Battle

About: Battle is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18590 publications have been published within this topic receiving 186523 citations. The topic is also known as: combat & ⚔.

Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War

Abstract: Between 1945 and 1999, about 3.33 million battle deaths occurred in the 25 interstate wars that killed at least 1,000 and had at least 100 dead on each side. These wars involved just 25 states that suffered casualties of at least 1,000 and had a median duration of not quite 3 months. In contrast, in the same period there were roughly 127 civil wars that killed at least 1,000, 25 of which were ongoing in 1999. A conservative estimate of the total dead as a direct result of these conflicts is 16.2 million, five times the interstate toll. These civil wars occurred in 73 states—more than a third of the United Nations system—and had a median duration of roughly six years. 1 The civil conflicts in this period surely produced refugee flows far greater than their death toll and far greater than the refugee flows associated with interstate wars since 1945. Cases such as Afghanistan, Somalia, and Lebanon testify to the economic devastation that civil wars can produce. By these crude measures, civil war has been a far greater scourge than interstate war in this period, though it has been studied far less. What explains the recent prevalence of violent civil conflict around the world? Is it due to the end of the Cold War and associated changes in the international system, or is it the result of longer-term trends? Why have some countries had civil wars while others have not? and Why did the wars break out when they did? We address these questions using data for the period 1945 to 1999 on the 161 countries that had a population of at least half a million in 1990.

That noble dream : the "objectivity question" and the American historical profession

Abstract: Preface Introduction: nailing jelly to the wall Part I. Objectivity Enthroned: 1. The European legacy: Ranke, Bacon, Flaubert 2. The professionalization project 3. Consensus and legitimation 4. A most genteel insurgency Part II. Objectivity Besieged: 5. Historians on the home front 6. A changed climate 7. Professionalism stalled 8. Divergence and dissent 9. The battle joined Part III. Objectivity Reconstructed: 10. The defense of the West 11. A convergent culture 12. An autonomous profession Part IV. Objectivity in Crisis: 13. The collapse of comity 14. Every group its own historian 15. The center does not hold 16. There was no king in Israel Appendix: manuscript collections cited Index.

Network Centric Warfare: Developing and Leveraging Information Superiority

Abstract: : War is a product of its age. The tools and tactics of how we fight have always evolved along with technology. We are poised to continue this trend. Warfare in the Information Age will inevitably embody the characteristics that distinguish this age from previous ones. These characteristics affect the capabilities that are brought to battle as well as the nature of the environment in which conflicts occur. Often in the past, military organizations pioneered both the development of technology and its application. Such is not the case today. Major advances in Information Technology are being driven primarily by the demands of the commercial sector. Furthermore, Information Technology is being applied commercially in ways that are transforming business around the globe. The purposes of this book are to describe the Network Centric Warfare concept; to explain how it embodies the characteristics of the Information Age; to identify the challenges in transforming this concept into a real operational capability; and to suggest a prudent approach to meeting these challenges.

Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa

Abstract: Armed conflict within nations has had disastrous humanitarian consequences throughout much of the world. Here we undertake the first comprehensive examination of the potential impact of global climate change on armed conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. We find strong historical linkages between civil war and temperature in Africa, with warmer years leading to significant increases in the likelihood of war. When combined with climate model projections of future temperature trends, this historical response to temperature suggests a roughly 54% increase in armed conflict incidence by 2030, or an additional 393,000 battle deaths if future wars are as deadly as recent wars. Our results suggest an urgent need to reform African governments' and foreign aid donors' policies to deal with rising temperatures.