Showing papers on "Base load power plant published in 2009"

Exploration of regional and global cost–supply curves of biomass energy from short-rotation crops at abandoned cropland and rest land under four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios

Abstract: We explored the production cost of energy crops at abandoned agricultural land and at rest land at a regional and a global level to the year 2050 using four different land-use scenarios. The estimations were based on grid cell data on the productivity of short-rotation crops on the available land over time and assumptions regarding the capital and the labour input required to reach these productivity levels. It was concluded that large amounts of grown biomass at abandoned agricultural land and rest land, 130–270 EJ yr−1 (about 40–70% of the present energy consumption) may be produced at costs below $2 GJ−1 by 2050 (present lower limit of cost of coal). Interesting regions because of their low production cost and significant potentials are the Former USSR, Oceania, Eastern and Western Africa and East Asia. Such low costs presume significant land productivity improvements over time and cost reductions due to learning and capital-labour substitution. An assessment of biomass fuel cost, using the primary biomass energy costs, showed that the future costs of biomass liquid fuels may be in the same order of the present diesel production costs, although this may change in the long term. Biomass-derived electricity costs are at present slightly higher than electricity baseload costs and may directly compete with estimated future production costs of fossil fuel electricity with CO2 sequestration. The present world electricity consumption of around 20 PWh yr−1 may be generated in 2050 at costs below $45 MWh−1 in A1 and B1 and below $55 MWh−1 in A2 and B2. At costs of $60 MWh−1, about 18 (A2) to 53 (A1) PWh yr−1 can be produced.

Strategies for Operating Wind Power in a Similar Manner of Conventional Power Plant

Abstract: As installed capacity of wind power retains a significant proportion of generation mix in the electric system, operators have the increasing expectation that wind turbines should function in some ways similar to the conventional plants. In addition to some basic capabilities to regulate reactive power for voltage support, the counterpart in active power control is also the major concern. This paper presents a control strategy to regulate active power for doubly fed induction generator under various operating conditions. Testing results showing the control performance in the simulated conditions validate the feasibility of the operation in power dispatch upon operator's request, and maintain stability under variant wind speed. Additionally, supplemental functions in generation margin assessment, in spinning reserve support, and in governor droop are presented to make the wind farm operation more like a conventional power plant.

Simulation of the European Electricity Market and CCS Development with the HECTOR Model

Abstract: In this paper we introduce HECTOR, a new and advanced long-term electricity market model that simulates market behavior bottom-up through opportunistic, variable cost-based bidding of individual power plants into auction-based national markets with international interconnection capacities Unlike most other approaches, we implement the objective function on an hourly level This allows for a reduction of the solution space, and enables a higher modeling resolution, including opportunistic bidding behavior of power plants based on expected supply scarcity, and ex-post investment decisions based on NPV considerations The model simulates the electricity markets of 19 European countries, with over 400 groups of power plants, and is able to closely approximate historic electricity prices The average base load price computed by the model for 2006-2008 and across the largest regions in Europe is 545 €/MWh, compared to 548 €/MWh in reality, using 2005 as training period In a projection until 2040, we find that conventional fossil fuel-fired power plants are replaced both by renewable energy technologies and large quantities of CCS, the latter of which almost fully utilize available CO2 storage capacities in some of the regions studied

Dynamic management of power production in a power system subject to weather-related factors

Abstract: Tracking movement of clouds is used to predict the effects of cloud cover on irradiation of a solar-powered distributed power generation system. The predictions enable a solar power plant to maintain the changes in its total power output within operating requirements with less or no dependence on energy storage, back up generation, or load control, use centralized and/or local coordination of solar farm control systems to use storage to its best advantage, alternately reduce power fluctuations without cloud knowledge and use real time solar output prediction capabilities to be able to provide utilities with advance information regarding power fluctuations.

Unit Commitment Risk Analysis of Wind Integrated Power Systems

Abstract: The utilization of wind power generation is increasing throughout the world and it is therefore important that these facilities be integrated in the existing generating capacity planning and operating protocols and procedures. This paper presents an approach to evaluate the contribution that wind power can make to the load carrying capability of a power generating system in an operating scenario. The basic concepts of unit commitment risk analysis are extended to include the inherent variability associated with wind power by developing short-term probability distributions of the wind speed and wind power output using auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) time series models. The operating capacity contributions attributable to wind power are illustrated by application to a small test system and are expressed in terms of the increased load carrying capability due to the wind power generating facilities.

Variable-Speed Engine Generator With Supercapacitor: Isolated Power Generation System and Fuel Efficiency

Abstract: A variable-speed engine generator set for an isolated power system is investigated due to reduced fuel consumption and less emission. However, because of the sluggish dynamic behavior of the internal combustion engine, the power quality would be degraded during the sudden load power surge, where the power required by the load is not available by the engine because of the reduced engine speed. An isolated power system based on a variable-speed engine with a supercapacitor bank can improve the dynamic characteristics under such a sudden load change, and power quality, fuel consumption, and emission of pollutants can be improved remarkably. Furthermore, it is verified by the computer simulation and experimental results that the three-phase four-leg inverter is compatible to the isolated power system with an unbalanced load. In this paper, the feasibility of the system has been verified based on a 26-kW commercial diesel engine system.

Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind power production in Germany and Scandinavia

Abstract: Adding wind power generation in a power system changes the operational patterns of the existing units due to the variability and partial predictability of wind power production. For large amounts of wind power production, the expectation is that the specific operational costs (fuel costs, start-up costs, variable operation and maintenance costs, costs of consuming CO2 emission permits) of the other power plants will increase due to more operation time in part-load and more start-ups. The change in operational costs induced by the wind power production can only be calculated by comparing the operational costs in two power system configurations: with wind power production and with alternative wind production having properties such as conventional production, that is, being predictable and less variable. The choice of the characteristics of the alternative production is not straightforward and will therefore influence the operational costs induced by wind power production. A method is applied for calculating the change in operational costs due to wind power production using a stochastic optimisation model covering the power systems in Germany and the Nordic countries. Two cases of alternative production are used to calculate the change in operational costs, namely perfectly predictable wind power production enabling the calculation of the costs connected to partial predictability and constant wind power production enabling the calculation of the operational costs connected to variability of wind power production. A 2010 case with three different wind power production penetration levels is analysed.

Uranium Supply/Demand Projections to 2030 in the OECD/NEA-IAEA Red Book : Nuclear growth projections, global uranium exploration, uranium resources, uranium production and production capacity

Abstract: World demand for electricity is expected to continue to grow rapidly over the next several decades to meet the needs of an increasing population and economic growth. The recognition by many governments that nuclear power can produce competitively priced, base load electricity that is essentially free of greenhouse gas emissions, combined with the role that nuclear can play in enhancing security of energy supplies, has increased the prospects for growth in nuclear generating capacity. Since the mid-1960s, with the co-operation of their member countries and states, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have jointly prepared periodic updates (currently every 2 years) on world uranium resources, production and demand. These updates have been published by the OECD/NEA in what is commonly known as the "Red Book". The 2007 edition replaces the 2005 edition and reflects information current as of 1 st January 2007. Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand presents, in addition to updated resource figures, the results of a recent review of world uranium market fundamentals and provides a statistical profile of the world uranium industry. It contains official data provided by 40 countries (and one Country Report prepared by the IAEA Secretariat) on uranium exploration, resources, production and reactor-related requirements. Projections of nuclear generating capacity and reactor-related uranium requirements to 2030 as well as a discussion of long-term uranium supply and demand issues are also presented.

Power system for a hybrid fuel cell vehicle that employs a floating base load strategy

Abstract: A fuel cell system employing a floating base load hybrid strategy for reducing fast voltage transients of a FCPM. A power request signal is applied to an average power calculation processor that calculates the average power requested over a predetermined previous period of time. A weighting function processor provides a weighting function based on the state of charge of an EESS. The power available from the FCPM and the EESS is applied to a power comparison processor. The available power is compared to the power request to provide a difference value between what is currently being provided and what is desired. The difference value is compared to power limit values of the EESS. The output value of this comparison is added to a filtered value to generate a signal for the change in the output power of the fuel cell stack based on the power request.

Supercapacitors Energy Storage System for Power Quality Improvement: An Overview

Abstract: Power quality problem causes a misoperation or failure of end user equipments. Distribution network, sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from outages and service interruptions which can cost financial losses to both utility and consumers. In India the use of electronic loads is increasing very fast and the gap between demand and the supply have made the reliability and power quality a critical issue. Further there is continuous thrust on optimal utilization of the non-conventional energy sources along with the central power station. In this paper a critical review have been presented chronologically various work to improve quality of power with the help of energy storage device i.e. Supercapacitors energy storage systems for ASD, elevators, UPS, and power distribution system, ride through capability, real power injection and reactive power injection for stabilization of the system.

Strategic framework of an energy management of a microgrid with a photovoltaic-based active generator

Abstract: By taking into account the fluctuations of renewable energy based power production (photovoltaic panels) and the ancillary services supply to a microgrid (improvement of the availability and capacity of the power from Renewable Energy Source, uninterruptible supply of critical loads, micro grid power quality improvement, peak shaving, load shifting, reactive power supply/compensation etc.), this paper describes an energy management of a micro grid with a PV-based active generator. This energy supervision is implemented into two parts: a central energy management of the microgrid and a local power management in the active generator. Between them information and orders are exchanged. Our energy supervision is organized in different functions. In this paper we present the following functions: the prediction of the power production and the load forecasting; power planning and the real time power regulation.

Distributed hybrid renewable energy power plant and methods, systems, and comptuer readable media for controlling a distributed hybrid renewable energy power plant

Abstract: The subject matter described herein includes a distributed hybrid renewable energy power plant One exemplary hybrid renewable energy power plant includes a plurality of renewable energy power generation sources that are distributed over a geographic area A plurality of grid interface boxes connect each of the renewable energy power generation sources to a power distribution grid, measure power output by each of the renewable energy power generation sources, and regulate power delivered to the grid by each of the renewable energy power generation sources A plant front end communicates with the grid interface boxes, determines a total output power available from the renewable energy power generation sources based on instantaneous power available from each of the renewable energy power generation sources, determines a statistical availability of the total output power based on weather and other conditions affecting power output from the renewable energy power generation sources, and outputs the total output power and the statistical availability to an energy management system

Applying active network management schemes to an irish distribution network for wind power maximisation

Abstract: In order for governments worldwide to achieve their renewable targets, large amounts of new capacity, mainly wind power, need to be connected to power systems. A significant share is expected to be deployed at distribution levels. This paper is aimed at assessing the maximum wind power capacity a distribution network is able to integrate based on a multi-period AC Optimal Power Flow technique tailored to cater for Active Network Management schemes such as coordinated voltage control, adaptive power factor control and energy curtailment. The methodology is applied to an Irish 38kV circuit, considering the time-varying characteristics of demand and multiple wind generation profiles based on the coincident hours of different loading levels and wind power outputs over a year.

Methods and system to manage variability in production of renewable energy

Abstract: Methods and systems to control loads coupled to an electric energy or power grid within corresponding ranges of load values in response to one or more factors, such as to manage variability in production of renewable energy. Loads may be controlled in response to an indication of balance between available power and loads and/or in response to new loads and/or grid disconnections, and may be controlled repeatedly over time to adjust a sum load in response to changes in one or more of balance between available power and loads, new loads, and grid disconnections. A load may be repeatedly adjusted over time to provide an electrical power requirement within a time frame while accommodating at least a portion of variations in the balance between available electric power and load.

Field Test Result of 10MVA/20MJ SMES for Load Fluctuation Compensation

Abstract: SMES of the 10 MVA for the power control in power system has been manufactured, and connected to a real power grid. In addition, innovative basic researches, for example, low cost converter, maintenance-free cryo-coolers, inter-locks system and so on, have also been developed. The SMES was installed in the metal rolling factory with hydro power plant. Field test has been carried out for load fluctuation compensation. SMES was able to compensate for the active power according to the fluctuating load, and confirm the situation with a smooth load change of 11 kV bus of hydro power stations. In this paper, field test results will be presented.

Innovation and trends for future electric power systems

Abstract: The electric power industry is experiencing a period of sustained growth to meet the growing energy needs of the planet. Innovations such as deployment of smart grid solutions will facilitate the pending growth of the infrastructure as new facilities are added to the network and embedded with the installed base. Grid intelligence will assist planners and operators deal with the increasing complexity of secure and reliable power supply and delivery. Renewable power generation technologies will expand in both the total GW to be installed and percentage of contribution to the total energy consumed, but renewables alone will not displace the need for new base load generation. Cleaner and lower emission fossil generation sources will continue to be the backbone of power generation additions. Nuclear power will grow in importance as the industry looks towards the future, but siting and permitting these plants will create formidable challenges in the industrialized countries. Conservation and efficiency improvements will contribute to demand reduction and parenthetically reduce the need for new generation additions. While not specifically mentioned in this article, innovations and technology developments to increase continuous current ratings and fault interrupting capabilities for high voltage equipment will continue as urban centers grow and expand. Compact designs with reduced footprints are necessary to install new substations in densely populated urban areas with very high load densities. UHV ac and dc will become increasingly important as transmission distances increase between power supply resources and urban load centers. Distribution automation, not discussed in this article, will help to optimize the reliability and performance of distribution systems. Major investments in new distribution automation and distribution management systems will occur in the not too distant future as the industry seeks to capitalize on the deployment of AMI systems. Looking forward, we face exciting and challenging times in our industry. There has never been a better time to be a power systems engineer leading this industry transformation.

Study of energy management for decreasing reverse power flow from photovoltaic power systems

Abstract: When the volume of distributed generation (DG), including photovoltaic (PV) power systems, is increased, reverse power flow from DG may cause problems To reduce the reverse power flow from PV power systems, energy management by use of storage batteries is expected to be a solution In addition, the combination with load control is expected to reduce the storage capacity In this study, energy management methods by use of the Supply and Demand Interface (SDI), which is a device to control DG, batteries and loads, are proposed and the effectiveness of the methods are evaluated by simulation analyses The simulation results show that the amount of reverse power flow from PV power systems is reduced by the proposed energy management methods, and the load control is effective in reducing the reverse power flow The required storage capacity to prevent the reverse power flow from the distribution line to the transmission line is also shown

Power quality measurements of wind energy converters with full-scale converter according to IEC 61400-21

Abstract: Wind energy has reached remarkable shares in the electrical energy production in many countries worldwide. However, the connection of multi-megawatt wind farms leads to the necessity to examine the impact on the grid closely. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) developed and released the IEC-standard 61400-21 as part of the IEC 61400 standards for testing and assessing power quality characteristics of grid-connected wind energy converters (WECs) in a consistent and accurate way. To easily compare WECs of different types it defines a measurement excerpt that states the key power quality characteristics: wind turbine specifications, active and reactive power output, flicker, harmonics, control of active and reactive power, protection, voltage dip response and reconnection time. Based on the measurement results in that excerpt the maximum grid connection capacity can be determined for a chosen connection point in order to fulfil the given national or international power quality requirements. Different wind turbine types have different power quality characteristics. As a pioneer in advanced WEC technology and grid integration, ENERCON has developed a range of certified WEC types to address the most demanding international grid codes. In recent years the power quality characteristics of all these types were tested and certified according to IEC 61400-21 by independent testing institutes. Reasons for the good power quality characteristics can be found in the design of these WECs based on an annular generator, injecting power via full-scale power electronics and associated control systems. Additional control features like soft-start without inrush currents, Storm Control and wind farm control systems to control the voltage, power factor or reactive power can, to a certain extent, even improve power quality in power systems.

Benefits of energy storage in power systems with high level of intermittent generation

Abstract: The world has witnessed increasing growth in wind power in recent years. In 2007, the UK government unveiled a plan for what could be one of the most ambitious expansions in wind power generation the world has ever seen. Through construction of hundreds of offshore turbines, the country hopes to power the equivalent of all the UK’s homes by 2020. However, a major problem associated with wind power is its intermittency. Even if it were predictable, it is still difficult to match the generation with demand. This paper focuses on the adoption of energy storage to alleviate the intermittency problem and the extra value which energy storage would add by capturing the wind power during times when transmission lines are congested and transmitting it at other times. In the paper a methodology is proposed to analyse the ability of energy storage to accommodate the intermittency of wind power generation. The model helps estimate the amount of wind energy that would have to be curtailed and the amount of electrical demand would have been left unsatisfied by using wind power alone. By reviewing a number of reports on development and integration of large scale energy storage in power system, the paper concludes that it is important now for the relevant regulator to develop a mechanism to encourage investment in energy storage. However, the development of such a mechanism requires a clear understanding of the benefits of energy storage, and the level of such benefits in monetary terms. In this paper, models for quantifying the technical, economic and environmental benefits of energy storage in an example power system with high level of wind power generation have been developed. Simulation results based on the model power system show that energy storage is able to mitigate power fluctuation and improve the wind plant capacity factor.

Balancing wind power with virtual power plants of micro-CHPs

Abstract: Higher participation levels of wind power in power systems will increase the need for flexible back-up generation to balance the differences between predicted and realized wind power production. This is often an expensive solution. With distributed energy resources and more ICT at the demand side, novel, and possibly cheaper, ways for imbalance minimization arise. Micro combined heat-and-power (micro-CHP) is a novel domestic-level generation technology, producing heat and power simultaneously. Clusters of micro-CHPs can function as flexible virtual power plants (VPPs). This paper presents the design of an online coordination scheme that can substantially reduce the imbalance volumes and the associated costs for wind power traders by actively controlling a VPP comprising micro-CHP systems. It is shown that the imbalance volume and associated cost can be reduced by 73 % and 38 %, respectively.