Showing papers on "Bioaccumulation published in 1986"
TL;DR: In this article, the factors which condition bioaccumulation by using controlled populations of mussels, Mytilus edulis L, sampled monthly over more than two years (March 1982-May 1984) in the Bay of Bourgneuf, France.
Abstract: The understanding of natural fluctuations of metal concentrations in mussels used as bio-indicators is indispensable for a good assessment of the disturbances due to pollution. We have studied thoroughly the factors which condition bioaccumulation by using controlled populations of mussels, Mytilus edulis L., sampled monthly over more than two years (March 1982–May 1984) in the Bay of Bourgneuf, France. Seasonal changes in metal levels have been recognized, maximum values being observed in winter and early spring and minimum in later spring and summer. Depending on metal and size group, the ratios between these maximum and minimum values varied between 1.56 and 3.43. The fluctuations in soft-tissue weight appear to be the main explanatory factor of seasonal variations in metal concentrations in mussels. Fluctuations in metal levels related to size of mussels were observed. Except for cadmium in mussels with a mean dry weight of soft tissues >0.2 g, a slight decrease in metal concentrations was observed for growing individuals: the regression coefficient b was -0.10, -0.11, -0.13 and -0.27 for Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, respectively. The metals examined were rather uniformly distributed among the different groups of organs (visceral mass, gills and palps, “remainder”) and, consequently, several analyses of metals in different organs do not provide much more information than one analysis on the whole soft tissues. It is concluded that fluctuations related to size or season are reflected by only moderate differences in the maximum and minimum concentrations of metals in the mussels, but that they are nevertheless sufficient to conceal low chronic or short-term pollution, except at those sites where the “normal” environmental conditions are well-documented.
202 citations
TL;DR: The study examines cadmium, the environment and human health, and its effects on human health and the environment.
Abstract: I: Cadmium in the Environment.- Geochemistry of cadmium.- Evaluation of methods for the speciation of cadmium.- Cadmium in the atmosphere.- Cadmium in fresh and estuarine waters.- The distribution of cadmium in the sea.- Cadmium in sediments.- Removal of cadmium from wastewaters.- II: Bioaccumulation of Cadmium.- Cadmium in sludges used as fertilizer.- Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms.- Cadmium in freshwater ecosystems.- Cadmium contamination in agriculture and zootechnology.- Pathways and distribution of cadmium in grasslands.- Contamination and effects of cadmium in native plants.- III: Cadmium and Human Health.- Cadmium in foods and the diet.- Cadmium in human population.- Biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity.- Human health effects of exposure to cadmium.- Cadmium, the environment and human health.
166 citations
TL;DR: Interaction between selenium and mercury in aquatic organisms is real but the true antagonism between these two elements has not yet been clearly shown.
114 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of water hardness and humic acid (HA) on the chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cu, Cd and Zn were evaluated using daphnids.
76 citations
TL;DR: Although bivalve molluscs contained high concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn, their contents did not consistently relate to distance from the smelter, suggesting that, except for Pinna bicolor, they are of little value as sentinel accumulators for these metals.
Abstract: The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in 23 species of marine animal and three species of seagrass were determined from samples collected near a large lead smelter. The spatial patterns of metal distribution in sediments, seagrasses, crustaceans and fish could be described in terms of distance from the smelter, although the fit of the mathematical model was often improved by the inclusion of other environmental variables, such as clay content of the sediment or time of sample collection. In the fish and seagrasses, Zn was the most widely dispersed metal, followed by Cd, then Pb, which was least dispersed. In general, organisms at higher trophic levels (fish) had lower metal concentrations than primary producers (seagrass). There was evidence for bioaccumulation of metals in many species, especially in the molluscs, but no biomagnification of any metal could be detected. The strong relationship between distance and metal content of several species of seagrass, fish and crustacean indicates that they are potential sentinel accumulators for monitoring the distribution of Cd, Pb and Zn. Although bivalve molluscs contained high concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn, their contents did not consistently relate to distance from the smelter, suggesting that, except for Pinna bicolor, they are of little value as sentinel accumulators for these metals. The implications of the results for the design of monitoring programs using sentinel accumulators are discussed.
76 citations
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Even outside occupational settings, the human environment contains measurable concentrations of cadmium compounds, which may be derived from natural sources, or be contributed to the environment by mining, smelting, or other industrial activities as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Even outside occupational settings, the human environment contains measurable concentrations of cadmium compounds. These may be derived from natural sources, or be contributed to the environment by mining, smelting, or other industrial activities. As further discussed in Chap. 2, cadmium enters the human food chain in a variety of ways, such as by application of Cd-containing fertilizer to agricultural lands, or through bioaccumulation in marine organisms. In addition, significant amounts of Cd may be present in polluted water, or may be inhaled in ambient air (Buchet et al. 1980). Another significant source of Cd exposure is tobacco smoke. As a net result of overall exposure of the general population, the average body burden of the metal in a North American adult male amounts to perhaps 30 mg (Schroeder and Balassa 1961); higher values have been reported in more polluted areas, such as Japan (Tsuchiya et al. 1976).
63 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a dynamic bioaccumulation test with fish show that HEDP has a very low bioconcentration potential and that it is moderately to little mobile in soils.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this article, fish mercury levels in two adjacent uncontaminated waterbodies situated on the Ontario Precambrian Shield were determined in sediments, clams and representative fish species.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, transplanted mussels were suspended at the monitoring site for 2 months to provide a measure of those chlorinated hydrocarbons which bioaccumulate; and a moored water sampling instrument was deployed at the same site to measure chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the water column by in situ concentration on extraction columns.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a number of correlations between physicochemical properties and the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical have been established, of which the relationship between the n-octanol/water partition coefficient and the BioaccUMulation factor is the most relevant.
Abstract: Bioaccumulation, describing selective transfer of a chemical from compartments into organisms, and biomagnification, describing such a transfer from organisms of lower trophic levels to organisms of higher trophic levels in food chains, are environmental partitioning processes that have received special attention because of their potential toxicological significance. Both phenomena are determined by certain physicochemical properties of a given chemical and by the environmental systems concerned, as well as by the chemical and metabolic degradability of the chemical in these systems. A number of correlations between the physicochemical properties and the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical have been established of which the relationship between the n-octanol/water partition coefficient and the bioaccumulation factor is the most relevant. The predictive value and the limitations of these correlations have been discussed. Included in this discussion is the question as to what extent degradability allows the predicted bioaccumulation potential of a chemical to come into effect in different species. A pragmatic use of the established relationships and bioaccumulation test results in a stepwise approach is recommended to provide a realistic estimate of the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical for the assessment of its environmental risk.
50 citations
TL;DR: Freshwater prawns,Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and clams,Corbicula fluminea, were exposed for 48 or 50 days to three concentrations of a river sediment that contained environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals.
Abstract: Freshwater prawns,Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and clams,Corbicula fluminea, were exposed for 48 or 50 days to three concentrations of a river sediment that contained environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals. Sediment was obtained twice during 1980 from the same location. Prawns were exposed to the first batch, sediment 5–80, which contained higher concentrations of some metals and PCBs compared to sediment 11–80, used with the clams. The highest concentration of sediment 5–80 was toxic to the prawns; sediment 11–80 was not toxic to the clams. Tissue analyses of prawns for PCBs, as Aroclors® 1242 and 1254, demonstrated bioaccumulation. Maximum concentration of 1242 in prawns was achieved by day 7 while 1254 continued to accumulate in prawn tissues during the initial 40 days of the exposure period. The PCB sediment bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for prawns ranged from 0.11 to 0.90 for 1242 and 0.20 to 2.40 for 1254, and were highest for animals exposed to 10% sediment. Exposed clams also accumulated PCBs (1242 + 1254) from the sediment. Sediment BAFs for clams were 0.54 to 12.52 and were highest for animals exposed to 10% sediment. Analyses of clams for metals showed lead (Pb) in exposed animals at higher concentrations compared with controls. Bioaccumulation of Pb differed from PCB in that the Pb concentrations did not increase over time and concentrations were higher among animals exposed to 10% sediment compared to animals exposed to 100% sediment. Sediment 11–80 contained 99 mg/kg of Pb while exposed animals, at 48 days, contained approximately 2.2 mg/kg Pb. Analysis of clams for cadmium (Cd) showed exposed animals contained less Cd than controls.
TL;DR: It is concluded, from consideration of present levels of contamination, that the water column is the present and probably ultimate repository of most organochlorine compounds in the marine environment and that zooplankton play a major role in distributingorganochlorines from atmospheric 'fallout' throughout the ocean depths.
Abstract: The level of organochlorine contamination in estuarine, coastal or oceanic waters and various depth strata, including surface films, is important in predicting bioaccumulation in zooplankton. Present and past levels of contamination in seawater are briefly reviewed and summarized. Most of the evidence indcates that little organochlorine is truly dissolved in seawater: most molecules are sorbed onto particulate material or sequestered into rnicellar structures. A first-order l n e t i c model is adequate to describe the accumulation of organochlorines by zooplankton from seawater because current laboratory techniques are not refined enough to disbnguish pathways within the organism. The chemical nature of the compounds, such as chlorine content, influences the time taken to reach an equilibrium level in an organism and the bioaccumulation at equilibrium. Size of organism, and temperature and salinity of the environment affect organochlorine uptake rates; this is believed to be related to the weight-specific surface area of the zooplankter exposed per unit time. The lipid content influences the carrying capacity of the zooplankter or its bloconcentration factor from seawater The same kinetic model can be expanded to include organochlorines asslmllated through feeding on contaminated food. Experimental studies have shown that 'field' levels of contamination in zooplankton can be reached in the lab within days by accumulation from food. The transfer of organochlorines from generation to generation in the lipid-nch eggs of zooplankters is discussed and explored with the l n e t i c model. Juvenile stages are prehcted to contain the highest organochlorine levels after yolk absorption and therefore should expenence the greatest n~ortality. Finally, it is concluded, from consideration of present levels of contamination, that the water column is the present and probably ultimate repository of most organochlorine compounds in the marine environment and that zooplankton play a major role in distributing organochlorines from atmospheric 'fallout' throughout the ocean depths.
TL;DR: Cadmium (Cd) occurs in very low concentrations in open ocean water, averaging about 40 ng/1 in unpolluted surface waters, and increased concentrations have been observed in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and North Sea.
Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) occurs in very low concentrations in open ocean water, averaging about 40 ng/1 in unpolluted surface waters57. Similarly, Eaton43 and Bewers et al.10 suggested the background concentration of Cd for North Atlantic surface waters to be 40–60 ng/1. The level for Pacific oceanic water is 36 ng/119. Increased concentrations have been observed in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and North Sea, where circulation and water mass turnover are limited. Cadmium level in coastal and estuarine water normally is higher, primarily due to weathering and anthropogenic inputs; levels higher by several orders of magnitude have been reported1,13,31,68,82,133.
TL;DR: In this paper, the seasonal variation in the bioaccumulation of iron, cobalt and copper in the marine algae Ulva lactuca L. and Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds), Papens.
TL;DR: The bioaccumulation rates of dissolved selenite and adsorbed organic selenium were measured and the impact of the presence of mercury (HgCl2 and [(CH3Hg)3O]OH) in the environment was determined.
Abstract: Studies of the simultaneous bioaccumulation of selenium and mercury in the blue mussel, Mytilis edulis, in the presence of TiO2 as carrier have shown that there is an interaction between the two el
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of cadmium exposure in two freshwater bivalves, A. cygnea and U. elongatulus, were studied in the presence of Cadium exposure.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Several taxonomically distinct organisms have been shown to accumulate tributyltin (TBT) as discussed by the authors, leading to tissue burdens greater than 3 ug/g, dependent upon external concentration, in fish, crabs and bivalves.
Abstract: Several taxonomically distinct organisms have been shown to accumulate tributyltin (TBT). Accumulation from water, the most studied route, leads to tissue burdens greater than 3 ug/g, dependent upon external concentration, in fish, crabs and bivalves. Accumulation from tainted food appears to be important in crabs and bivalves (fish have yet to be tested). Humic acids weakly bind TBT but do not significantly reduce accumulation of TBT by marine mussels, Mytilus edulis. Kaolin, a representative clay mineral does not reduce TBT accumulation by mussels, presumably because it binds TBT poorly. Two processes appear to control TBT bioaccumulation. In most organisms, partitioning mediated by hydrophobic properties of TBT governs rates and steady-state levels. Binding may also be important in some organisms, particularly bacteria, which secrete polyionic extracellular products (slimes). Advancements in this field are dependent upon improvements in the analytical determination of organotin compounds to distinguish between the parent compound and metabolites/conjugates.
TL;DR: Three commercial triaryl phosphates were tested for acute toxicity against the brackish-water harpacticoid Nitocra spinipes Boeck and the zebra fish and the most hydrophilic compounds were readily cleared from fish when the fish were placed in clean water, whereas the most lipophilic ones were still detectable, albeit in low concentrations, in the fish after a 2-week depuration period.
Abstract: Three commercial triaryl phosphates, Pliabrac 521, Reofos 95 and Reolub hyd 46, were tested for acute toxicity against the brackish-water harpacticoid Nitocra spinipes Boeck (Crustacea) and the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan. The 96-h LC50 values ranged from 0.27 to 1.75 mg/L, with Pliabrac 521 as the most toxic and Reolub hyd 46 as the least toxic. The zebra fish was more than 10 times less sensitive to the tested compounds than was N. spinipes. Low to moderate accumulation of triaryl phosphates was observed. An accumulation factor (AF) of 100 to 2,000 was observed for Pliabrac 521 from water to bleak, Alburnus alburnus L. For the various triaryl phosphates, a dietary accumulation of 0.06 to 0.6 from food to minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus L., was observed. The most hydrophilic compounds were readily cleared from fish when the fish were placed in clean water, whereas the most lipophilic ones were still detectable, albeit in low concentrations, in the fish after a 2-week depuration period. A rotatory-flow behavioral study did not reveal any effects on swimming performance in the bleak, but reproduction was affected as a result of long-term (163 d) exposure of minnows to subacute concentrations of Pliabrac 521.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the general processes and differences between congeners in environmental behaviour are discussed? analysis, atmospheric input into the marine environment, estuarine and marine transport processes in the water column, sedimentation, desorption from sediments, bioaccumulation, biotransformation and congener specific induction of mixed function oxygenase enzyme systems are considered.
Abstract: Different molecular structures cause differences in physical-chemical characteristics between the 209 theoretically possible PCB congeners. The general processes and differences between congeners in environmental behaviour are discussed? analysis, atmospheric input into the marine environment, estuarine and marine transport processes in the water column, sedimentation, desorption from sediments, bioaccumulation, biotransformation and congener specific induction of mixed function oxygenase enzyme systems are considered.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of growth of blue mussels on residual concentration of compounds apt to accumulate in marine products was examined and the correlation between the shell length and the PCB concentration in the peeled shellfish was significant.
Abstract: The effect of growth of blue mussels on residual concentration of compounds apt to accumulate in marine products was examined. Shells from 3cm to 8cm long were sampled and the residual concentrations of a representative compound, PCB, in the peeled shellfish were determined. The PCB level on a wet basis in 8cm shell (15.0ppb on the average) was 1.7 times that in 3cm shell (9.0ppb on the average); the correlation between the shell length and the PCB concentration in the peeled shellfish was significant (r=0.78, P<0.001, N=34). Moreover, the correlation between the weight of stripped shellfish and the PCB level, and that between the weight of peeled shellfish and the length of shell were both significant (r=0.77, P<0.001; r=0.96, P<0.001; respectively).These results may also be relevant to pollutants such as DDT, BHC analogs or organochlorine chemicals, which, like PCB, have large bioaccumulation factors between blue mussels and ambient seawater.
TL;DR: In this article, a variety of environmental factors are known to modify the toxicity of zinc in water on algae, and it has been observed that algae differ in their tolerance to zinc.
Abstract: Zinc has definitely been established to be required for the growth of both higher plants and algae, but it can act either in a stimulatory mode or in an inhibitory one, depending on its level of availability. A variety of environmental factors are known to modify the toxicity of zinc in water on algae. It has been observed that algae differ in their tolerance to zinc.
It is well known that algae can accumulate zinc or other metals from water, producing an internal concentration greater than in their surroundings. The modes of accumulation and concentration factors are given.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In most organism, partitioning mediated by hydrophobic properties of TBT governs rates and steady-state levels, but binding may also be inportant in some organism, particularly bacteria, which secrete polyionic extracellular products (slimes).
Abstract: Several taxonomically distinct organism have been sham to accumulate tributyltin (TET). Accumulation from waterr the most studied rcute, leads to tissue burdens greater than 3 ug/g, dependent upon external concentration, in fish, crabs and bivalves. Accumulation from tainted food appears to be inportant in crabs and bivalves (fish have yet to be tested). Humic acids weakly bind TBT but do not significantly reduce accumulation of TBT by mrine mussels, Mytilus edulis. Kaolin, a representative clay mineral does not reduce TBT accumulation by mussels, prefllmably because it binds TBT poorly. Two processes appear to control TBT bioaccumulation. In most organism, partitioning mediated by hydrophobic properties of TBT governs rates and steady-state levels. Binding may also be inportant in some organism, particularly bacteria, which secrete polyionic extracellular products (slimes). Advancements in this field are dependent upon in-provements in the analytical determination of organotin compounds to distinguish between the parent conpound and metablites/conjugates.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The findings revealed that the chemical components of the industrial dust particles inhaled by animals are accumulated not only in the lungs, but also in the other organs, bone and hair of the exposed animals.
Abstract: The bioaccumulation of industrial dust components in laboratory animals exposed by inhalation was studied under environmental conditions. Three types of industrial emissions were investigated: magnesite emissions, wastes from nickel refinery and cement emissions, respectively. The findings revealed that the chemical components of the industrial dust particles inhaled by animals are accumulated not only in the lungs, but also in the other organs, bone and hair of the exposed animals. In addition, the dust components were found in the organs of the F1 generation as well. This suggests a new aspect for the assessment of the biohazard of industrial dust particles in the environment.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of laboratory bioconcentration experiments with chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in aquatic biota is presented, and the collected data indicates that most CPs investigated have a bioaccumulation potential, but actual bio-concentration factors have been determined experimentally for only few products.
Abstract: Laboratory bioconcentration experiments with chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in aquatic biota are reviewed. The collected data indicates that most CPs investigated have a bioaccumulation potential, but actual bioconcentration factors have been determined experimentally for only few products. Most CP types are also excreted rapidly when CP exposure is terminated, except high chlorinated/short carbon chain products which are retained for long periods in fish and mussels. The knowledge about CP levels in the environment is still too limited to allow any conclusions about the environmental significance of the experimental data.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The seasonal variation in the bioaccumulation of iron, cobalt and copper in the marine algae Ulva lactuca L. and Gracilaria verrucosa in Thermaikos Gulf of the Northern Aegean Sea, Greece was studied.
TL;DR: Tests with the water flea were conducted to aid in development of predictive models relating to the transport and fate of components from complex mixtures in aquatic biota.
Abstract: The authors conducted tests with the water flea (Daphnia magna) to compare the bioaccumulation of compounds presented alone with the bioaccumulation of these same compounds when they were presented within a complex coal liquid, water-soluble fraction. Phenol and aniline were used as representative compounds because they are highly soluble, moderately toxic, and common to many fossil fuel liquid products and corresponding wastes. The tests were primarily designed to aid in development of predictive models relating to the transport and fate of components from complex mixtures in aquatic biota.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: HCB is of low or moderate acute toxicity, and is not an immediate or acute cause for concern, Nevertheless, it should be classified as a hazard to the environment due to its persistence and its high rate of bioaccumulation.
Abstract: Most data on hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the environment concern its occurrence in the aquatic environment, i.e., in marine and fresh-water ecosystems in which the HCB build-up and increased concentrations in sediments and food-chain organisms are well documented. Food-chain bioaccumulation is also known in terrestrial ecosystems, but data on atmospheric contamination seem scarce and unreliable. However, it is likely that HCB is transported by the atmosphere in low concentrations which are sufficient to make significant contributions to the global distribution of HCB. HCB is of low or moderate acute toxicity, and is not an immediate or acute cause for concern. Nevertheless, it should be classified as a hazard to the environment due to its persistence and its high rate of bioaccumulation.