Topic
Biasing
About: Biasing is a(n) research topic. Over the lifetime, 29422 publication(s) have been published within this topic receiving 301035 citation(s).
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TL;DR: In this paper, a two-layer organic photovoltaic cell was fabricated from copper phthalocyanine and a perylene tetracarboxylic derivative, achieving a power conversion efficiency of about 1% under simulated AM2 illumination.
Abstract: A thin‐film, two‐layer organic photovoltaiccell has been fabricated from copper phthalocyanine and a perylene tetracarboxylic derivative. A power conversion efficiency of about 1% has been achieved under simulated AM2 illumination. A novel feature of the device is that the charge‐generation efficiency is relatively independent of the bias voltage, resulting in cells with fill factor values as high as 0.65. The interface between the two organic materials, rather than the electrode/organic contacts, is crucial in determining the photovoltaicproperties of the cell.
4,490 citations
TL;DR: The intrinsic high-field transport properties of metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes are measured using low-resistance electrical contacts and it is shown that the current-voltage characteristics can be explained by considering optical or zone-boundary phonon emission as the dominant scattering mechanism at high field.
Abstract: Using low-resistance electrical contacts, we have measured the intrinsic high-field transport properties of metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes. Individual nanotubes appear to be able to carry currents with a density exceeding 10(9) A/cm(2). As the bias voltage is increased, the conductance drops dramatically due to scattering of electrons. We show that the current-voltage characteristics can be explained by considering optical or zone-boundary phonon emission as the dominant scattering mechanism at high field.
1,379 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a variation of the work function for single and bilayer graphene devices measured by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is reported, by using the electric field effect, which can be adjusted as the gate voltage tunes the Fermi level across the charge neutrality point.
Abstract: We report variation of the work function for single and bilayer graphene devices measured by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). By use of the electric field effect, the work function of graphene can be adjusted as the gate voltage tunes the Fermi level across the charge neutrality point. Upon biasing the device, the surface potential map obtained by SKPM provides a reliable way to measure the contact resistance of individual electrodes contacting graphene.
1,075 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors observe slow transient effects causing hysteresis in the current-voltage characterization of hybrid organo-metal halide perovskites that can lead to an over- or underestimation of the solar cell device efficiency.
Abstract: Hybrid organo-metal halide perovskites are an exciting new class of solar absorber materials and have exhibited a rapid increase in solar cell efficiencies throughout the past two years to over 17% in both meso-structured and thin-film device architectures. We observe slow transient effects causing hysteresis in the current–voltage characterization of these devices that can lead to an over- or underestimation of the solar cell device efficiency. We find that the current–voltage (IV) measurement scan direction, measurement delay time, and light and voltage bias conditions prior to measurement can all have a significant impact upon the shape of the measured IV light curves and the apparent device efficiency. We observe that hysteresis-free light IV curves can be obtained at both extremely fast and slow voltage scan rates but only in the latter case are quasi-steady-state conditions achieved for a valid power conversion efficiency measurement. Hysteretic effects are also observed in devices utilizing alternative selective contacts but differ in magnitude and time scale, suggesting that the contact interfaces have a big effect on transients in perovskite-absorber devices. The transient processes giving rise to hysteresis are consistent with a polarization response of the perovskite absorber that results in changes in the photocurrent extraction efficiency of the device. The strong dependence of the hysteresis on light and voltage biasing conditions in thin film devices for a period of time prior to the measurement suggests that photo-induced ion migration may additionally play an important role in device hysteresis. Based on these observations, we provide recommendations for correct measurement and reporting of IV curves for perovskite solar cell devices.
1,035 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the rate-dependent hysteresis seen in current-voltage scans of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells is related to a slow field-induced process that tends to cancel the electric field in the device at each applied bias voltage.
Abstract: In this work we show that the rate-dependent hysteresis seen in current–voltage scans of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells is related to a slow field-induced process that tends to cancel the electric field in the device at each applied bias voltage. It is attributed to the build-up of space charge close to the contacts, independent of illumination and most likely due to ionic displacement, which is enhanced when the device undergoes aging. This process can also lead to a reduction of the open-circuit voltage or the steady-state photocurrent and does not directly correlate with the development of the hysteresis if it is measured at a fixed voltage sweep rate.
1,023 citations