Showing papers on "Big Rip published in 2011"

The little rip

Abstract: We examine models in which the dark energy density increases with time (so that the equation-of-state parameter $w$ satisfies $wl\ensuremath{-}1$), but $w\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}1$ asymptotically, such that there is no future singularity. We refine previous calculations to determine the conditions necessary to produce this evolution. Such models can display arbitrarily rapid expansion in the near future, leading to the destruction of all bound structures (a ``little rip''). We determine observational constraints on these models and calculate the point at which the disintegration of bound structures occurs. For the same present-day value of $w$, a big rip with constant $w$ disintegrates bound structures earlier than a little rip.

Viscous Little Rip Cosmology

Abstract: Dark energy of phantom or quintessence nature with an equation of state parameter $w$ almost equal to -1 often leads the universe evolution to a finite-time future singularity. An elegant solution to this problem has been recently proposed \cite{frampton11} under the form of the so-called Little Rip cosmology which appears to be a realistic alternative to the $\Lambda$CDM model. A viscous Little Rip cosmology is here proposed. Whereas generically bulk viscosity tends to promote the Big Rip, we find that there are a number of situations where this is not the case and where the formalism nicely adjusts itself to the Little Rip scenario. We prove, in particular, that a viscous fluid (or, equivalently, one with an inhomogeneous (imperfect) equation of state) is perfectly able to produce a Little Rip cosmology as a purely viscosity effect. The possibility of its induction as a combined result of viscosity and a general (power-like) equation of state is also investigated in detail. To finish, a physical, inertial force interpretation of the dissolution of bound structures in the Little Rip cosmology is presented.

Exotic singularities and spatially curved Loop Quantum Cosmology

Abstract: We investigate the occurrence of various exotic spacelike singularities in the past and the future evolution of k = ± 1 Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model and loop quantum cosmology using a sufficiently general phenomenological model for the equation of state. We highlight the non-trivial role played by the intrinsic curvature for these singularities and the new physics which emerges at the Planck scale. We show that quantum gravity effects generically resolve all strong curvature singularities including big rip and big freeze singularities. The weak singularities, which include sudden and big brake singularities are ignored by quantum gravity when spatial curvature is negative, as was previously found for the spatially flat model. Interestingly, for the spatially closed model there exist cases where weak singularities may be resolved when they occur in the past evolution. The spatially closed model exhibits another novel feature. For a particular class of equation of state, this model also exhibits an additional physical branch in loop quantum cosmology, a baby universe separated from the parent branch. Our analysis generalizes previous results obtained on the resolution of strong curvature singularities in flat models to isotropic spacetimes with non-zero spatial curvature.

A Galileon Design of Slow Expansion

Abstract: We show a model of the slow expansion, in which the scale invariant spectrum of curvature perturbation is adiabatically induced by its increasing mode, by applying a generalized Galileon field. In this model, initially $ϵ\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{-}1$, which then rapidly increases, and during this period the Universe is slowly expanding. There is no ghost instability, and the perturbation theory is healthy. When $ϵ\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}1$, the slow expansion phase ends, the available energy of field can be released and the Universe reheats. This scenario might be a viable design of the early Universe.

F(T) Models within Bianchi Type I Universe

Abstract: In this paper, we consider spatially homogenous and anisotropic Bianchi type I universe in the context of F(T) gravity. We construct some corresponding models using conservation equation and equation of state parameter representing different phases of the universe. In particular, we take matter dominated era, radiation dominated era, present dark energy phase and their combinations. It is found that one of the models has a constant solution which may correspond to the cosmological constant. We also derive equation of state parameter by using two well-known F(T) models and discuss cosmic acceleration.

Dominance of gauge artifact in the consistency relation for the primordial bispectrum

Abstract: The conventional cosmological perturbation theory has been performed under the assumption that we know the whole spatial region of the universe with infinite volume. This is, however, not the case in the actual observations because observable portion of the universe is limited. To give a theoretical prediction to the observable fluctuations, gauge-invariant observables should be composed of the information in our local observable universe with finite volume. From this point of view, we reexamine the primordial non-Gaussianity in single field models, focusing on the bispectrum in the squeezed limit. A conventional prediction states that the bispectrum in this limit is related to the power spectrum through the so-called consistency relation. However, it turns out that, if we adopt a genuine gauge invariant variable which is naturally composed purely of the information in our local universe, the leading term for the bispectrum in the squeezed limit predicted by the consistency relation vanishes.

Matter-antimatter asymmetry and dark matter from torsion

Abstract: We propose a simple scenario which explains the observed matter-antimatter imbalance and the origin of dark matter in the Universe. We use the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity which naturally extends general relativity to include the intrinsic spin of matter. Spacetime torsion produced by spin generates, in the classical Dirac equation, the Hehl-Datta term which is cubic in spinor fields. We show that under a charge-conjugation transformation this term changes sign relative to the mass term. A classical Dirac spinor and its charge conjugate therefore satisfy different field equations. Fermions in the presence of torsion have higher energy levels than antifermions, which leads to their decay asymmetry. Such a difference is significant only at extremely high densities that existed in the very early Universe. We propose that this difference caused a mechanism, according to which heavy fermions existing in such a Universe and carrying the baryon number decayed mostly to normal matter, whereas their antiparticles decayed mostly to hidden antimatter which forms dark matter. The conserved total baryon number of the Universe remained zero.

Screening of cosmological constant for De Sitter Universe in non-local gravity, phantom-divide crossing and finite-time future singularities

Abstract: We investigate de Sitter solutions in non-local gravity as well as in non-local gravity with Lagrange constraint multiplier. We examine a condition to avoid a ghost and discuss a screening scenario for a cosmological constant in de Sitter solutions. Furthermore, we explicitly demonstrate that three types of the finite-time future singularities can occur in non-local gravity and explore their properties. In addition, we evaluate the effective equation of state for the universe and show that the late-time accelerating universe may be effectively the quintessence, cosmological constant or phantom-like phases. In particular, it is found that there is a case in which a crossing of the phantom divide from the non-phantom (quintessence) phase to the phantom one can be realized when a finite-time future singularity occurs. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the addition of an $R^2$ term can cure the finite-time future singularities in non-local gravity. It is also suggested that in the framework of non-local gravity, adding an $R^2$ term leads to possible unification of the early-time inflation with the late-time cosmic acceleration.

Interacting Cosmological Fluids and the Coincidence Problem

Abstract: We examine the evolution of a universe comprising two fluids which interact via a term proportional to the product of their densities. In the case of two matter fluids, it is shown that the ratio of the densities tends to a constant after an initial cooling-off period. We then obtain a complete solution for the cosmological constant ($w=\ensuremath{-}1$) scenario and show that periodic solutions can occur if $wl\ensuremath{-}1$. We further demonstrate that the ratio of the dark matter and dark energy densities is confined to a bounded interval and that this ratio can be $O(1)$ at infinitely many times in the history of the universe, thus solving the coincidence problem. Finally, we show that, for a certain choice of parameters, the model is a viable fit to observational constraints, and we give a detailed discussion of the past and future evolution of the universe in this particular case.

On the Expansion of the Universe

Abstract: It is accepted from the beginning that nothing can escape from the Universe and a distance is found at which the expansion and compression of the space around a mass are in equilibrium. With this in mind the density of the space is calculated. The value obtained matches the value obtained experimentally by measuring cosmologic redshifts. Applying this concept to the mass of the Universe a second equation is found. This equation, together with the first one, allows the age of the Universe to be calculated and a value is found which is between the normally accepted limits. The same equations allow the deduction of the density equation calculated by Milne and the relativistic equation deduced by Friedmann. Finally, with these equations, the relation between the mass of the Universe, the speed of light and the universal constant of gravitation is found. This relation indicates possibly new areas of investigation.

Hořava-Lifshitz Quantum Cosmology

Abstract: In this work, a minisuperspace model for the projectable Ho\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}ava-Lifshitz gravity without the detailed-balance condition is investigated. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation is derived and its solutions are studied and discussed for some particular cases where, due to Ho\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}ava-Lifshitz gravity, there is a ``potential barrier'' nearby $a=0$. For a vanishing cosmological constant, a normalizable wave function of the Universe is found. When the cosmological constant is nonvanishing, the WKB method is used to obtain solutions for the wave function of the Universe. Using the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, one discusses how the transition from quantum to classical regime occurs and, for the case of a positive cosmological constant, the scale factor is shown to grow exponentially, hence recovering the general relativity behavior for the late Universe.

The effect of an expanding universe on massive objects

Abstract: We present some astrophysical consequences of the metric for a point mass in an expanding universe derived in Nandra, Lasenby & Hobson, and of the associated invariant expression for the force required to keep a test particle at rest relative to the central mass. We focus on the effect of an expanding universe on massive objects on the scale of galaxies and clusters. Using Newtonian and general-relativistic approaches, we identify two important time-dependent physical radii for such objects when the cosmological expansion is accelerating. The first radius, $r_F$, is that at which the total radial force on a test particle is zero, which is also the radius of the largest possible circular orbit about the central mass $m$ and where the gas pressure and its gradient vanish. The second radius, $r_S$, which is \approx r_F/1.6$, is that of the largest possible stable circular orbit, which we interpret as the theoretical maximum size for an object of mass $m$. In contrast, for a decelerating cosmological expansion, no such finite radii exist. Assuming a cosmological expansion consistent with a $\Lambda$CDM concordance model, at the present epoch we find that these radii put a sensible constraint on the typical sizes of both galaxies and clusters at low redshift. For galaxies, we also find that these radii agree closely with zeroes in the radial velocity field in the neighbourhood of nearby galaxies, as inferred by Peirani & Pacheco from recent observations of stellar velocities. We then consider the future effect on massive objects of an accelerating cosmological expansion driven by phantom energy, for which the universe is predicted to end in a `Big Rip' at a finite time in the future at which the scale factor becomes singular. In particular, we present a novel calculation of the time prior to the Big Rip that an object of a given mass and size will become gravitationally unbound.

Black holes in the Universe: Generalized Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi solutions

Abstract: We present new exact solutions which presumably describe black holes in the background of a spatially flat, pressureless dark-matter-- or dark matter plus dark energy ($\mathrm{DM}+\mathrm{DE}$)- or quintom-dominated Universe. These solutions generalize Lema\^{\i}tre-Tolman-Bondi metrics. For a dark-matter-- or ($\mathrm{DM}+\mathrm{DE}$)-dominated universe, the area of the black hole apparent horizon (AH) decreases with the expansion of the Universe while that of the cosmic AH increases. However, for a quintom-dominated universe, the black hole AH first shrinks and then expands, while the cosmic AH first expands and then shrinks. A ($\mathrm{DM}+\mathrm{DE}$)-dominated universe containing a black hole will evolve to the Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution with both AHs approaching constant size. In a quintom-dominated universe, the black hole and cosmic AHs will coincide at a certain time, after which the singularity becomes naked, violating cosmic censorship.

Big Rip and Little Rip solutions in scalar model with kinetic and Gauss Bonnet couplings

Abstract: Late time cosmological solutions for scalar field model with kinetic and Gauss Bonnet couplings are considered. The quintom scenario is realized with and without Big Rip singularity. We find that under specific choice of the Gauss Bonnet coupling, the model considerable simplifies, giving rise to solutions where the kinetic term is proportional to the square of the Hubble parameter. This allows to reconstruct the model for a suitable cosmological evolution. We considered a solution that matches the observed behavior of the equation of state, while Big Rip singularity may be present or absent, depending on the parameters of the solution. Evolutionary scenarios known as Little Rip, have also been considered.

K-essence Models and Cosmic Acceleration in Generalized Teleparallel Gravity

Abstract: The generalized teleparallel gravity has been suggested to explain the present cosmic acceleration of the universe. In this paper, we take spatially homogenous and anisotropic Bianchi type $I$ universe in the framework of $F(T)$ gravity. The behavior of accelerating universe is investigated for three purely kinetic k-essence models. We explore equation of state parameter and deceleration parameter for these k-essence models. It is found that all these models exhibit quintessence behavior of the universe.

Spacetime torsion as a possible remedy to major problems in gravity and cosmology

Abstract: We show that the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity with torsion not only extends general relativity to account for the intrinsic spin of matter, but it may also eliminate major problems in gravitational physics and answer major questions in cosmology These problems and questions include: the origin of the Universe, the existence of singularities in black holes, the nature of inflation and dark energy, the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe, and the nature of dark matter

Phantom scalar fields result in inflation rather than Big Rip

Abstract: There exists a variety of exact solutions of the scalar field Einstein equations, allowing for “phantom regions” with negative kinetic field term. These regions can be cut out, their boundaries being sewn together in such a way that neither the scale factor (along with its first two derivatives) nor density or pressure will experience a jump. Such a domain surgery eliminates the “Big Rip” scenario, substituting for it the standard inflation.

Cosmic Parallax in Ellipsoidal Universe

Abstract: The detection of a time variation of the angle between two distant sources would reveal an anisotropic expansion of the Universe. We study this effect of "cosmic parallax" within the "ellipsoidal universe" model, namely a particular homogeneous anisotropic cosmological model of Bianchi type I, whose attractive feature is the potentiality to account for the observed lack of power of the large-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropy. The preferred direction in the sky, singled out by the axis of symmetry inherent to planar symmetry of ellipsoidal universe, could in principle be constrained by future cosmic parallax data. However, that will be a real possibility if and when the experimental accuracy will be enhanced at least by two orders of magnitude.

Stability of accelerating cosmology in two scalar-tensor theory: Little Rip versus de Sitter

Abstract: We develop the general reconstruction scheme in two scalar model. The quintom-like theory which may describe (different) non-singular Little Rip or de Sitter cosmology is reconstructed. (In)stability of such dark energy cosmologies as well as the flow to fixed points is studied. The stability of Little Rip universe which leads to dissolution of bound objects sometime in future indicates that no classical transition to de Sitter space occurs.

Early universe cosmology with particle creation: kinematics tests

Abstract: We study some properties of the early evolution of the universe with particle creation in the framework of the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker line element. The field equations are solved by using “gamma-law” equation of state p=(γ−1)ρ, where the parameter γ varies with cosmological time. A unified description of the early evolution of the universe is presented in which an inflationary phase is followed by a radiation-dominated phase. Exact expressions for the lookback time, proper distance, luminosity distance and angular diameter distance versus redshift are derived and their meaning discussed in detail. It is found that the negative pressure due to the particle creation may play the role of an accelerating universe.

Archimedean-type force in a cosmic dark fluid: i. exact solutions for the late-time accelerated expansion

Abstract: We establish a new self-consistent model in order to explain from a unified viewpoint two key features of the cosmological evolution: the inflation in the early Universe and the late-time accelerated expansion. The key element of this new model is the Archimedean-type coupling of the dark matter with dark energy, which form the so-called cosmic dark fluid. We suppose that dark matter particles immersed into the dark energy reservoir are affected by the force proportional to the four-gradient of the dark energy pressure. The Archimedean-type coupling is shown to play a role of effective energy-momentum redistributor between the dark matter and the dark energy components of the dark fluid, thus providing the Universe evolution to be a quasiperiodic and/or multistage process. In the first part of the work we discuss a theoretical base and new exact solutions of the model master equations. Special attention is focused on the exact solutions, for which the scale factor is presented by the anti-Gaussian function: these solutions describe the late-time acceleration and are characterized by a nonsingular behavior in the early Universe. The second part contains qualitative and numerical analysis of the master equations; we focus there on the solutions describing a multi-inflationary Universe.

A conventional approach to the dark-energy concept

Abstract: Motivated by results implying that the constituents of dark matter (DM) might be collisional, we consider a cosmological (toy-) model, in which the DM itself possesses some sort of thermodynamic properties. In this case, not only can the matter content of the Universe be treated as a classical gravitating fluid of positive pressure, but, together with all its other physical characteristics, the energy of this fluid's internal motions should be taken into account as a source of the universal gravitational field. This form of energy can compensate for the extra (dark) energy, needed to compromise spatial flatness, while the post-recombination Universe remains ever-decelerating. At the same time (i.e., in the context of the collisional-DM approach), the theoretical curve representing the distance modulus as a function of the cosmological redshift, {\mu}(z), fits the Hubble diagram of a multi-used sample of supernova Ia events quite accurately. A cosmological model filled with collisional DM could accommodate the majority of the currently-available observational data (including, also, those from baryon acoustic oscillations), without the need for either any dark energy (DE) or the cosmological constant. However, as we demonstrate, this is not the case for someone who, although living in a Universe filled with self-interacting DM, insists on adopting the traditional, collisionless-DM approach. From the point of view of this observer, the cosmologically-distant light-emitting sources seem to lie farther (i.e., they appear to be dimmer) than expected, while the Universe appears to be either accelerating or decelerating, depending on the value of the cosmological redshift. This picture, which, nowadays, represents the common perception in observational cosmology, acquires a more conventional interpretation within the context of the collisional-DM approach.

Thermodynamic of the Ghost Dark Energy Universe

Abstract: Recently, the vacuum energy of the QCD ghost in a time-dependent background is proposed as a kind of dark energy candidate to explain the acceleration of the Universe. In this model, the energy density of the dark energy is proportional to the Hubble parameter $H$, which is the Hawking temperature on the Hubble horizon of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) Universe. In this paper, we generalized this model and choice the Hawking temperature on the so-called trapping horizon, which will coincides with the Hubble temperature in the context of flat FRW Universe dominated by the dark energy component. We study the thermodynamics of Universe with this kind of dark energy and find that the entropy-area relation is modified, namely, there is an another new term besides the area term.

Archimedean-type force in a cosmic dark fluid. II. Qualitative and numerical study of a multistage universe expansion

Abstract: In this (second) part of the work we present the results of numerical and qualitative analysis, based on a new model of the Archimedean-type interaction between dark matter and dark energy. The Archimedean-type force is linear in the four-gradient of the dark energy pressure and plays a role of self-regulator of the energy redistribution in a cosmic dark fluid. Because of the Archimedean-type interaction the cosmological evolution is shown to have a multistage character. Depending on the choice of the values of the model-guiding parameters, the Universe expansion is shown to be perpetually accelerated, periodic or quasiperiodic with a finite number of deceleration/acceleration epochs. We distinguished the models, which can be definitely characterized by the inflation in the early Universe, by the late-time accelerated expansion and nonsingular behavior in intermediate epochs, and classified them with respect to a number of transition points. Transition points appear, when the acceleration parameter changes the sign, providing the natural partition of the Universe's history into epochs of accelerated and decelerated expansion. The strategy and results of numerical calculations are advocated by the qualitative analysis of the instantaneous phase portraits of the dynamic system associated with the key equation for the dark energy pressure evolution.

Anisotropic Bianchi type-I models in string cosmology

Abstract: The present study deals with a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi-I cosmological models representing massive strings. The energy-momentum tensor, as formulated by Letelier (1983), has been used to construct massive string cosmological models for which we assume the expansion scalar in the models is proportional to one of the components of shear tensor. The Einstein’s field equations have been solved by applying a variation law for generalized Hubble’s parameter in Bianchi-I space-time. We have analysed a comparative study of accelerating and decelerating models in the presence of string scenario. The study reveals that massive strings dominate in the decelerating universe whereas strings dominate in the accelerating universe. The strings eventually disappear from the universe for sufficiently large times, which is in agreement with current astronomical observations.