Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 1989"
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01 Jul 1989
TL;DR: The Hot Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal energy, which utilizes the natural heat contained in the earth's crust, can provide a widely available source of non-polluting energy as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Hot Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal energy, which utilizes the natural heat contained in the earth's crust, can provide a widely available source of nonpolluting energy. It can help mitigate the continued warming of the earth through the ''greenhouse effect,'' and the accelerating destruction of forests and crops by acid rain, two of the major environmental consequences of our ever-increasing use of fossil fuels for heating and power generation. In addition, HDR, as a readily available source of indigenous energy, can reduce our nation's dependence on imported oil, enhancing national security and reducing our trade deficit. The earth's heat represents an almost unlimited source of energy that can begin to be exploited within the next decade through the HDR heat-mining concept being actively developed in the United States and in several other countries. On a national scale, we can begin to develop this new energy source, using it directly for geothermal power or indirectly in hybrid geothermal/fossil-fueled systems, in diverse applications such as: baseload power generation, direct heat use, feedwater heating in conventional power plants, and pumped storage/load leveling power generation. This report describes the nature of the HDR resource and the technology required to implement the heat-mining concept in severalmore » applications. An assessment of the requirements for establishing HDR feasibility is presented in the context of providing a commercially competitive energy source. 37 refs., 6 figs.« less
21 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a bivalent heating system can be optimized while also considering the insulation measures using a mixed integer programming model and the result is compared with a derivative optimization method used in the OPERA (optimal energy retrofit advisory) model.
17 citations
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TL;DR: Electricity is produced instantly in response to customer demand; this is a fundamental principle guiding the production and supply of electric power-and one that sets electric utilities apart from other businesses.
Abstract: Electricity is produced instantly in response to customer demand. This is a fundamental principle guiding the production and supply of electric power-and one that sets electric utilities apart from other businesses. Unlike most other commodities, electrons aren't bottled or boxed, placed in a warehouse when demand is low, and then dispensed when demand increases. With no \"inventory\" to draw on, utilities have very little leeway in managing production and supply.
16 citations
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01 Oct 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the United States will face widespread electrical power constraints in the 1990s, with most regions of the country experiencing capacity shortages by the year 2000, and that the demand for increased power will occur during intermediate and peak demand periods.
Abstract: Studies strongly indicate that the United States will face widespread electrical power constraints in the 1990s, with most regions of the country experiencing capacity shortages by the year 2000. In many cases, the demand for increased power will occur during intermediate and peak demand periods. Much of this demand is expected to be met by oil- and natural gas-fired Brayton cycle turbines and combined-cycle plants. While natural gas is currently plentiful and reasonably priced, the availability of an economical long-term coal-fired option for peak and intermediate load power generation will give electric power utilities an option in case either the availability or cost of natural gas should deteriorate. 54 refs., 5 figs., 17 tabs.
16 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the design of an advanced digital control system that is used to regulate the steam temperature in the boiler of a thermal power plant is described, and the calculations for system identification and feedback gain are determined for two or three load levels.
Abstract: The design of an advanced digital control system that is used to regulate the steam temperature in the boiler of a thermal power plant is described. An autoregressive model is used to obtain the plant transfer characteristics. To compensate for system nonlinearities, the calculations for system identification and feedback gain are determined for two or three load levels. Experimental results have demonstrated the viability of the method and suggest that the advanced digital control system will replace conventional control in future applications. >
12 citations
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06 Aug 1989
TL;DR: In this article, an approach to optimize the supply and usage of electricity over a shorter time frame is discussed to reduce the cycle length and dispatch period so that a greater number of loads can be served without increasing the power source.
Abstract: During about one third of the Space Station's orbit the solar array output is zero and the payload is served by storage devices It has been found that when a 24-hr cycle is used, some loads onboard the station cannot be scheduled during the desired times It therefore becomes necessary to reduce the cycle length and dispatch period so that a greater number of loads can be served without increasing the size of the power source An approach to optimize the supply and usage of electricity over a shorter time frame is discussed Supply/demand windows of various lengths are implemented for the typical load profile As a result fewer rescheduling tasks are needed and a closer match between the supply and demand is obtained The optimal supply/demand can be refined in terms of the excess and shortage of electricity This technique is implemented using PROLOG and FORTRAN >
5 citations
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to build all combined cycle plants as base-load units with the capability of load cycling and two-shift duty operation, which would put them into the baseload plant status for most load dispatchers.
Abstract: Combined cycle plants are becoming the most efficient power plants in our grid systems. Their net plant efficiencies will be in excess of 50% relating to net plant heat rates below 6800 Btu/kWh. Such excellent thermal performance would put them into the base-load plant status for most load dispatchers. This excellent performance requires, however, clean fuel such as natural gas or {number sign}2 fuel oil. Since these fuels might not be readily available and most probably will become more expensive in the future, it is our recommendation to build all combined cycle plants as base-load units with the capability of load cycling and two-shift duty operation. Building combined cycle plants with integrated coal-gasification systems eliminates the need for clean fuels, but the efficiency of coal-gasification plants is about seven percentage points lower than the plant efficiency of combined cycle plants operating with natural gas or {number sign}2 fuel oil. This lower efficiency level becomes comparable with the performance of large conventional coal fired plants. Therefore, considerations must also be made to provide these plants with at least the capability to cycle load, but not necessarily to operate as two-shift units.
5 citations
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TL;DR: Significant developments during 1988 are reviewed in this article, where the use of batteries for storing energy for times of peak demand, and the efficient conversion of solar energy are discussed, and plans to further utilize two of the world's great hydro resources, the Amazon basin in Brazil and James Bay in Quebec, Canada, were advanced.
Abstract: Significant developments during 1988 are reviewed. Growing demand for electrical power in the US is motivating the use of technologies, such as high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmissions. Significant milestones were reached in so called clean-coal combustion technology, the use of batteries for storing energy for times of peak demand, and the efficient conversion of solar energy. Concerns for the earth's climate and environment, particularly global warming, has meant a much-needed boost for projects to develop safer nuclear reactors. Plans to further utilize two of the world's great hydro resources, the Amazon basin in Brazil and James Bay in Quebec, Canada, were advanced. >
4 citations
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15 Oct 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the problem of centralization or decentralization of no-break power sources in a telecommunications plant and proposed a solution based on today's state of the art and on the conditions in the foreseeable future, using a decision-making method for a rapidly changing technological environment.
Abstract: The authors examine the problem of centralization or decentralization of no-break power sources in a telecommunications plant. Hierarchic distribution of power conversion units in the system is also discussed. Two kinds of power systems are compared: one large no-break power plant supplying DC power to all the telecommunication equipment installed in the plant; and many small no-break power plants, each one having the same system architecture as the above-mentioned large plant, but each integrated directly into the telecommunication equipment it supplies. The comparison is made taking into account the major decision parameters, e.g. costs of equipment, plant, operation, maintenance and repair, and costs of obsolescence together with safety, reliability, and availability. The authors propose a solution based on today's state of the art and on the conditions in the foreseeable future, using a decision-making method for a rapidly changing technological environment. >
4 citations
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04 Jun 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the economics of small scale gas turbine based cogeneration systems are analyzed on the basis of avoided costs for an electric utility exploiting such systems, and the results show that with increasing oil and gas price levels, the economics become more favorable when the supplanted capacity is for peak load rather than for base load electricity generation.
Abstract: The economics of small scale gas turbine based cogeneration systems are analyzed on the basis of avoided costs for an electric utility exploiting such systems. This concerns a theoretical study in which the cogeneration system as a means for electricity generation is assumed to supplant the building of new central electricity generating plant. The results show that with increasing oil and gas price levels, the economics of cogeneration will become more favourable when the supplanted capacity is for peak load rather than for base load electricity generation. This implies a preference for applications with cogeneration operation taking place mainly during on-peak hours of the electricity demand.
4 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of PV system on power plant mix is evaluated mainly from the viewpoints of power reduction and capacity replacement in the conventional power generation system, and a load-duration curve (LDC) is derived for the power system equipped with PV system.
28 Feb 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the main areas of the power system: supply and demand, generation, energy storage, transmission lines, transmission substations, system operation, distribution, system design, software, and utility management.
Abstract: This report presents an overview of the status of today's power system technology and expectations for future development. It examines the main areas of the power system: supply and demand, generation, energy storage, transmission lines, transmission substations, system operation, distribution, system design, software, and utility management. Combined cycle units are emerging as the preferred generating source because of their low capital cost and high efficiency, particularly where gas is available. These units can also be adapted to coal fueling through coal gasification to minimize using oil as a fuel and to utilize indigenous resources. Increased environmental concern is giving impetus to the development of fluidized bed and coal gasification technologies to permit wider use of coal for electricity production. The report also points out that public concern, low oil prices and high capital cost will limit the use of nuclear power to only a few developing countries. It will also be many years before new technologies such as fuel cells or ocean thermal energy conversion could be considered for the developing countries. Finally, there is considerable scope for improving utility productivity through computer automation in specific areas such as generation dispatch, distribution operation and system control optimization.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the basic design principles and applications of Model V94 gas turbines are discussed with special reference to highly reliable and economic bulk power generation, especially for electric power generation.
Abstract: The predominant role of large gas turbines has shifted from peaking-load duty to midrange and base-load electric power generation, especially within combined-cycle plants. Such applications require heavy-duty industrial gas turbines to ensure the same high reliability and availability for continuous service as the associated steam turbines. It is also important that the gas turbines be designed for low maintenance to minimize the necessary outage times and costs for component repair and replacement. The basic design principles and applications of Model V94 gas turbines are discussed with special reference to highly reliable and economic bulk power generation.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
08 May 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a large load management investigation comprising 500 customers has been carried out in Denmark and the results show that multi-rate time-of-day tariffs bring about significant changes of behaviour, particularly with domestic customers, but also significantly with industrial and commercial customers.
Abstract: In Denmark a large load management investigation comprising 500 customers has been carried out. The investigation lasted 1/sup 1///sub 2/ years. The authors describe the basis and the results of the investigation. The results show that multi-rate time-of-day tariffs bring about significant changes of behaviour, particularly with domestic customers, but also significantly with industrial and commercial customers. Over this period, tests with bidirectional communication over the power supply network were made. These showed that this solution is technically possible, if a repeater is placed at intermediate substations.
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TL;DR: In this article, two different methods are used for the optimization of a bivalent heating system, where the base load is provided by a heat pump and an oil boiler takes care of the building peak load.
Abstract: The cost for producing energy differs a lot due to the load coupled to the distribution grid. In Sweden the load has its maximum during the winter because of the climate. The cost for producing one extra unit of energy is then about 0.50 SEK kWh−1 (1 US$ = 6 SEK), while during summer the cost can be ten times lower. In order to encourage the consumers to save energy during the winter when the cost is high, it may be important to introduce a time-of-use tariff, which reflects the cost for producing the energy. Such a rate is present in Malmo, Sweden. when retrofitting buildings it is of course important to consider the applicable rate for energy, in order to decide the optimal retrofit strategy. In the time-of-use rate the peak load is expensive and a heating system that will use less of the peak energy becomes very desirable. A bivalent heating system, where the base load is provided by a heat pump and an oil boiler takes care of the building peak load can sometimes be found to be the best solution. In this paper two different methods are used for the optimization of such a bivalent heating system. One method uses derivative considerations, the OPERA model, while the other uses linear programming.
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02 Feb 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a power electronics device which operates using triangular waveform or even rectangular waveform currents is proposed to reduce the arcing characteristics of the load and the requirement for an electrical power supply which is resistant to short circuits in the case of a flashover.
Abstract: In the case of light production using gas-discharge lamps, ozone production by means of assisted discharges in oxygen and similar gas-discharge paths, a controllable electrical power supply is required in order to optimise operation. As a result of the arcing characteristics of the load and the requirement for an electrical power supply which is resistant to short circuits in the case of a flashover, ballast inductances, high-reactance transformers etc. are connected between the infinite mains and the load. In consequence, only one specific operating point is possible and large power losses occur. A suitably controlled power electronics device which operates using triangular waveform or even rectangular waveform currents avoids these disadvantages. The efficiencies of the electrical power supply and those of the load also increase. In the case of ozone producers (ozone generators), the power electronics device furthermore multiplies the power of the apparatus (capacitive load) by means of radio-frequency operation. Production-dependent imbalances (asymmetries) of gas-discharge lamps can be regulated out by the electronics.
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01 Feb 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed some of the factors influencing the selection of thermal generating plant for installation in the next generation of power stations in England and Wales and concluded that the power system will be best served by the installation of large high-efficiency plant to cover the base load on the system supplemented by smaller, cheaper flexible plant for part load and two shift operation.
Abstract: This paper reviews some of the factors influencing the selection of thermal generating plant for installation in the next generation of power stations in England and Wales. The effect of the variations in the demand for electricity throughout the day and the seasons is considered in brief outline and it is concluded that the power system will be best served by the installation of large high-efficiency plant to cover the base load on the system supplemented by smaller, cheaper flexible plant for part load and two shift operation. After a brief introduction the paper is set out under the following headings:Consumers' needs and the existing systemLoad growth and plant replacementGeneral considerationsMachine design and commercial strategyConcluding remarksThe views expressed in this paper are the personal views of the author and are not influenced by any organization. Some of the current proposals are disputed and the object is to promote further discussion in order to lead to the unqualified establishment o...
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06 Aug 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present generation expansion planning for large, mainly hydroelectric, power systems, employing a disaggregate representation for the primary existing and candidate hydro plants, and several aggregate representations for the rest of the hydro plants and making use of the equivalent reservoir technique.
Abstract: The authors present generation expansion planning for large, mainly hydroelectric, power systems, employing a disaggregate representation for the primary existing and candidate hydro plants, and several aggregate representations for the rest of the hydro plants and making use of the equivalent reservoir technique The formulation and conditions of use of three types of aggregations for the hydro plants are discussed The goal is to provide versatile technique for building equivalent reservoirs from subbasins >
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that a superconducting coaxial power transmission bus offers significant benefits in reduced distribution voltage and mass in a high-power satellite, and demonstrate that using ceramic superconductors at 1000 A/cm/sup 2, which has already been demonstrated at 77 K, may eliminate both bus mass and distribution voltage problems.
Abstract: Space environmental interactions with the power distribution/power processing subsystem can become a serious problem for power systems rated at tens to hundreds of kilowatts. Utilization of ceramic superconductors at 1000 A/cm/sup 2/, which has already been demonstrated at 77 K, in a conductor configuration may eliminate both bus mass and distribution voltage problems in a high-power satellite. The analytical results presented demonstrate that a superconducting coaxial power transmission bus offers significant benefits in reduced distribution voltage and mass. >
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TL;DR: This paper proposes a fast method of evaluating system power loss and incremental transmission losses by a direct approach from the neighbouring base load economic dispatch solution which is well suited to systems where economic power dispatch is done periodically at short intervals and on request.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an integrated system of solar ponds for base load in the Qattara depression, where the heat extracted from the solar ponds is used to operate thermal power plants that will follow a novel cycle of the Rankine type.
Abstract: Hydropower generation from the Qattara depression has been subject to thorough investigations during the last five decades. The general conclusion reached was that the project has rather low benefits in comparison with its cost. This was mainly attributed to the exorbitant cost of channeling sea water into the depression. In the latter juncture, it was found that using nuclear excavation would substantially reduce the expenses; however, such a solution was rejected on ecological grounds. The present approach to the project is aimed at escalating its benefits, by incorporating an integrated system of solar ponds for base load. In the present context, the heat extracted from the solar ponds is used to operate thermal power plants that will follow a novel cycle of the Rankine type. The new method arrived at will enable the simultaneous production of electricity and fresh water. Despite the fact that the combined hydro-solar arrangement leads to augmenting the benefits to cost ratio by at least 21%, ...
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TL;DR: The Yolla field, discovered by Amoco, SAGASCO Resources, the Bass Cue Group, Romsey Resources and Southeastern Petroleum in 1985, has sufficient resource potential to support the development of a natural gas supply infrastructure in Tasmania as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Tasmania is the only state in Australia which is not supplied with natural gas, and yet a significant gas, condensate and oil resource lies off the Tasmanian coast awaiting development. The Yolla field, discovered by Amoco, SAGASCO Resources, the Bass- Cue Group, Romsey Resources and Southeastern Petroleum in 1985, has sufficient resource potential to support the development of a natural gas supply infrastructure in Tasmania. The field is rich in LPG and condensate and also contains a small oil pool. Tests on the Yolla 1 well were the first in the Bass Basin to flow hydrocarbons and they demonstrated that the field has excellent reservoir properties for commercial development. The keys to the initiation of a gas, condensate and oil development in Tasmania are the need for a significant market for the natural gas and an oil price somewhat better than US$20 per barrel. While there are many major manufacturing and mineral processing plants on the Tasmanian North Coast which would benefit from the stimulus provided by a reliable natural gas pipeline supply, these industries alone provide insufficient load to make an offshore gas development economic. The Bell Bay power station, a thermal power station of 240 MW capacity fired on fuel oil, could, if converted to gas and operated to provide base load supply, generate sufficient base gas demand to enable a project development to proceed. A gas condensate development would provide a substantial stimulus to the Tasmanian economy through:direct investment in the project itself;fostering further development of processing industries on the North Coast;providing cheaper electricity than available from new hydroelectric and coal fired stations;contributing significantly to Tasmanian self- sufficiency in liquid fuels; andreleasing scarce government capital for debt reduction or other uses.
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01 Sep 1989
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TL;DR: In this article, a new mathematical model of a hydro plant chain was developed which uses only two instead of three variables, and the optimization algorithm uses Newton's method which is applied on the exact L penalty function which allows nonfeasible starting point so no phase I simplex or projection method is needed at the beginning of optimization.