Showing papers on "Bioaccumulation published in 1985"
TL;DR: Because more hydrophobic PAH, such as BaP, have a high affinity for binding to DHM and rapid rates of biotransformation, these interactions may act to mitigate the biological impact of those very hydrophilic PAH having the greatest potential for bioaccumulation and transfer to humans via food chains.
Abstract: The uptake, depuration, metabolic fate and bioaccumulation of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), [14C]naphthalene (NPH) and [14C]benzo(α)pyrene (BaP), by bluegill sunfish were determined in the presence and absence of dissolved humic material (DHM) (20 mg C/L) The effect of binding to DHM on the bioavailability of PAH was analyzed by multicompartment kinetic models to determine the relative rates of uptake of PAH dissolved in water versus that bound to DHM. DHM reduced the accumulation of BaP by 90% (97% of BaP bound to DHM) but had little effect on uptake of NPH (2% bound to DHM). The rate coefficients for uptake of bound PAH were only 0 to 10% of the uptake of dissolved PAH. The potential for biotransformation has an important role in bioaccumulation by fish. Although accumulation of total radioactivity (PAH and metabolites) is 10-fold greater in fish exposed to BaP than in fish exposed to NPH, BaP is extensively metabolized whereas NPH is not. Consequently, the bioconcentration of the parent NPH greatly exceeds that of the parent BaP. Because more hydrophobic PAH, such as BaP, have a high affinity for binding to DHM and rapid rates of biotransformation, these interactions may act to mitigate the biological impact of those very hydrophobic PAH having the greatest potential for bioaccumulation and transfer to humans via food chains.
172 citations
01 Jan 1985
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of water hardness and humic acid (HA) on the acute and chronic toxicity of copper to Daphnia pulex and on its accumulation by D. magna were evaluated.
145 citations
TL;DR: Aluminum may be either harmful or beneficial to Daphnia magna (Straus) depending on pH and on the Al concentration in the water, and Mortality in the presence of Al and also at low pH was associated with a net loss of Na and Cl from the daphnids.
Abstract: Aluminum may be either harmful or beneficial to Daphnia magna (Straus) depending on pH and on the Al concentration in the water. My results are based on laboratory experiments conducted at various ...
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of binding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to dissolved humic material (DHM) on the uptake and bioaccumulation of PAHs is examined in the cladoceran Daphnia magna.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, emissions, bioaccumulation and possible food chain enrichment of polychlorinated phenols, guaiacols and catechols have been studied by analyses of water, snow, ash, benthic animal, fish and bird samples in Finland.
116 citations
TL;DR: Theoretical derivations together with published experimental data on bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds by certain groups of fish indicate that the uptake and clearance rate constants have a fixed relationship to the octanol to water partition coefficient over the partition coefficient range 10 25 to 10 6 as discussed by the authors.
108 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the trophic Hg contamination ofSalmo gairdneri showed very specific patterns of bioaccumulation and transfer of the two compounds studied, HgCl2 and CH3HgCl.
Abstract: The experimental study of the trophic Hg contamination ofSalmo gairdneri shows very specific patterns of bioaccumulation and transfer of the two compounds studied, HgCl2 and CH3HgCl Analyses of the participation of the principal organs in these processes reveals the fundamental importance of the intestinal barrier. With respect to methylmercury, the digestive wall represents a permeable biological structure which makes contamination of all the organs of the trout possible. In contrast, the inorganic Hg compound has a preferential site of accumulation, substantially reducing its transfer to the other organs in the fish.
99 citations
TL;DR: The concentration of ten metals by the cultured bluegreen “picoplankter” Synechococcus sp.
Abstract: The concentration of ten metals by the cultured bluegreen “picoplankter” Synechococcus sp. was investigated using radiotracer methodology in a series of laboratory experiments. Volume/volume concentration factors ranged from not significantly different from zero for Np and Cs to 106 for Sn, Hg, and Pu. As in eukaryotic algae, bioaccumulation of metals in Synechococcus sp. generally conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Given the ubiquity and abundance of the picoplankton and their high affinity for some metals, it is estimated that picoplankton-based food webs would represent a major route for the movement of particle-reactive metals in marine ecosystems.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of arsenic levels, arsenic valence, temperature, illumination intensity, phosphate levels, metabolism inhibitors, heat treatment on the growth, and arsenic bioaccumulation were examined.
Abstract: Green algae, Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck var. vulgaris, isolated from an arsenicpolluted environment, was examined for the effects of arsenic levels, arsenic valence, temperature, illumination intensity, phosphate levels, metabolism inhibitors, heat treatment on the growth, and arsenic bioaccumulation. The following conclusions were reached from the experimental results: (a) The growth of the cell increased with an increase of arsenic(V) levels of the medium up to 2,000 ppm, and the cell survived even at 10,000 ppm; (b) The arsenic bioaccumulation increased with an increase of the arsenic level. The maximum accumulation of arsenic was about 50,000 μg As/g dry cell; (c) The growth decreased with an increase of the arsenic(III) level and the cell was cytolyzed at levels higher than 40 ppm; (d) No arsenic(V) was bioaccumulated by a cell which had been pretreated with dinitrophenol (respiratory inhibitor) or with heat. Little effect of NaN3 (photosynthesis inhibitor) on the bioaccumulation was obse...
77 citations
TL;DR: A 'sponge watch programme' is proposed on a global scale for monitoring the health of coastal ecosystems against a variety of potentially toxic pollutants because of the high degree of species specificity which sponges exhibit while accumulating many trace metal ions.
TL;DR: The accumulation of cadmium in the larvae paralleled the overloads of this metal in the water, suggesting that the bioaccumulation of this essential trace element is controlled by some physiological process.
Abstract: Palaemon serratus Pennant larvae from females caught near Roscoff (France) or the Bay of Biscay in 1983, were reared in the laboratory. From hatching to the first stage after metamorphosis, the larvae were exposed to zinc and cadmium introduced separately or together into the rearing medium. At the end of experimental contamination, the concentrations of the two metals in the organisms were determined. The level of zinc in organisms was mainly independent of its concentration in the water, suggesting that the bioaccumulation of this essential trace element is controlled by some physiological process. The accumulation of cadmium in the larvae paralleled the overloads of this metal in the water. Increased zinc concentrations in water have little or no effect on the cadmium levels in organisms. The most important interaction between these two metals is an antagonism exerted by cadmium on the biological uptake of zinc.
TL;DR: Fries were found to be more sensitive to Cd toxicity than juveniles and Liver was found to accumulate the highest concentration of Cd followed by gill, muscle, alimentary canal and finally the heart.
TL;DR: Chrome tolerance, based on the percentage of control growth achieved by exposed plants, showed S. polyrhiza to be the least tolerant to Cr, while S. punctata and L. gibba were more tolerant at concentrations above 1.0 p.p.m.
TL;DR: Kinetics of uptake, partitioning and elimination of cadmium were investigated in experimental studies with the freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and indicate that the major portion of Cadmium in the soft parts is strongly bound and cannot be eliminated by exchange processes.
Abstract: Kinetics of uptake, partitioning and elimination of cadmium were investigated in experimental studies with the freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. The radioactive cadmium isotopes 109Cd and 115Cd were used as tracers. Shells, soft parts and body fluid of the mussel exhibited considerable differences in accumulation and elimination. Accumulation factors up to more than 70,000 were calculated for the periostracum, whereas accumulation factors for the whole mussels ranging up to 3,000 were calculated. The shells bound a great deal of cadmium, but only loosely, and the metal could be readily eliminated after transfer to uncontaminated water. In contrast, no significant amounts of the cadmium incorporated in the soft parts were eliminated. The results indicate that the major portion of cadmium in the soft parts is strongly bound and cannot be eliminated by exchange processes.
TL;DR: A survey of 34 shield lakes in Ontario and Quebec, pH 4.4 to 7.1, was made to evaluate which metals should be considered of concern as a risk to aquatic biota or consumers when lakes are acid stressed.
Abstract: A survey of 34 shield lakes in Ontario and Quebec, pH 4.4 to 7.1, was made to evaluate which metals should be considered of concern as a risk to aquatic biota or consumers when lakes are acid stressed. A set of predictions, concerning the mobilization by man, the mobility, the chemical speciation, and the toxicity or bioaccumulation of metals in acid-stressed waters, were used as a basis for designing the study and organizing the results. Attached algae were used as biomonitors to assess metal bioavailability. The study concluded that zinc, lead, aluminum, and mercury were of concern in acid-stressed lakes, while the situation for manganese was unresolved, and cadmium was not studied. Nickel and copper were of concern only when a point source was involved. The study also concluded that the attached algal community had some value as a biomonitor, for metals in acid-stressed as well as metal-polluted surface waters.
TL;DR: The amount of radioactivity which derived from 14C-labeled pollutants was determined in liver, kidney, intestine, blood, muscle and gills of carp, exposed for 6, 24 and 72 hr to high external concentrations of urea, methanol, atrazine and PCP.
TL;DR: The results showed that the six metals studied accumulate in the cephalo-thorax of P. varians, important as a food supply for sea bass and eels which breed in the area studied, and it is possible that the levels found could effect growth and reproduction.
TL;DR: The 15-d-old Artemia groups contained some 22:6 ω3, even when it was not present in the diet, and those fish fed diets that contained lower levels of 20:5 ω 3 and 22: 6 ω2 contained higher levels of radioactivity.
Abstract: One-day-old Artemia were fed for 14 d on nine different rice bran diets, most containing either [1-14C]18:2 ω6 or [1-14C]18:3 ω3, along with various nonlabeled fatty acids. The 15-d-old Artemia wer...
01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, worms and mussels were exposed to dredged material from Black Rock Harbor (BRH), Connecticut, to examine the bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic contaminants.
Abstract: : Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and worms (Nereis virens) were exposed in laboratory studies to dredged material from Black Rock Harbor (BRH), Connecticut, to examine the bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic contaminants. Mussels were exposed in a dosing system designed to maintain a constant concentration of suspended particulates and food (algae) in seawater. Control mussels received only food (algae). Monitoring of concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants showed that the system maintained constant concentrations during exposure. Exposed mussels accumulated organic compounds and some inorganic elements, reaching steady-state values between the first and second weeks of exposure. During the 28-day exposure period, mussels showed increases in concentration of two to three orders of magnitude for organic contaminants, but those metals accumulated showed increases of less than a factor of 12. The polychaete worm N. virens was exposed to BRH bedded sediment in glass aquaria maintained under flowing seawater. Other worms were maintained in reference sediments. Worms exposed for 28 days accumulated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to concentrations one to three orders of magnitude above those found in the reference organisms. Of the metals determined, only Cr and Cu were found to accumulate to concentrations higher than those in the reference worms.
Abstract: Sediments from four sites in the Hampton Roads Harbor and Elizabeth River system were subjected to solid phase bioassays usingPalaemonetes pugio andMercenaria mercenaria. Metal levels in both organisms after exposure to the sediments varied little between sites; there was no difference in metal uptake between organisms exposed to the test sediments and to the reference sediment. All of the test sites would be acceptable for ocean disposal with respect to the tested metals. Metals concentrations inPalaemonetes were generally greater thanMercenaria. The amounts of metals extracted from the sediments were in the order of Conc HNO3+H2O2>1N HNO3>DTPA. Differences in metal levels in the Conc HNO3+H2O2 and DTPA extracts from different sediments were generally significant and related to sediment type and sampling location. Since there was no significant difference in the concentrations in tissue for either organism, there was no correlation of metal uptake with the sediment extraction method. Out of four sites and metals studied with two test organisms, there were only four instances of bioaccumulation. Data from sediment extractable metals and metal/Fe ratios indicatedPalaemonetes were enriched with respect to the sediment in Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn;Mercenaria were enriched with Pb and Zn.
TL;DR: Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant, has been found to be capable of neutralizing the toxic effect of selected organic compounds in algal assays using 10% Bristol's medium.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: It is indicated that lipid reserves of daphnid test populations can be routinely monitored as an indicator of stress in the laboratory and bioaccumulation tests should be limited to less than 24 h to avoid depletion of lipid stores, which may cause increased variation in tissue concentration over time.
Abstract: Bioaccumulation studies with Daphnia magna have become an important tool for hazard evaluation of potentially toxic materials released to aquatic environments. Despite widespread use of this test organism, little attention has been paid to the influence of stored lipids on uptake of xenobiotics. The authors drew upon principles of zooplankton population dynamics in the limnological literature to define experimental parameters for bioconcentration testing of organic compounds. Adult test populations were initially starved and monitored for lipid content and brood production. Mean lipid index values declined at 72 h to less than 50% of those observed at 24 h. The number of hatched young peaked at 48 h and was inversely related to lipid storage and ovary production. In a separate experiment, uptake kinetics of /sup 14/C-labelled quinoline were compared between two daphnid test groups with mean lipid scores of 5.4 and 2.8 respectively. Total radioactivity was significantly higher for the high lipid group at 8 h, and the coefficient of variation was lower. Estimated bioconcentration factors adjusted to dry weight were similar. Our studies indicated that lipid reserves of daphnid test populations can be routinely monitored as an indicator of stress in the laboratory. Bioaccumulation tests should be limited tomore » less than 24 h to avoid depletion of lipid stores, which may cause increased variation in tissue concentration over time. 19 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.« less
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that the studied seaweed species may play an important role in the transfer of the critical radionuclides through local food webs and can be employed as useful monitors for routine or accidental Radionuclide releases.
TL;DR: In this paper, the kinetics, degree of bioconcentration and stability of two coal liquefaction compounds at the first level of the aquatic food web were evaluated in a freshwater phytoplankter Scenedesmus quadricauda.
Abstract: Coal liquefaction compounds could, through accidental release, enter aquatic environments. Experiments were conducted to determine the kinetics, degree of bioconcentration and stability of two of these compounds at the first level of the aquatic food web. We exposed the freshwater phytoplankter Scenedesmus quadricauda to sublethal concentrations of 14C-labeled phenol and aniline. Both accumulation and elimination occurred within a few hours and followed hyperbolic kinetics. Results indicate that substantial quantities of accumulated compounds remain as the parent compound (22% for phenol and 52% for aniline) for up to 24 h and could be available to animals higher in the food web. Bioconcentration factors [(nm parent compound/cm3 phytoplankton) ÷ (nm parent compound/cm3 water)] were 3.5 for phenol and 91 for aniline.
TL;DR: In laboratory studies with juvenile sole, bioaccumulation was influenced by differences between values of biological half-times of congeners, PCB patterns in food and water, differences between lipid contents of organs and changes in lipid speciation of some organs.