Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 2006"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a dynamic model, design and simulation of a wind/FC/UC hybrid power generation system with power flow controllers, where when the wind speed is sufficient, the wind turbine can meet the load demand while feeding the electrolyzer.
248 citations
01 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology for a monetary value analysis of battery energy storage systems for load leveling, control power and peak shaving applications is presented. And the results of the value analysis show that primary control power is the application that most likely will be asked for by utilities during next 3-5 years.
Abstract: Stressed and less secure power system operating conditions have encouraged both power utilities and large power consumers to look for bulk energy storage systems. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have excellent records and are used for decades in power systems. This paper describes a methodology for a monetary value analysis of the BESS for load leveling, control power and peak shaving applications. The purpose of this value analysis is to highlight the application with the highest financial benefit for the owner of the BESS. To determine the overall economic viability, revenue of each application has been compared with capital and operating costs over the BESS lifetime. The results of the value analysis show that primary control power is the application that most likely will be asked for by utilities during next 3-5 years
223 citations
Book•
18 May 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the electricity supply industry in terms of its structure, operation and management, including the role and influence of domestic institutional players and international players.
Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. 1. The Basics. 1.1 How electricity works. 1.2 Early development of the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI). 1.3 The lifecycle of electric power. 1.4 Development, structure, coordination, legislation of the ESI. 1.5 New ownership structure. 1.6 Selected country examples. 2. Structure, Operation and Management of the Electricity Supply Chain. 2.1 Energy source. 2.2 Power generation. 2.3 High voltage transmission, network operation, system operation. 2.4 Distribution. 2.5 Metering. 2.6 Supply. 3. Policy - Issues, Priorities. Stakeholders, Influencers. 3.1 Agendas and policy formation. 3.2 Policy issues and drivers. 3.3 Policy outcomes and instruments. 3.4 Energy policies. 3.5 Framework. 3.6 Domestic institutional players. 3.7 The role and influence of international players. 4. Liberalisation, Deregulation and Regulation. 4.1 The liberalisation paradigm. 4.2 Steps. 4.3 Conditions for reform. 4.4 The role of the state. 4.5 Measures of liberalisation and deregulation. 4.6 Regulation. 4.7 Regulator. 4.8 Industry key performance indicators. 5. Market Structures for Electricity. 5.1 The basics of plant dispatch. 5.2 The centrally managed model. 5.3 The single buyer. 5.4 The pool model. 5.5 The bilateral model. 5.6 Imbalance and balancing. 5.7 Reserve contracts. 5.8 Wholesale markets. 5.9 Power exchanges 5.10 Advanced pool markets. 6. Power Capacity. 6.1 The definition of capacity. 6.2 Requirements for capacity. 6.3 The basic economics of provision of capacity and reserve by generators. 6.4 Modelling the capability of generation capacity. 6.5 Modelling capacity capability from the consumer side. 6.6 Commercial mechanisms - the generator perspective. 6.7 Capacity provision - the supplier perspective. 6.8 Capacity provision - the network operator's perspective. 6.9 The system operator's perspective. 6.10 Capacity facilitation - contractual instruments. 6.11 Use of options to convey probability information. 6.12 Effect of price caps on capacity and prices. 7. Location. 7.1 Infrastructure costs to be recovered. 7.2 Counterparties for payment and receipt. 7.3 Basic charging elements for location related charging. 7.4 Models for designation of electrical location. 7.5 Nodal energy prices, virtual transmission and nodal market contracts. 7.6 The energy complex. 7.7 Environmental borders. 8. Environment, Amenity, Corporate Responsibility. 8.1 Environmental pressure. 8.2 Definitions. 8.3 The policy debate. 8.4 Regulation and incentive for restricting emissions and other impacts. 8.5 Other policy tools for environmental enhancement. 8.6 Fuel labelling and power content labelling. 8.7 The cost of environmental enhancement. 8.8 Valuation of environmental factors. 8.9 Corporate responsibility. 8.10 The environmental impact of consumption. 9. Price and Derivatives Modelling. 9.1 Price processes and distributions. 9.2 Volatility modelling. 9.3 Correlation modeling. 9.4 Pricing electricity derivatives. 9.5 Establishing fundamental relationships. 9.6 Market completeness. 9.7 Emission permit prices. 9.8 Network price volatility. 10. Economic Principles in Relation to the ESI. 10.1 Basic economic principles in the ESI context. 10.2 Optimal pricing by asset owners. 10.3 Regulated prices. 10.4 Taxes and subsidies. 10.5 Games, interaction and behaviour. 10.6 Environmental economics. 10.7 Market failure. 10.8 Shocks. 10.9 The political economics of liberalisation. 11. Financial Modelling of Power Plant. 11.1 Power plant financial model. 11.2 The baseload contract. 11.3 The planned flexibility contract. 11.4 The vanilla option contract. 11.5 Extra flexibility. 11.6 Finance and hedging. 11.7 Accounting. 12. Security of Supply. 12.1 Supply chain. 12.2 Reserve margin. 12.3 The responsibility for security of supply. Appendix. A.1 Plant life usage. A.2 Power plant failure and physical risk. A.3 Reactive power. A.4 Direct current load flow modeling. References. Index.
199 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a methodology for the operation of a hybrid plant with wind power and hydrogen storage is presented, where hydrogen produced from electrolysis is used for power generation in a stationary fuel cell and as fuel for vehicles.
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology for the operation of a hybrid plant with wind power and hydrogen storage is presented. Hydrogen produced from electrolysis is used for power generation in a stationary fuel cell and as fuel for vehicles. Forecasts of wind power are used for maximizing the expected profit from power exchange in a day-ahead market, also taking into account a penalty cost for unprovided hydrogen demand. During online operation, a receding horizon strategy is applied to determine the setpoints for the electrolyzer power and the fuel cell power. Results from three case studies of a combined wind-hydrogen plant are presented. In the first two cases, the plant is assumed to be operating in a power market dominated by thermal and hydropower, respectively. The third case demonstrates that the operating principles are also useful for isolated wind-hydrogen systems with backup generation
197 citations
16 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an equivalent representation of a wind power plant collector system for power system planning studies, which is an attempt to simplify power system modeling for future developments or planned expansions of wind power plants.
Abstract: As the size and number of wind power plants (also called wind farms) increases, power system planners will need to study their impact on the power system in more detail. As the level of wind power penetration into the grid increases, the transmission system integration requirements becomes more critical. A very large wind power plant may contain hundreds of megawatt-size wind turbines. These turbines are interconnected by an intricate collector system. While the impact of individual turbines on the larger power system network is minimal, collectively, wind turbines can have a significant impact on the power systems during a severe disturbance such as a nearby fault. Since it is not practical to represent all individual wind turbines to conduct simulations, a simplified equivalent representation is required. This paper focuses on our effort to develop an equivalent representation of a wind power plant collector system for power system planning studies. The layout of the wind power plant, the size and type of conductors used, and the method of delivery (overhead or buried cables) all influence the performance of the collector system inside the wind power plant. Our effort to develop an equivalent representation of the collector system for wind power plants is an attempt to simplify power system modeling for future developments or planned expansions of wind power plants. Although we use a specific large wind power plant as a case study, the concept is applicable for any type of wind power plant.
191 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an energy system comprising three energy sources, namely PV, wind and fuel cells, is proposed to achieve maximum power tracking for both PV and wind energies and to deliver this maximum power to a fixed dc voltage bus.
160 citations
01 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the most emerging renewable energy source, wind energy, which by means of power electronics is changing from being a minor energy source to be acting as an important power source in the energy system.
Abstract: The global electrical energy consumption is still rising and there is a steady demand to increase the power capacity. The production, distribution and the use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy at the end-user should be set up. The deregulation of energy has lowered the investment in larger power plants, which means the need for new electrical power sources may be very high in the near future. Two major technologies will play important roles to solve the future problems. One is to change the electrical power production sources from the conventional, fossil (and short term) based energy sources to renewable energy resources. The other is to use high efficient power electronics in power systems, power production and end-user application. This paper discuss the most emerging renewable energy source, wind energy, which by means of power electronics is changing from being a minor energy source to be acting as an important power source in the energy system. By that wind power is also getting an added value in the power system operation.
120 citations
01 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss some of the most emerging renewable energy sources, wind energy and photovoltaic, which by means of power electronics are changing from being minor energy sources to be acting as important power sources in the energy system.
Abstract: The global electrical energy consumption is still rising and there is a steady demand to increase the power capacity. It is expected that it has to be doubled within 20 years. The production, distribution and use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy at the end-user should also be set up. Deregulation of energy has lowered the investment in larger power plants, which means the need for new electrical power sources may be very high in the near future. Two major technologies will play important roles to solve the future problems. One is to change the electrical power production sources from the conventional, fossil (and short term) based energy sources to renewable energy resources. An other is to use high efficient power electronics in power generation, power transmission/distribution and end-user application. This paper discuss some of the most emerging renewable energy sources, wind energy and photovoltaic, which by means of power electronics are changing from being minor energy sources to be acting as important power sources in the energy system.
119 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an energy system comprising three energy sources, namely, PV, wind, and fuel cells, is proposed, which is controlled so as to deliver energy at optimum efficiency.
Abstract: In this paper, an energy system comprising three energy sources, namely PV, wind, and fuel cells (FCs), is proposed Each of the three energy sources is controlled so as to deliver energy at optimum efficiency Fuzzy logic control is employed to achieve maximum power tracking for both PV and wind energies and to deliver this maximum power to a fixed DC voltage bus The fixed voltage bus supplies the load while the excess power feeds the water electrolyzer used to generate hydrogen for supplying the FCs A management system is designed to manage the power flow between the system components in order to satisfy the load requirements throughout the whole day A case study is carried out using practical data from a site at El-Hammam (40 km west of Alexandria, Egypt) The study defines the power generated by wind and PV systems, the hydrogen generated using and stored in tanks, and the power generated by the FCs to supply the deficiency in the load demand Simulation results, done for two seasons, proved the ac
94 citations
Patent•
13 Feb 2006
TL;DR: In this article, an electricity meter for monitoring electric power consumed from a service line is described, which includes a power consumption metering system, a peripheral device providing a non-critical function, a power converter, and a load management system.
Abstract: An electricity meter for monitoring electric power consumed from a service line is disclosed. The electricity meter includes a power consumption metering system for measuring the amount of power consumed from the service line, a peripheral device providing a non-critical function, a power converter, and a load management system. The metering system includes a controller and data storage for storing power consumption data. The power converter provides an unregulated voltage output at the terminals of a capacitor for powering the metering system. The load management system selectively couples and decouples the peripheral device from the power converter. The load management system senses the unregulated voltage to determine whether to couple or decouple the peripheral device. A load management system for an electricity meter and a method of managing the loads on the power system of an electricity meter are also disclosed.
86 citations
16 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the power quality of wind power plants and their effect on the stability and reliability of the power system it is connected to and satisfy the customers connected to the same grid.
Abstract: Like conventional power plants, wind power plants must provide the power quality required to ensure the stability and reliability of the power system it is connected to and to satisfy the customers connected to the same grid. When wind energy development began, wind power plants were very small, ranging in size from under one megawatt to tens megawatts with less than 100 turbines in each plant. Thus, the impact of wind power plant on the grid was very small, and any disturbance within or created by the plant was considered to be in the noise level. In the past 30 years, the size of wind turbines and the size of wind power plants have increased significantly. Notably, in Tehachapi, California, the amount of wind power generation has surpassed the infrastructure for which it was designed. At the same time, the lack of rules, standards, and regulations during early wind development has proven to be an increasing threat to the stability and power quality of the grid connected to a wind power plant. Fortunately, many new wind power plants are equipped with state of the art technology, which enables them to provide good service while producing clean power for the grid. The advances in power electronics have allowed many power system applications to become more flexible and to accomplish smoother regulation. Applications such as reactive power compensation, static transfer switches, energy storage, and variable-speed generations are commonly found in modern wind power plants. Although many operational aspects affect wind power plant operation, this paper, focuses on power quality. Because a wind power plant is connected to the grid, it is very important to understand the sources of disturbances that affect the power quality. In general, the voltage and frequency must be kept as stable as possible. The voltage and current distortions created by harmonics are also discussed in this paper as self-excitation, which may occur in a wind power plant due to loss of line.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate the potential of tidal energy to provide firm power and show that limiting the capacity of the power generated provides base load supply without compromising power quality, thus improving the economic viability and commercial competitiveness of tidal farms.
Patent•
16 Jun 2006
TL;DR: An electric power load management system and method that uses a multiplicity of remote power supplies in a controlled manner such that the aggregate system has the capacity to offset critical power company peak electric demand periods thereby preventing severe and detrimental power shortages and interruptions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An electric power load management system and method that uses a multiplicity of remote power supplies in a controlled manner such that the aggregate system has the capacity to offset critical power company peak electric demand periods thereby preventing severe and detrimental power shortages and interruptions.
Patent•
05 Dec 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a plan determination part 22 determines a charge/discharge plan of a power storage device on the basis of a predicted value of the power generation amount of a solar cell.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a device for evaluating a photovoltaic power generation system that controls charge of a power storage device on the basis of a charge/discharge plan made based on the prediction of power generation amount of a solar cell. SOLUTION: A plan determination part 22 determines a charge/discharge plan of a power storage device on the basis of a predicted value of a power generation amount of a solar cell, a predicted value of power consumption of a load device, and capacity performance of the power storage device. An evaluation part 25 calculates a power evaluation factor on the basis of a value equivalent to actual performance of the power generation amount of the solar cell, a value equivalent to actual performance of the power consumption of the load device, the charge/discharge plan, and contents of actual performance of charge/discharge control of the power storage device based on the charge/discharge plan. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
01 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address some of the most significant challenges for wind generation facilities, including voltage control, reactive power management, dynamic power-swing stability, and behavior following disturbances in the power grid.
Abstract: In China, as in other parts of the world, many of the best resources for wind generation are located far away from load centers. Large generating facilities connected to distant load centers by long ac transmission lines face numerous technical challenges, regardless of the type of generating facility. This paper addresses some of the most significant challenges for wind generation facilities, including voltage control, reactive power management, dynamic power-swing stability, and behavior following disturbances in the power grid. Wind generation technology has evolved significantly over the past several years, and proven solutions to these technical challenges now exist. Controls integrated into the power electronics and mechanical controls of individual wind-turbinegenerators, combined with integrated wind-farm control systems, have the capability of controlling numerous wind turbines so that they act as one unified generating plant at the point of interconnection with the power grid. This advanced hierarchical control of both real and reactive power output can provide dynamic performance that is, in many cases, superior to that achievable with modern conventional synchronous generation. This paper describes: a. Wind farm control functions, including performance for controlling grid voltage in quasi-steady-state and dynamic conditions. b. Low-voltage ride-through characteristics, including performance following severe system disturbances c. Dynamic power control functions within wind turbinegenerators, including transient and dynamic performance for power swings.
04 Dec 2006
TL;DR: Reports on the development of a multiple power quality level supply system that provides five kinds of high quality electric power at the same time that gives consumers the advantages of low cost and reduces the amount of space needed for existing such power converters as UPSs.
Abstract: Presented are reports on the development of a multiple power quality level supply system that provides five kinds of high quality electric power at the same time. The system utilizes both renewable energy and utility and supplies consumers with various kinds of electric power of high quality. It gives consumers the advantages of low cost and reduces the amount of space needed for existing such power converters as UPSs. It also contributes to promoting the introduction of renewable energy. We conducted a field experiment of this system. Over the course of one year, we measured the demand pattern of an experimental field. We then developed a system that was suitable for it. Furthermore, the effects will be studied for about one year and half demonstration by the field.
01 Apr 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how the hourly availability of PV interacts with the limited flexibility of traditional electricity generation plants and found that, under high penetration levels and existing grid-operation procedures and rules, the system will have excess PV generation during certain periods of the year.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the potential for solar photovoltaics (PV) to be deployed on a very large scale and provide a large fraction of a system's electricity. It explicitly examines how the hourly availability of PV interacts with the limited flexibility of traditional electricity generation plants. The authors found that, under high penetration levels and existing grid-operation procedures and rules, the system will have excess PV generation during certain periods of the year. This excess PV generation results in increased costs, which can increase dramatically when PV provides on the order of 10%-15% of total electricity demand in systems that are heavily dependent on inflexible baseload steam plants. Measures to increase penetration of PV are also discussed, including increased system flexibility, increased dispatchable load, and energy storage.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a market mechanism in place for ISOs, RTOs, and transmission operators to procure reactive power from the customer side of the meter where DE usually resides.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the gap between peak load power demand and availability of power at the regional level, furthermore propose the suitability of power generation from renewable sources to fill the gap.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a general classification of wind turbines and speed control used in wind power energy analysis of small Generating Systems, including appropriate location, generator type, and generator type.
Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Appropriate Location Wind Power General Classification of Wind Turbines Generators and Speed Control Used in Wind Power Energy Analysis of Small Generating Systems References
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental results obtained on a small size fuel cell power train (1.8 kW) based on a 500 W proton exchange membrane (PEM) stack are reported and discussed with specific regard to energy management issues to be faced for attainment of the maximum propulsion system efficiency.
TL;DR: In this article, a cost-based approach is developed to study the economics of operation of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plants (FCPPs), including the operational cost, thermal recovery, power trade with the local grid, and hydrogen production.
Abstract: A cost-based approach is developed to study the economics of operation of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plants (FCPP). This paper includes the operational cost, thermal recovery, power trade with the local grid, and hydrogen production. The cost-based approach is used to determine the optimal operational strategy that yields a minimum operating cost. The optimal operational strategy is achieved through the estimation of the hourly generated power, the amount of thermal power recovered from the FCPP to satisfy the thermal load, the amount of power trade with the local grid, and the amount of hydrogen that can be generated from the FCPP. An evolutionary programming-based technique is used to determine the optimal operational strategy. The strategy is tested using electrical and thermal load profiles. Results are encouraging and indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach
01 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this article, current technology and new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind power generators are presented, and the specification of the power electronics interface is subject to requirements related to the renewable energy source itself and its effects on power system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity.
Abstract: The use of wind power generation is increasingly being pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power stations The specification of the power electronics interface is subject to requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on power system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity In this paper, current technology and new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind power generators are presented
28 Mar 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of reactive power, used for voltage and stability control, combined with energy storage in order to balance the active power production, e.g. from intermittent renewable generation sources, is examined.
Abstract: Power transmission and distribution systems are facing an increased amount of renewable generation where the power generated varies depending on the available wind, waves or solar radiation. This creates new challenges for the stable and reliable operation of the power system, requiring, in many instances, network reinforcement to maintain network reliability. Energy storage will increasingly play an important role in economically managing power networks to meet demand and maintain supply reliability during these generation and demand fluctuations. In this paper, we will examine a combination of two of the most important factors in the operation of a reliable power system: reactive power, used for voltage and stability control, combined with energy storage in order to balance the active power production, e.g. from intermittent renewable generation sources.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that because ultra capacitors have a very low energy storage density, their integration with HTFC systems may not be feasible unless the fuel cell has a ramp rate approaching 10 kWs-1 (4% s-1) when using a worst-case design analysis.
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the results from 10 countries and outlined the studies made at European Wind EnergyAssociation and the European System Operators (UCTE) and ETSO.
Abstract: An international forum for exchange of knowledge of power system impacts of wind power has been formed under the IEA Implementing Agreement on Wind Energy. The task “ Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power” will analyse existing case studies from different power systems. There are a multitude of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration. However, the results are not easy to compare. This paper summarises the results from 10 countries and outlines the studies made at European Wind Energy Association and the European system operators UCTE and ETSO. A more indepth review of the studies is needed to draw conclusions on the range of integration costs for wind power. A stateofthe art review process of the new IEA collaboration will seek reasons behind the wide range of results for costs of wind integration – definitions for wind penetration, reserves and costs; different power system and load characteristics and operational rules; underlying assumptions on variability and uncertainty of wind, etc.
TL;DR: In this article, a profit-based unit-specific sequential preventive maintenance scheduling methodology is developed for a gas turbine power plant with a single gas turbine unit, where the economic factors drive maintenance frequency and expense to more frequent repairs and greater expense as equipment ages.
Abstract: Traditionally, gas turbine power plant preventive maintenance schedules are set with constant intervals based on recommendations from the equipment suppliers. Preventive maintenance is based on fleet-wide experience as a guideline as long as individual unit experience is not available. In reality, the operating conditions for each gas turbine may vary from site to site and from unit to unit. Furthermore, the gas turbine is a repairable deteriorating system, and preventive maintenance usually restores only part of its performance. This suggests a gas turbine needs more frequent inspection and maintenance as it ages. A unit-specific sequential preventive maintenance approach is therefore needed for gas turbine power plant preventive maintenance scheduling. Traditionally, the optimization criteria for preventive maintenance scheduling is usually cost based. However, in the deregulated electric power market, a profit-based optimization approach is expected to be more effective than the cost-based approach. In such an approach, power plant performance, reliability, and the market dynamics are considered in a joint fashion. In this paper, a novel idea that economic factors drive maintenance frequency and expense to more frequent repairs and greater expense as equipment ages is introduced, and a profit-based unit-specific sequential preventive maintenance scheduling methodology is developed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a conceptual level study is performed using a base load combined cycle power plant with a single gas turbine unit.
16 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the exactness of the wind energy transformation modelling process is used to determine the current and expected wind power in the German power system, based on more than 100 representative wind farm power measurements all over Germany.
Abstract: The wide use of wind energy in Germany results in a lot of new power system operation problems corresponding especially to the stochastic character of the wind speed and to the not controllable production of energy The significant amount of installed wind power in the German power system (currently more than 17 GW) make the traditional scheduling of the power generation for the next day very unsure Consequently the costs of the power system operation are high because of a large scale provision of spinning reserve power coming from the traditional power plants The decisive rule in the decreasing of these costs plays the exactness of the wind energy transformation modelling process which starts with the forecast of wind speed In Germany since more than ten years the knowledge how to solve this problem is available Based on more than 100 representative wind farm power measurements all over Germany very exact models for the determination of the current and expected wind power are developed The models are in operation at the control stations of the Transmission System Operators
Patent•
14 Sep 2006TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a control method for a power generation apparatus, which includes modeling a power generator, monitoring the generation of a total amount of power from the generator, and monitoring internal consumption of power for the generator.
Abstract: A control method includes modeling a power generation apparatus, monitoring the generation of a total amount power from the power generation apparatus, monitoring internal consumption of power for a power generation apparatus, acquiring a power generation requirement for a first selected time period of a power generation apparatus to meet a power contract, and projecting an amount of total power needed over a diminishing time varying prediction horizon based on the model, the power generation requirement and the internal consumption.