Showing papers on "Bioaccumulation published in 1982"
TL;DR: The analysis presented in this article shows that water solubility as well as the n-octanol/water partition coefficient are useful indicators of the tendency of organic chemicals to bioaccumulate.
162 citations
TL;DR: Overall recuccd growth and possibly enhanced toxic effects occurred in larvae on the dry trout starter diet compared to larvae fed on Artemia, and Mercury uptake appeared influenced by the severity of toxic effects.
66 citations
TL;DR: A standardized, feasible test system for assessing the environmental behavior of chemicals in ecotoxicological terms and for setting up priority lists was described earlier and 14C chemicals were used in environmentally relevant concentrations.
51 citations
TL;DR: The bioconcentration of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) was examined in the Great Lakes algae Fragilaria crotonensis, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and Microcystis sp.
Abstract: The bioconcentration of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) was examined in the Great Lakes algae Fragilaria crotonensis, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and Microcystis sp. The bioconcentration factors varied from species to species, whether they were expressed in terms of cell number, dry weight, cellular carbon, or cellular lipid. The factors were in the range of 105–106 and increased with decreasing biomass. The existence of a mucilage layer in F. crotonensis was associated with a twofold increase in the bioconcentration factor. Surface adsorption appeared to contribute only slightly to the bioaccumulation of HCB. HCB desorbed from all species but at a much slower rate than its adsorption.Key words: bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobiphenyl, adsorption, desorption, algae
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, information on some of the factors which are or might become critical when estimating the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical is presented informally, and knowledge of this potential is one of the prerequisites to a competent evaluation of the environmental fate and effects of this chemical.
41 citations
TL;DR: Algae cultured in unmodified, unbuffered effluent accumulated much more Fe and Zn than they did other metals, and cladocerans demonstrated substantial selectivity in tissue concentrations of heavy metals.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the availability and plant uptake of heavy metals was evaluated from contaminated dredged material placed in flooded and upland disposal environments using a solid-phase plant bioassay, which indicated more uptake and bioaccumulations of cadmium and zinc when contaminated material was placed in an upland environment where the sediment was allowed to air-dry.
33 citations
TL;DR: A combination of the frequency distribution of body sizes and appropriate allometric relationships may permit a more operational approach to pesticide bioaccumulation than the more traditional trophic level concept, and could prove useful for any persistent contaminant with high biological affinity.
Abstract: A combination of the frequency distribution of body sizes and appropriate allometric relationships may permit a more operational approach to pesticide bioaccun~ulation than the more traditional trophic level concept. To demonstrate this potential, we clescribe pattcrns of bioaccumulation as functions of time and body size in a computer ecosystem in which no differences in trophic level exist. The qualitative similarity between thcsc patterns and those reported in the literature frorn laboratory and field experin-nents suggests that empirical relations describing contaminant tluxes as functions of body weight could form a powerful base for the prediction of contaminant body burden in natural systems. We believe this approach could prove useful for any persistent contaminant with high biological affinity. Key MJOI.~J.: mcadeling, bioaccumulation, ecological magnification, allometry, body size GRIESB~C~H, S., R. H. PETERS, AND S. YOIJAKIM. 1982. An ailometric model for pesticide bioaccumulation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 727 - 735.
33 citations
TL;DR: The levels of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) that caused diminished reproductive ability in the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata were determined and it was found that reductions in numbers of offsprings occurred at 16 to 38 μl/litre.
30 citations
TL;DR: The pollutant bioaccumulation model of Norstrom et al. (1976) adequately described the observed accumulation of organic mercury in young perch from June through September 1974, but either underestimated uptake or overestimated clearance for the period October 1974–May 1975.
Abstract: Diet, growth, energy content and mercury concentrations of yearling yellow perch,Perca favescens, were determined from June 1974 through May 1975. Benthic invertebrates predominated in the diet throughout the summer with zooplankton important in June and fish in August and September. Ash, lipid, protein and energy content of the yearling yellow perch increased through the summer reaching maximal values in August, 1974. Fish collected May 15, 1975 has reduced ash, lipid., protein and energy content with an increased moisture content. Both protein and lipid were catabolized during overwintering. Seasonal variation in organic mercury concentration was not significant (p>0.05). Inorganic mercury decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in September, 1974 and May, 1975 samples, reflecting changes in diet and the shorter biological half-life of inorganic mercury. The pollutant bioaccumulation model of Norstrom et al. (1976) adequately described the observed accumulation of organic mercury in young perch from June through September 1974, but either underestimated uptake or overestimated clearance for the period October 1974–May 1975.
TL;DR: Preliminary studies are reported to determine if uptake of uranium and thorium occurs at significant rates in rainbow trout and how soluble and particulate partitioning affects the uptake behavior of these actinides.
Abstract: Preliminary studies are reported to determine if uptake of uranium and thorium occurs at significant rates in rainbow trout. Also assessed is how soluble and particulate partitioning affects the uptake behavior of these actinides. (JMT)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested the validity of simple microcosms that have been proposed to predict chemical behavior in aquatic systems and found that simpler model ecosystems and/or models based on physicalchemical data are probably adequate for predicting the fate of toxicants in aquatic communities.
Abstract: Current emphasis in hazard assessment is being placed on the development of quick and inexpensive methods to identify chemicals with potentially harmful properties. The present study was designed to test the validity of simple microcosms that have been proposed to predict chemical behavior in aquatic systems.
Six laboratory streams were used to study the fate and effects of atrazine and 2, 4, 5, 2′, 4′, 5′, - hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) in a naturally derived aquatic community during one annual period. Two streams were treated with the HCBP (0.100 μg/L), two received atrazine (25 μg/L) and two streams served as solvent controls. The chemicals were administered for 30 days during the fall, winter, spring, and summer; a 60 day depuration phase followed each treatment.
The substrates and benthic organisms accumulated HCBP rapidly and concentrations increased with duration of exposure. Uptake of HCBP by the biota was biphasic; the most rapid rate of accumulation occurred during the initial three hours of exposure. Maximum HCBP concentrations in the biota occurred on day 30. Bioaccumulation factors at this time ranged from 300,000 for amphipods to 1200 for clams. Fish, crayfish and other macroinvertebrates had intermediate values. There was no evidence that residue concentrations were increased by trophic transfer.
Atrazine was not accumulated in the laboratory stream communities. Atrazine bioaccumulation factors in the biota ranged from 3.5 in annelids to 480 in mayfly nymphs. Residue concentrations declined to pretreatment levels within a few days of depuration.
These results are significant in that (1) they are consistent with predictions derived from physical-chemical data and (2) the compounds behaved similarly to closely related compounds in simpler model systems. Based on our results, simpler model ecosystems and/or models based on physicalchemical data are probably adequate for predicting the fate of toxicants in aquatic systems.
TL;DR: Fish, invertebrates and plants were exposed to 14 C-labelled di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in a static model ecosystem for 27 days, resulting in body residue concentrations 178 (fish) to 24 500 (amphipods) times that of the water.
TL;DR: The bioaccumulation factors measured in this study agree relatively well with those in other marine species, but are lower than reported for fresh water species.
01 Jan 1982-Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
TL;DR: The major contribution to the bioaccumulation in the heterogenous population arose from 150 hydrocarbons which presents serious exposure health hazards to this population and will augment with the increasing utilization of more petroleum products in industry and automobiles.
Abstract: Chemical bioaccumulation in nonsmoking heterogeneous human population was determined by a noninvasive expired air technique. Ubiquitous and nonubiquitous environmental pollutants were isolated and identified and the respective distribution and inhalation hazards were evaluated. Attempts were made to isolate and identify the state of health related expired air constituents. The selected 291 environmental pollutants or the total estimated bioaccumulation, were distributed among the heterogenous and homogenous study populations as the constituents of the respective chemical bioaccumulation. The bioaccumulation of the environmental pollutants observed in the heterogenous population, including controls, prediabetics and diabetics, consisted of 176 compounds or 60.5% of the total estimated bioaccumulation. The constituents of this bioaccumulation are termed ubiquitous pollutants because they have accumulated in the heterogenous population as the result of the prolonged body exposures irrespectively of the residence, age, height, weight, sex, occupation, diet and the state of health of the exposed individuals. The major contribution to the bioaccumulation in the heterogenous population arose from 150 hydrocarbons (85.2% of total bioaccumulation) which presents serious exposure health hazards to this population. This is supported by the known toxicity and the possible mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of these hydrocarbons. Such health hazards will augment with the increasing utilization of more » petroleum products in industry and automobiles. (JMT) « less
TL;DR: In this study a small experimental freshwater pond was spiked with 95mTc to obtain data for calculating concentration factors for fish and snails and a model using the pond data was developed to calculate steady-state body burdens for freshwater biota.
Abstract: Concentration factors for technetium recommended in radiological assessment models for freshwater biota are default values based on the behavior of iodine in the environment. In this study a small experimental freshwater pond was spiked with 95mTc to obtain data for calculating concentration factors for fish and snails. A model using the pond data was developed to calculate steady-state body burdens for freshwater biota. The concentration factors based on the calculated body burden for carp (Caprinus carpio), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and snails (Helisoma sp.) were 11, 75 and 121, respectively. The concentration factor for carp was less than the recommended value of 15 listed in the USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.109 for calculating radiation dose to man; however, the concentration factors far mosquitofish and snails exceeded the recommended values by 5 and 25 times, respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, the bioaccumulation of three PCBs (2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2′-tetrachlorobimine, and 2, 4, 6, 2′, 4′-pentachlorophenyl) by the green alga Chlorella fusca under various conditions is reported.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of the bioaccumulation of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl by Chlorella vulgaris in experimental conditions reveals clearly two important factors linked with the means of contamination: the very great speed of mercury fixing, whatever form of mercury is used, and the decrease in the capacity to accumulate mercuric chloride linked with a decrease in temperature and/or an increase in the pH factor of the environment.
Abstract: The comparative study of the bioaccumulation of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl by Chlorella vulgaris in experimental conditions reveals clearly two important factors linked with the means of contamination: The very great speed of mercury fixing, whatever form of mercury is used, and the decrease in the capacity to accumulate mercuric chloride linked with a decrease in temperature and/or an increase in the pH factor of the environment. These observations at the base of the food chain reveal a slight variation in the accumulation capacities of algae, according to the chemical form of mercury, although in extreme cases these can lead to concentration variations of more than 50 percent.
TL;DR: The results indicate that bioaccumulation of PCB in detritus is an important means of entry for this pollutant into estuarine food webs.
Abstract: The accumulation of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Aroclor 1242) in the process of detritus formation by a shredded marshgrass (Spartina alterniflora) under aerobic conditions was monitored in percolators for 4 months at 20 degrees C. Dissolved PCB in the influent solution was 14 to 16 mug/liter. Parameters monitored in addition to PCB accumulation were CO(2) evolution, NH(4) uptake, NO(3) production, and total organic nitrogen and carbon in the effluent. An NaN(3-) poisoned control served to assess nonbiological PCB absorption. Up to 90% of the PCB dissolved in the influent water was removed by the biologically active detritus. Biomagnification resulted in three to four times higher PCB concentrations in the active detritus than in the abiotic control. Evolution of CO(2) was slightly depressed by PCB, but the overall quality (C:N ratio) of the detritus was not affected. The results indicate that bioaccumulation of PCB in detritus is an important means of entry for this pollutant into estuarine food webs.
TL;DR: The studies were undertaken to determine the degree of bioconcentration, kinetics of accumulation, and tissue distribution of Ni in marine clams exposed to seawater enriched with subtoxic levels of Ni.
Abstract: Man's activities, primarily fossil fuel combustion, currently introduce about 47 x 10/sup 6/ kg of Ni per year into the world's atmosphere; this rate is expected to increase greatly during the next 20 years. Much of this Ni is associated with sub-micron atmospheric particles. When these particles deposit at the sea surface, about 47% of the associated Ni is released in a soluble form that could enter marine food webs. Ni is normally present in seawater at 0.1 to 2.4 ..mu..g/L and Ni concentrations in marine pelycepods range from 0.05 to 3.2 ..mu..g/g dry wt, depending upon the location of collection. Higher concentrations of Ni in seawater may be toxic to marine life. The 48-h LC/sub 50/ for Ni is 1180 and 310 ..mu..g/L for oyster embryos and hard-shell clam embryos, respectively. Little information exists regarding the ability of marine shellfish to concentrate Ni from seawater. Our studies were undertaken to determine the degree of bioconcentration, kinetics of accumulation, and tissue distribution of Ni in marine clams exposed to seawater enriched with subtoxic levels of Ni.
TL;DR: The results show that the accessibility of the mercurials to the hydrophobic core is highly influenced by the parameters studied; these results can be correlated to those observed in mercury bioaccumulation processes in natural environments.
01 Oct 1982
TL;DR: A simple sorting model based on hydrophobic tendency was able to successfully separate all but one bioaccumulation hazards from groups of organic compounds (N > 100) when the screening criterion was a specified bioconcentration factor for fish/water (in water-only exposure systems or model ecosystems) or mammal-bird/diet (long-term feeding under laboratory conditions).
Abstract: We evaluated the suitability of existing, simple empirical models developed for aquatic organisms and the question of extending such models to terrestrial systems. Data sets of other investigators were expanded, and edited showing r/sup 2/ values associated with regressions fell significantly. Expansion of the analysis to include nonruminant mammals and birds produced similar conclusions. A simple sorting model based on hydrophobic tendency was able to successfully separate all but one bioaccumulation hazards from groups of organic compounds (N > 100) when the screening criterion was a specified bioconcentration factor for fish/water (in water-only exposure systems or model ecosystems) or mammal-bird/diet (long-term feeding under laboratory conditions). Approximately one-fourth of the chemicals sorted into the hazardous category did not exhibit significant bioaccumulation and the one hazardous material, which would not have been identified as such, was methylmercury. Results indicate that, although a measure of hydrophobicity is a highly satisfactory first approximation indicator for bioaccumulation potential for most organics in both terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, this potential is frequently controlled by environmental factors and specific metabolic/steric interactions not adequately represented in existing SARs.
01 Jun 1982
TL;DR: A review of the literature dealing with the biological accumulation and toxicity of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems is presented in this article, where the sources of heavy metal and the process of ecological concentration of these pollutants are examined.
Abstract: A review of the literature dealing with the biological accumulation and toxicity of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems is presented. The review first examines the sources of heavy metals and the process of ecological concentration of these pollutants. The biological effects of cadmium, copper, and zinc on fish and invertebrates are considered in detail. Methods of detoxification of heavy metals are presented. (KRM)