Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 1977"

Power control unit for automatic control of power consumption in a lighting load

Abstract: The present invention is a power control unit and method of controlling power particularly for lighting loads such as incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps. The power control unit is located between the power source and the load, typically between a circuit breaker and the lamps in a single circuit. The power control unit functions to reduce the voltage delivered to the load and thereby to reduce the power consumed by the load. Reductions in power up to 10% or more are possible without any significant loss in lighting usefulness. Savings of up to 40% or more are possible when significant reductions in lighting output are acceptable.

Combined compressed air storage-low BTU coal gasification power plant

Abstract: An electrical generating power plant includes a Compressed Air Energy Storage System (CAES) fueled with low BTU coal gas generated in a continuously operating high pressure coal gasifier system. This system is used in coordination with a continuously operating main power generating plant to store excess power generated during off-peak hours from the power generating plant, and to return the stored energy as peak power to the power generating plant when needed. The excess coal gas which is produced by the coal gasifier during off-peak hours is stored in a coal gas reservoir. During peak hours the stored coal gas is combined with the output of the coal gasifier to fuel the gas turbines and ultimately supply electrical power to the base power plant.

Control method for optimizing the power demand of an industrial plant

Abstract: Power demand control in a plant facility is improved by allowing the demand limit imposed as a target to be met at the end of a control period to follow the actual demand in the plant The demand limit is automatically optimized as actual demand fluctuates and it is set in accordance with past history

Black start system for large steam powered electric generation plants

Abstract: A black start generating system for a steam plant comprises a gas turbine-generator and a control system which operates the turbine in a modified dead load mode to accept successive load steps in accordance with a black plant startup sequence In the dead load mode, certain limits are placed on control operations to protect the turbine while permitting load stepping during plant startup

Optimization of Power Flow by DC Method

Abstract: The optimization problem of power flows normally is discussed in connection with economic load dispatching or the transmission loss minimization. A method is proposed for determining the output powers of generators, power flows and node voltages of transmission lines so as to minimize the total fuel cost of thermal plants under given load powers.

Wind power for India

Abstract: The technical and economic feasibility of wind power for rural conditions in India is assessed. Early and current wind power and windmill development are surveyed, and wind measurements on record are mentioned. The relative economics of wind power and power taken from the grid (for areas where such power is accessible) are compared for rural electrification, with base prices for power and distance (of village) from grid connections taken into account. Wind data are provided for various locations in India (design wind speed for energy maximum; power density for design wind speed; windmill hours of operation based on design speed).

The Dynamic Behavior of Nuclear Helium Turbine Plants During By-Pass and Pressure Level Control Operations

Abstract: This paper describes studies on the operating and control behavior of nuclear helium turbine plants. The aim of these studies is to prove that the requirements of the grid can be met by the power plant without undue operating conditions. This work refers to a non-integrated plant design which has been developed in the framework of the German HHT-Project. Essentially the following control modes are investigated: Gas injection and discharge at various points of the circuit; opening and closing of by-passes; and control of loss of load with the aid of by-passes. The gas injection and discharge gives relative slow power changes but favorable efficiencies at part-load. With gas injection on the HP-side the power output rises faster than would correspond with the increase of inventory. This behavior can be used advantageously for frequency maintenance as described in the paper. The by-pass control is characterized by rapid power changes in connection with unfavorable part-load efficiencies. The associated pressure-gradients are inside of tolerable limits. The loss of load from full load as the most extreme operating case can be met by by-pass control with Pl-controller. One can establish that the plant can fulfill all investigated operating requirements without undue operating conditions.Copyright © 1977 by ASME

Comparing coal and nuclear generating costs

Abstract: EPRI reviewed and analyzed the costs of producing electricity from coal and from nuclear power stations, using available technology with current safety and environmental regulations in six regions of the U.S. The general objectives of the study were to understand the principal parameters that affect the cost of coal and nuclear generation; identify uncertainty ranges in estimates of the costs; provide a consistent set of cost estimates for generation that can be useful in making general appraisals; and establish base cost estimates that can be updated as improved data become available. Overall results show that coal or nuclear generation can be economically viable in all regions; nuclear generation shows an average cost advantage over coal in all regions; average cost positions of coal and nuclear are closer together in the western USA, reflecting the generally lower cost of coal; and a new baseload generating technology must achieve 30-year-levelized total busbar costs of 35 to 45 mills/kWh in 1976 dollars to compete with existing technology on an economic basis. (MCW)

Air Pollution Assessments Of New Fossil Energy Technologies

Abstract: The paper presents an overview on air pollution assessments of new fossil energy technologies for baseload electric generating plants. The discussion is oriented towards those who must understand the broad issues affecting the design and performance of such power plants. It is motivated by the potential air pollution problems caused by the near doubling of coal use projected for the next 15 years. The paper first reviews the applicable emissions performance standards for these plants, as well as predictions of likely future standards needed to protect the environment. The conclusion is reached that significantly tighter emissions standards will apply in the future. Next, the cost, emissions performance, and development status of the three major technology groups for coal fired baseload plants are reviewed. It is observed that while all of the technologies can meet the current standards, only the Baseline plant with Advanced Control Technology can meet future standards, without unreasonable increases in electrical generation costs. Furthermore, since Advanced Direct Combustion Technologies and Fuel Conversion Technologies are in very early stages of development, only the Baseline plant with Advanced Control Technology will be available to the utilities in the near term. This is because it will be evolved from themore » current commercial Baseline Technology. Hence, it is concluded that the utilities will use mainly the Baseline coal fired plant with Advanced Control Technology to protect the environment for the next 15 to 20 years.« less

Preliminary investigations of the thermal energy grid concept

Abstract: This study examines, in a preliminary manner, the feasibility of the thermal grid concept. This concept essentially envisions the supply of heat to a long-distance transmission line from a dual-purpose nuclear or coal-fired power plant. The transmission line delivers heat to a subregion distribution network which delivers it to the consumer. District chilled water supply is also considered, using heat from the grid to power steam-turbine-driven water chillers. Candidate technologies for generation, transmission, and distribution of thermal energy are identified and assessed. Potential applications, including both industrial use and residential space conditioning and hot water supply, are evaluated. Results indicate that high-temperature hot-water transmission lines are favored for longer distances, while steam lines may be acceptable for shorter distances. It is also evident that thermal grid heat is more economically competitive for new applications, as opposed to retrofit situations, in the residential-commercial sector. The two applications are about equally feasible in the industrial sector. The results further indicate that thermal grid heat is most competitive in areas of high-heat-load density and expensive fuel costs. It appears that the thermal grid service area should include the industrial sector as a base load. The multifamily residential-commercial sector space and water heating loadsmore » can be added to the service area to maximize utilization of the transmission line and maintain low transmission costs. Supply of chilled water to the multifamily residential-commercial sector can also be included for new applications to increase the transmission line use factor. The thermal grid concept appears to be economically and technically feasible, when compared to oil and electric systems in the multifamily residential-commercial sector and coal- or oil-fired systems in the industrial sector, and should be explored in greater detail.« less