Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 1975"

Weather load model for electric demand and energy forecasting

Abstract: A method of forecasting the heat sensitive portion of electrical demand and energy utilizing a summer weather load model and taking into account probability variation of weather factors is discussed in this paper. The heat sensitive portion of the load is separated from base load and historical data is used to determine the effect of weather on the system load. This method is based on regression analysis of historical load and weather information and the establishment of system load characteristics based on historical or survey information. The method has been determined primarily for forecasting demands and energy for the intermediate range of from 3 to 10 years. However, it is applicable for monthly and annual peak forecasting, but probably not applicable for short terms such as hour to hour or day to day forecast. It may also be helpful in long term forecasting with appropriate forecast of future quantities of heat sensitive load on the system. Separate weather load models are used for determining the heat sensitive portion of electric energy and demand independently. These correlation studies were made when the author was located in Birmingham, Alabama and all of the studies reported here are on systems in that general area. The author hopes to continue these weather-load correlation studies in the northeast area in the near future.

Electric power transmission and distribution systems: costs and their allocation. Research report

Abstract: Transmission and distribution costs contribute significantly to the total costs of providing electrical service. The costs derived from the transmission and distribution (TandD) system have historically comprised about 2/3 the costs of producing and delivering electricity to residential-commercial customers, and over 1/3 the total costs supplying electricity to large industrial customers. This report: (1) estimates the differences in transmission and distribution equipment required to serve industrial and residential-commercial customers and allocates to the above two customer classes the average costs of installing this equipment; (2) estimates the costs of operation and maintenance of the transmission and distribution system, and allocates these costs to the customer classes; and (3) calculates the TandD derived average costs for the two customer classes. (GRA)

Generation of Power from the Wind

Abstract: There is vast energy available in the earth's winds for man's use. It is conservatively estimated that the wind power available to man is the equivalent of the output of 1000 typical fossil fueled or nuclear power plants of 1000 megawatts (MW) capacity each. By contrast, the water power potential of the earth is only one-tenth as large. Large wind generators have been built and used during the past 50 years. Research on wind power sites in the mountainous coastal and valley areas of the Pacific Northwest is being conducted. Terrain modification, aerogenerator “farms,” special duty installations, environmental impacts, land use. and net energy costs are all taken into consideration. It is concluded that wind power shows promise of supplying substantial amounts of supplementary electrical energy and that the development of this wind power potential should proceed with the federal government taking a lead role.

Characteristics and maneuverability of CANDU nuclear power stations operated for base-load and load-following generation

Abstract: The characteristics and maneuverability of pressurized heavy water nuclear power units operated for base-load and load-following generation are discussed with respect to the requirements of Ontario Hydro. The nuclear generating units of Pickering G.S. 'A' (Units 1-4) and Pickering G.S. 'B' (being designed for Units 5-8), and the turbine-generator-grid of Bruce G .S. 'A' (Units 1-4) were simulated on digital computers. Simulation tests such as normal loading and unloading at various rates, grid frequency upset, and grid islanded cases were conducted with the unit load regulated by three alternative unit power control systems. The results of the simulation show that the necessary flexibility in power maneuvers to meet the load-following requirements in the Ontario Hydro system may be obtained with the CANDU-PHW (Canadian Deuterium Uranium - Pressurized Heavy Water) generating units controlled by an integrated unit load control system which normally operates in a reactor-following-turbine unit control mode. The simulation results also show that the reactor-following-turbine unit control improves the control of many process systems and the overall plant performance.

Power from tides— the rance tidal power station

Abstract: This paper discusses the Rance Tidal Power Station, the world's first, which has been operating at full capacity since 1968 and appears to be a very successful achievement. The following areas are covered: 1) Tidal Power Generation including basic engineering and economic requirements, economic optimization, the different possible cycles available, and site selection; 2) Design and Construction Problems including general layout, component structures, cofferdams, and bulb units; 3) Cost and Benefits including reasons for construction decision, running costs, efficiency, indirect benefits, and environmental effects; and 4) Operation Experience including energy generation, efficiency and dependability, and corrosion problems.

Economic areawise load frequency control

Abstract: The report describes a proposed solution for the generation control problem which unifies economic dispatch, load frequency control and statistical load forecasting. This solution retains the decentralized character of the Area Control Principle but updates the concept of the Area Control Error to fully account for dynamic effects. Thus, the control remains areawise, using only measurements of tie line load, area frequency and area generation combined with set point values for frequency and net tie line load plus the requirement of economic dispatch. No state space model of the system is needed beyond the controlled area. The operation would be all digital but no equipment beyond mini-computers would be needed for this control. (GRA)

Sea Thermal Power as a Hydrogen and Methanol Generator

Abstract: Power is the major ingredient for making hydrogen and/or methanol, fresh water, and valuable minerals. The most abundant inexhaustible and least expensive source of power is from the thermal temperature differences in the ocean. The sun maintains the temperature differences in the ocean which is the largest natural collector and reservoir of solar energy. The cost of power to synthesize other fuels will be lower with sea solar power plants than by fossil, nuclear, or any other proposed method.

Some economic and engineering considerations for floating, coal-fired 100mw power plant

Abstract: A study was undertaken to develop the concept of utilizing marine space for the deployment of an electric power plant. The analysis developed suggests that a floating coal-fired power plant in a semi-submersible hull is technically and economically feasible. Technical considerations indicate that the system should be composed of three 50MW electric generating units modified with marine boilers. This system would be deployable within existing technology. Economic feasibility indicated: capital costs of 3.6 mills/KWH; other fixed costs of 1.3 mills/KWH; operating costs of 2 mills/KWH and fuel costs between 4.6 and 7.6 mills/KWH. Initial studies concluded that coal could be a less expensive fuel than oil given: (1) high-productivity, low-cost, large-scale mining of Western or Alaskan coal, and (2) efficient overland coal transportation. When the social and environmental benefits of locating the power plant offshore are considered, the floating power plant appears distinctly superior.

Closed Brayton Cycle Turbines for Satellite Solar Power Stations

Abstract: This paper discusses the construction problem of putting together a large power satellite employing turbine power generation. Various levels of technology have been discussed for power satellites; our current baseline is a near-term technology system. In other words, we think we know how to develop all the elements with only modest extensions of today’s state of the art. Our purpose was to analyze the cost and economics of this system, and see how close it comes to being competitive with alternate sources.

Process Control Protection Against Power Line Interruptions

Abstract: Power dips, interruptions, and disturbances occur frequently throughout a plant power distribution system that adversely affect plant lighting, computers, process controls, and drive systems. Critical processes that must operate continuously require an uninterruptible power supply to protect against both long-and short-term interruptions. However, most industrial processes are not critical and need only be protected against power transients and short duration outages. Process equipment with properly supplied ride-through capability can prevent waste and downtime. It is the intent of this paper to discuss short duration power line disturbances; the type of , control and stored energy system available to protect against these disturbances; and the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches available to ride through power line disturbances.