Topic
Beryllium
About: Beryllium is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8400 publications have been published within this topic receiving 79723 citations. The topic is also known as: element 4 & Be.
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TL;DR: It has been shown by Bothe and others that beryllium when bombarded by α-particles of polonium emits a radiation of great penetrating power, which has an absorption coefficient in lead of about 0.3 (cm.)−-1.
Abstract: IT has been shown by Bothe and others that beryllium when bombarded by α-particles of polonium emits a radiation of great penetrating power, which has an absorption coefficient in lead of about 0.3 (cm.)−-1. Recently Mme. Curie-Joliot and M. Joliot found, when measuring the ionisation produced by this beryllium radiation in a vessel with a thin window, that the ionisation increased when matter containing hydrogen was placed in front of the window. The effect appeared to be due to the ejection of protons with velocities up to a maximum of nearly 3 × 109 cm. per sec. They suggested that the transference of energy to the proton was by a process similar to the Compton effect, and estimated that the beryllium radiation had a quantum energy of 50 × 106 electron volts.
687 citations
670 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a steady-state technique for measuring heat capacity using ac heating is described, where heat is applied sinusoidally in time to a sample coupled thermally to a reservoir; the resultant equilibrium temperature of the sample contains a term that is both inversely proportional to the heat capacity and measurable with high precision.
Abstract: A steady-state technique for measuring heat capacity using ac heating is described. Heat is applied sinusoidally in time to a sample coupled thermally to a reservoir; the resultant equilibrium temperature of the sample contains a term that is both inversely proportional to the heat capacity and measurable with high precision. The effects of various corrections that must be applied to the data are considered in detail. Measurements of the absolute magnitude of the heat capacity of indium and the field dependence of the heat capacity of beryllium have been made and are used to illustrate the power of the method. The observed quantum oscillations in the heat capacity of beryllium are in agreement with predictions based on other measurements.
573 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the coordinative behavior of doubly charged metal ions in water and found that the water dipole moment and polarizabilities, which are critical for the accuracy of the binding energies, are very well reproduced provided that the basis set on the metal is included in the calculations.
Abstract: In order to study the coordinative behavior of doubly charged metal ions in water, a few representative metals have been chosen for theoretical studies. These are the group 2 metal ions beryllium, magnesium, and calcium and the group 12 zinc ion. The density functional method B3LYP has been used with very large basis sets. It is found that the water dipole moment and polarizabilities, which are critical for the accuracy of the binding energies, are very well reproduced provided that the basis set on the metal is included in the calculations. One of the main points of the present investigation has been to study the boundary between the first and second hydration shells. Trends of binding energies and structures are also discussed.
498 citations
TL;DR: Data are consistent with development of a hapten-specific, cell-mediated immune response following topical application of beryllium and suggest a mechanistic link between the persistent rate of bryllium worker sensitization and skin exposure to fine and ultrafine beryLLium particles.
Abstract: Chronic beryllium disease is an occupational lung disease that begins as a cell-mediated immune response to beryllium. Although respiratory and engineering controls have significantly decreased occupational beryllium exposures over the last decade, the rate of beryllium sensitization has not declined. We hypothesized that skin exposure to beryllium particles would provide an alternative route for sensitization to this metal. We employed optical scanning laser confocal microscopy and size-selected fluorospheres to demonstrate that 0.5- and 1.0- micro m particles, in conjunction with motion, as at the wrist, penetrate the stratum corneum of human skin and reach the epidermis and, occasionally, the dermis. The cutaneous immune response to chemical sensitizers is initiated in the skin, matures in the local lymph node (LN), and releases hapten-specific T cells into the peripheral blood. Topical application of beryllium to C3H mice generated beryllium-specific sensitization that was documented by peripheral blood and LN beryllium lymphocyte proliferation tests (BeLPT) and by changes in LN T-cell activation markers, increased expression of CD44, and decreased CD62L. In a sensitization-challenge treatment paradigm, epicutaneous beryllium increased murine ear thickness following chemical challenge. These data are consistent with development of a hapten-specific, cell-mediated immune response following topical application of beryllium and suggest a mechanistic link between the persistent rate of beryllium worker sensitization and skin exposure to fine and ultrafine beryllium particles.
461 citations