Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 1983"

Power supply with load-transient anticipation

Abstract: The varying loads to which a power supply is subjected are anticipated before being placed across the power supply output by deriving device selection, direction of load change, and timing data from the control data transmitted to the load. The "on" and "off" times of the power transformer primary switch in a switching regulator power supply are adjusted for optimum power supply response to the changed load. The calculations and adjustment are made before any load change has occurred and the proper control signals to the switching regulator power supply are applied prior to or simultaneous with the load change.

Short term load forecasting in electric power systems: A comparison of ARMA models and extended wiener filtering

Abstract: On-line prediction of electric load in the buses of the EHV grid of a power generation and transmission system is basic information required by on-line procedures for centralized advanced dispatching of power generation. This paper presents two alternative approaches to on-line short term forecasting of the residual component of the load obtained after the removal of the base load from a time series of total load. The first approach involves the use of stochastic ARMA models with time-varying coefficients. The second consists in the use of an extension of Wiener filtering due to Zadeh and Ragazzini. Real data representing a load process measured in an area of Northern Italy and simulated data reproducing a non-stationary process with known characteristics constitute the basis of a numerical comparison allowing one to determine under which conditions each method is more appropriate.

Home demand controller

Abstract: A demand controller uses a sensor to detect the operation of an electric load. The sensor operates a relay which supplies power to a magnetic contactor. The magnetic contactor controls power available to a second electric load so that the total amount of power consumed is held below a predetermined maximum. An auxillary switch operates in conjunction with the magnetic contactor to control power available to other loads. A hierarchy is established so that the most important load always has power available, and loads of lesser importance are controlled.

Method for operating a wind power plant

Abstract: In order, in a method for operating a wind power plant having a rotor which is driven by wind power in order to drive a generator producing electrical energy, in which method the power uptake of the rotor of the wind power plant is controlled by adjusting the rotor blades, to increase the power output referred to the overall size of the generator, it is proposed to monitor the temperature of the generator and to control the power uptake of the rotor as a function of this temperature in such a way that a critical generator temperature is not exceeded.

The Marginal Cost of Base‐Load Power: An Application to Alcoa's Portland Smelter

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to develop and exposit the methodology underlying the computation of the long-run marginal costs of ‘base-load’ electricity supply by a publicly owned utility. The particular application is to the costing of power to be supplied by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) to Alcoa's aluminum smelter at Portland in Victoria. The results suggest a sizeable subsidy element in the tariff which is sensitive to the selection of the real discount rate appropriate for the public provision of electricity.

Guidelines for Enhancing Power Plant Response to Partial Load Rejections

Abstract: The purpose of these guidelines is to provide assistance to electric utilities in enhancing the capability of fossil fueled power plants, especially new power plants, to successfully withstand partial load rejections. For a power plant, a partial load rejection is a large sudden decrease in load during which the main generator breaker remains closed and the generator remains connected to the remaining reduced load.

Method for controlling a nuclear fueled electric power generating unit and interfacing the same with a load dispatching system

Abstract: A pressurized water reactor (PWR) nucleur fueled, electric power generating unit is controlled through the use of on-line calculations of the rapid, step and ramp, power change capabilities of the unit made from measured values of power level, axial offset, coolant temperature and rod position taking into account operator generated, safety and control, and balance of plant limits. The power change capabilities so generated may be fed to an automatic dispatch system which provides closed loop control of a power grid system.

Solar power satellites and telecommunications

Abstract: The oil crisis in the early seventies stimulated an intensive search for energy alternatives. Among the alternatives proposed for the long range (year 2000 and beyond) as a source of base load electric power is P. Glaser's solar power satellite. In a bold concept, Glaser proposed collecting solar energy on a geosynchronous satellite and relaying it by a microwave beam to a large collector on the ground. The concept in principle is feasible but requires a number of advances in technology to make it cost competitive and raises some questions about the effects of microwave radiation and the impacts on telecommunications. We propose to describe the concept, outline the problems it raises, treat the telecommunications problems with care, and comment generally on the problems of dealing with a bold proposal to solve, in part, a major problem facing society.

LNG costs reflect changes in economy and technology

Abstract: Compared with 1975 data, the economics and technology of today's baseload liquefaction plants call for sharply higher capital costs due to worldwide inflation and design changes. Two major trends are evident in process design: increased liquefaction train capacity reduces the capital investment while more efficient refrigeration and power generation cycles cut plant fuel consumption. Safety devices in storage tank design have had the biggest economic impact. Both the double integrity and spherical tank designs increased installed storage costs by 100% or more over the cost of older single-containment, double-wall tanks. Other safety and design features, such as full hydrostatic testing of the inner tank and the use of intank pumps, further added to the installed tank cost. New concepts in plant design philosophy involve floating and bargemounted plants as a means of reducing costs associated with field construction in remote and hostile environments. Coupling the updated cost data with new information for LNG shipping permits rapid estimation of total facility costs (liquefaction, shipping, and regasification) for an entire baseload LNG project.

Summary assessment of the satellite power system

Abstract: A three-year intensive assessment of the Satellite Power System (SPS) concept has been concluded. The results indicate that SPS could become a source of baseload electric power in the post-2000 time period. This affirmation must be conditioned by the reported uncertainties in technology, environmental effects, and economic factors which can be overcome only by concentrated research and study in areas identified in the SPS assessment reports. A specific SPS technology development program has not been recommended at this time because the current soft projections of electric power demand offer little urgency to the use of resources for SPS in the face of other budgetary needs. The continuing worldwide efforts in space systems development and use will provide some of the needed technology for any future recommendation on the SPS concept.

Regional projections of nuclear and fossil electric power generation costs

Abstract: The total busbar electric generating costs were estimated for locations in ten regions of the United States for base load nuclear and coal-fired power plants with a startup date of January 1995. A complete data set is supplied which specifies each parameter used to obtain the comparative results. When the comparison is based on reference cost parameters, nuclear- and coal-fired generation costs are found to be very close in most regions of the country. Nuclear power is favored in the South Atlantic region where coal must be transported over long distances, while coal-fired generation is favored in the Central and North Central regions where large reserves of cheaply mineable coal exist. The reference data set reflects recent electric utility construction experience. Significantly lower nuclear capital investment costs would result if regulatory reform and improved construction practices were instituted. The electric power generation costs for base load oil- and natural gas-fired plants were also estimated. These plants were found to be noncompetitive in all regions for those scenarios most likely to develop. Generation cost sensitivity to changes in various parameters was examined at a reference location. The sensitivity parameters included capital investment costs, lead times, capacity factors, costs of money, andmore » coal and uranium prices. In addition to the levelized lifetime costs, year-by-year cash flows and revenue requirements are presented. The report concludes with an analysis of the economic merits of recycling spent fuel in light-water reactors.« less

Power systems economic dispatch by a rearranged active-reactive power loss model

Abstract: The economic dispatch conditions of a power system are evaluated using a rearranged active-reactive power loss model. The active-reactive power loss model is divided into two separate submodels. In this formulation, the network total active and reactive power losses are expressed in terms of the active and reactive powers of the generation buses. The network purely reactive sources are modeled in terms of the total reactive load demand. The advantages gained by this separation are discussed. The parameters of the network submodels are estimated by least squares with a high degree of accuracy from a set of load flow results. Based on the above submodels, the constrained fuel cost function is then minimized to obtain the economic dispatch solutions of the power system under consideration. Results are presented for a standard IEEE test system for a wide range of system load levels. The results obtained by the proposed method are also compared to the economic dispatch solutions based on the active power loss model.

Power factor correction: a sound investment

Abstract: Power factor alone, at a flooring manufacturer, was adding at least $1600 per month to the electric bill. After installation of a power factor correction system, all power factor penalties were eliminated and annual savings are projected at $30,000.

Optimal Control of Electrical Demand within a Sliding Window Billing Structure

Abstract: On-line computer control of electrical demand in industrial power plants permits savings in energy costs by controlling demand to a target value at the conclusion of each demand period through modulation of turbine power generation. Electrical utilities are with increasing frequency withholding synchronization pulses from their customers, and metering demand on a continuous basis as the W-minute moving average of purchased power (the sliding window). As a result, conventional demand control methods no longer apply, and straightforward power regulation is done instead. However, a theoretical comparison shows that the difference of performances between a minimum variance power regulator and a minimum variance demand regulator is substantial. This encouraging result provides the motivation for a regulator design based on the LQ theory which, as simulations show, achieves in large measure the theoretically derived expectations. The simulation results are then used to derive potential economic benefits in a typical case.

Configuration Selection Study for Isolated Loads

Abstract: A configuration tradeoff study has been conducted to determine optimum solar thermal parabolic dish power systems for isolated load applications. The specific application of an essentially constant power demand as required for MX missile shelters is treated. Supplying a continuous level of power with high reliability is shown to require a power system comprising modular parabolic dish power units where the heat engines of the modular power units can be driven by fossil fuels as well as solar-derived heat. Since constraints on reliability result in the provision of a power generating capability that exceeds the constant demand level, efficient utilization of the power system requires battery storage. Tradeoffs regarding the optimum size of storage are investigated as a function of the number of power modules and the cost of the fossil fuel which is used to meet the demand when insolation is unavailable and storage is depleted.