoidin K, have been isolated and characterized from the root bark of the Cameroonian medicinal plant Erythrina sigmoidea.
Abstract: In addition to the two known compounds neotautenol [2] and erythrinassinate B [4], two new compounds, an isoflavanone named sigmoidin J [1] and a coumestan derivative named sigmoidin K [3], have been isolated and characterized from the root bark of the Cameroonian medicinal plant Erythrina sigmoidea. Their structures have been established as 7, 4'-dihydroxy-2',5'-dimethoxy-6'(gamma, gamma-dimethylally)isoflavanone [1] and 3,9-dihydroxy-2,10-(gamma, gamma dimethylallyl) coumestan [3], respectively, by spectroscopic techniques and from chemical evidence.
TL;DR: In this article, dysoxylic acids A and B were isolated from the hexane extract of the wood and bark of Dysoxylum pettigrewianum using 1 H, 13 C and 2D NMR techniques.
TL;DR: Variations in concentrations of ground white pine bark incorporated into artificial diet were studied to determine their effect on egg laying and feeding behavior of white pine weevils, Pissodes strobe (Peck).
Abstract: Variations in concentrations of ground white pine bark incorporated into artificial diet were studied to determine their effect on egg laying and feeding behavior of white pine weevils, Pissodes strobe (Peck). Significant differences in feeding and egg laying responses were detected between adults fed diets containing 5 and 10% ground bark. White pine weevil larvae reared on the diet containing 1% ground bark had a higher mortality level than those reared on the diet containing 5% ground bark. Weevil females fed the diet containing 5% ground bark were significantly heavier than those reared on the diet with 1% ground bark. Insect development times did not differ significantly between the two concentrations of ground bark. Adults exposed to a natural substrate were stimulated to oviposit, and viable eggs were laid.
TL;DR: Fresh pine bark powder caused an increase in soil enzyme activity compared to composted pine bark, but did not provide consistent control of gall and cyst formation.
Abstract: Commercially avaiable pine bark nuggets (composted) and fresh pine bark were ground into powders and added at rates of 0 to 50 g kg−1 to field soil infested withMeloidogyne arenaria andHeterodera glycines. The treated soil was maintained moist in the greenhouse for 2 weeks, sampled, and planted with ‘Davis’ soybean (Glycine max.). Eight weeks after planting, numbers ofM. arenaria andH. glycines in soil decreased with increasing amounts of composted or fresh pine bark. No juveniles were present in soil treated with 5% pine bark. The number of galls and cysts g−1 root decreased in proportion to the amount of pine bark added to soil. Gall and cyst formation was completely eliminated at the 5% rate. Numbers of saprophagous nematodes were highest in soil with 4–5% pine bark. The activity of several soil enzymes was correlated with the addition of both composted and fresh pine bark. Fresh pine bark powder caused an increase in soil enzyme activity compared to composted pine bark, but did not provide consistent control of gall and cyst formation.