Showing papers on "Bioaccumulation published in 1992"
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TL;DR: Various factors governing the bioavailability, bioaccumulation and biological effects of heavy metals in sediment-dominated estuaries are reviewed.
1,495 citations
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TL;DR: The relationship between bacterial sulfate reduction and mercury methylation, as well as the in situ distribution of methylmercury in sediments, was studied in Quabbin Reservoir, MA as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The relationship between bacterial sulfate reduction and mercury methylation, as well as the in situ distribution of methylmercury in sediments, was studied in Quabbin Reservoir, MA. Fish methylmercury levels in Quabbin and other lakes affected by acid deposition are often elevated. However, the cause of acceleration of net methylmercury production or bioaccumulation in these lakes is poorly understood. Experimental additions of sulfate to either anoxic sediment slurries or lake water above intact sediment cores resulted in increased microbial production of methylmercury from added inorganic mercury
1,115 citations
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TL;DR: Concentrations of most PCBs and OC pesticides in ringed seal and polar bear populations in the Canadian Arctic are quite similar indicating a uniform geographic distribution of contamination, although alpha-HCH showed a distinct latitudinal gradient in bears due to higher levels in zones influenced by continental runoff.
416 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, both acidification and trophic position enhanced the bioaccumulation of methyl-Hg in the plankton in Little Rock Lake, and a consistant pattern of methylHg enrichment (2−4 ×) in water, bulk phytoplankton, and individual zooplankston was associated with a 1.5 unit pH decrease in Little-rock Lake.
Abstract: Using trace-metal-clean sampling and handling techniques along with ultrasensitive analytical procedures, it is possible to measure both total Hg and monomethylmercury (methyl-Hg) in natural planktonic communities with the same level of taxonomic, ontogenic, and trophic resolution that is currently possible in fish communities. In an experimentally manipulated lake, both acidification and trophic position enhanced the bioaccumulation of methyl-Hg in the plankton. A consistant pattern of methyl-Hg enrichment (2−4 ×) in water, bulk phytoplankton, and individual zooplankton was associated with a 1.5 unit pH decrease in Little Rock Lake. Regardless of pH, bioconcentration factors [Bf = log(Cb/Cw), where Cb and Cw are Hg concentrations in biota and water] were substantially higher for methyl-Hg than those for total Hg or nonmethyl-Hg at three pelagic trophic levels (~10−100×). Between each trophic level, the Bf(methyl-Hg) increased by ~0.5 log units, clearly indicating biomagnification. Although somewhat higher in the acidified basin, Bf(methyl-Hg) was more strongly influenced by trophic position than by pH. This suggests that methyl-Hg was bioaccumulated largely in proportion to supply and that acidification may have directly increased supply to the base of the food chain.
353 citations
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261 citations
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TL;DR: Comparisons of contamination at taxomic levels higher than species were complicated by element-specific differences in bioaccumulation among taxa, and differences appeared to be governed by biological and hydrogeochemical factors.
Abstract: Trace element bioaccumulation was studied in immature benthic insects from two contaminated river systems to develop these animals as bioindicators. In one river, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn were analysed i...
178 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were exposed in the laboratory to sediment samples from the lower Fox River/Green Bay.
Abstract: Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) were exposed in the laboratory to sediment samples from the lower Fox River/Green Bay, and their bioaccumulation of P...
134 citations
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that no direct relationships exist between the global concentration in soft tissues and the susceptibility of the different bivalves and the physico-chemical forms of storage of silver (silver sulphide, metal-binding proteinic compounds) were determined in each species and related to the high variability of biological responses.
103 citations
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TL;DR: A rapid ion exchange method, suitable for field use, is proposed for the determination of the toxic fraction of copper in waters, and a simple anodic stripping voltammetric method is recommended for the measurement of the fraction of electroactive metal in a sample.
100 citations
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TL;DR: Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.
Abstract: The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.
84 citations
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TL;DR: The results of this study showed detectable biological effects of the Halifax sediments on two (Photobacterium phosphoreum and Rhepoxynius abronius) of the four species of tested organisms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Halifax Harbour sediments contain heavy metals and organic contaminants To assess the biological effects of these compounds in the sediment, seven sites spanning a range of known sediment types, water depths, metal levels, and organic contaminant levels were chosen for assessment by a series of tests Sediment toxicity was measured by the reduction of microbial luminescence (Photobacterium phosphoreum) in three Microtoxr tests (pore water, solvent extract, and solid phase), by the percentages of survival and reburial in two amphipod species (Rhepoxynius abronius and Corophium volutator), and by the survival and change in biomass of juvenile polychaete (Neanthes sp) Uptake of contaminants from sediment was assessed by a bioaccumulation test, using a bivalve mollusc (Macoma balthica) The chronic effects of the sediment on bottom-dwelling fish were assessed by histopathological studies on winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected from the harbor The results of this study showed detectable biological effects of the Halifax sediments on two (Photobacterium phosphoreum and Rhepoxynius abronius) of the four species of tested organisms These effects were associated with high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the harbor sediments The order of sensitivity for the various sediment toxicity tests was Microtox solvent extract = Microtox solid phase > Rhepoxynius abronius > Microtox pore water > Corophium volutator = Neanthes sp Mortality in Macoma was increased, although no significant uptake of contaminants was detected in the bioaccumulation test Hepatic lesions were observed in winter flounder collected from the harbor, suggesting a chronic effect of the contaminated harbor sediment
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TL;DR: Results of direct comparisons of cadmium absorption from commercial trout diet surficially-contaminated with Cd and from natural food cultured in [sup 109]Cd- Contaminated microcosms are reported.
Abstract: Bioaccumulation models have been proposed to predict the accumulation of chemicals throughout aquatic food-chains. The efficiency with which organisms at each trophic level absorb these substances from their diet is an important component of such models. Metal absorption from food is typically estimated by applying metal salts surficially to commercial fish diets. However, this method may not provide an accurate estimate of in situ accumulation because the efficiency of absorption of metals applied surficially to commercial diets may differ from that of metals absorbed through the food chain. For example, both sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) accumulated [sup 65]zinc applied surficially to foods more efficiently than [sup 65]zinc incorporated into live foods. There have apparently been no similar comparisons made for cadmium using fish. Furthermore, few studies have fitted data to exponential equations to provide estimates of the absorption efficiency coefficient (E) and the excretion coefficient (k[sub 2]) for cadmium. We report here the results of direct comparisons of cadmium absorption from commercial trout diet surficially-contaminated with [sup 109]Cd and from natural food (the amphipod Hyalella azteca) cultured in [sup 109]Cd-contaminated microcosms. We calculated absorption efficiency and excretion coefficients for cadmium by monitoring [sup 109]Cd accumulation and excretionmore » in rainbow trout fingerlings fed on the two diets. 19 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less
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TL;DR: Aquatic plants were, in general, the best indicator group concerning differences in trace-metal bioaccumulation in lakes with different acidity, and there was some evidence that a higher concentration of TOC in water may reduce bio Accumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn in aquatic plants and fish.
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TL;DR: Investigation of bioaccumulation and elimination of endosulfan in zebra fish showed predominantly lipid accumulation in the liver and necrotic focus in the gills of exposed fish.
Abstract: The bioaccumulation and elimination of endosulfan in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) were investigated in a semi-static bioassay. The pesticide mean concentration in water was 0.3 μg litre -1 and the level of endosulfan residues (α- + β-isomers + endosulfan sulfate) in the exposed fish at day 21 was 0.81 (±0.12) μg g -1 body weight. The estimated value of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was 2650 (±441), the total endosulfan residues being eliminated with a biological half-life of four days. Histopathological studies showed predominantly lipid accumulation in the liver and necrotic focus in the gills of exposed fish
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TL;DR: In this article, the spatial and temporal patterns of organochlorine contamination in lake trout from Wisconsin waters of the Great Lakes, examined laboratory contaminant analysis data of muscle tissue samples from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior (n = 317) fish.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the transport and transformation of the arsenic in the freshwater food chain [alga (autotroph)-moina (planktonic grazer) or shrimp (herbivore)-guppy (carnivore)] and concluded that total arsenic concentrations in organisms after accumulation from foods decreased one order of magnitude per elevation of the trophic level.
Abstract: Accumulation, biomethylation and excretion of arsenic by an autotrophic freshwater alga, and the transport and transformation of the arsenic in the freshwater food chain [alga (autotroph)-moina (planktonic grazer) or shrimp (herbivore)-guppy (carnivore)] were investigated.
These experimental results lead to the conclusion that total arsenic concentrations in organisms after accumulation from foods decreased one order of magnitude per elevation of the trophic level and biomethylation of the arsenic increased successively with an elevation in the trophic level. Predominant methylated arsenic species in moina and guppy were dimethyl- and trimethyl-arsenic compounds, respectively. Shrimp accumulated dimethyl- and trimethyl-arsenic compounds in nearly equivalent quantities. No or little monomethylarsenic compound was detected either in herbivores or carnivores.
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TL;DR: Results indicate relatively low concentrations of mercury in biota collected in all of the three estuaries in Puerto Rico in 1988 at most trophic levels, although 10 of 12 Tarpon fillet samples from Frontera had detectable mercury compared to 3 of 12 Fillet samples for the other two lagoons.
Abstract: We analyzed mercury levels in shrimp (Palaemonetes sp.), Blue Crabs (Callinectes sp.), fish (Tarpon Megalops atlantica and Tilapia Tilapia mossambica), lizards (Ameiva exsul), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) and Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) in three estuaries in Puerto Rico in 1988. There were no quantifiable concentrations greater than the method detection limit of mercury in shrimp, crabs and lizards from any site. Mercury levels were also below detection limits in Tilapia, except for specimens collected at Frontera Creek, allegedly contaminated with mercury. However, mercury levels ranged from 92–238 μg/kg (wet weight) in Tarpon, a predaceous fish that feeds on smaller fish. Few of the birds had detectable levels of mercury. Our results indicate relatively low concentrations of mercury in biota collected in all of the three estuaries at most trophic levels, although 10 of 12 Tarpon fillet samples from Frontera had detectable mercury compared to 3 of 12 fillet samples for the other two lagoons.
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TL;DR: In this paper, chlorohydrocarbon pesticide data in fish from rivers on the North Coast of New South Wales, Australia suggests that exposure to upstream waters contaminated with dieldrin and DDT and metabolites leads to increasing residues of these substances with age.
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TL;DR: In this article, individual PCB congeners and organophosphorus pesticides were determined in the muscular tissue of the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from a rice crop field (Ebro Delta, Spain).
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TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that arsenic, added as arsenate (AsO4) to a freshwater model ecosystem was readily accumulated in plankton at water concentrations (∼ 5 μg l−1) close to the natural background in Swedish lakes.
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TL;DR: The uptake of mercury in edible muscle of shrimps from contaminated mussels used as food supplies was studied and a two-stage bioaccumulation process was observed in which mercury concentration began to increase in shrimp muscle after 15 days of contaminated diet and at the end of the experiment it seemed to level off.
Abstract: In an attempt to improve our understanding of the transfer process of organic mercury (mainly methyl mercury) from the prey to the consumer, the uptake of mercury in edible muscle of shrimps, Pandalus borealis, from contaminated mussels used as food supplies was studied. Shrimps bioaccumulated rapidly mercury in their abdominal muscle when submitted to a highly contaminated diet (6 μg Hg g⁻¹) but biomagnification was not observed and Hg concentration in shrimps never exceeded 1.8 μg g⁻¹. The assimilation efficiency during the uptake period was estimated to about 42% When shrimps received moderately contaminated diet (2.5–2.9 μg Hg g⁻¹), a two-stage bioaccumulation process was observed in which mercury concentration began to increase in shrimp muscle after 15 days of contaminated diet and at the end of the experiment it seemed to level off. This process can be represented by a two-compartment conceptual model in which mercury rs first eliminated and/or accumulated in the compartment 1 (digestive organs) and then transferred to the compartment 2 (abdominal muscle) following a mechanism and under conditions not yet clearly understood. The use of selenium biologically incorporated into the diet had no apparent effect on the uptake of mercury
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TL;DR: Recent data on distribution of copper species, forms and forms and dissolved organic compounds and copper assimilative capacity in sea water are reported, indicating that non-polar organic complexes from man-made organic pollutants were the major complexes in the study area.
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TL;DR: The total lipid content seems to play a major role in influencing bioaccumulation parameters but cannot thoroughly explain BCF variability, which must be ascribed to other factors such as life stage and lipid composition.
Abstract: A commercial mixture of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) isomers has been tested for bioconcentration on early life stages of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Experimental results were elaborated by means of BIOCON, an interactive program for personal computers that provides bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and kinetic uptake and depuration coefficients as well as their standard deviations. The comparisons performed on a statistical basis evidenced few differences among the bioconcentration capability of larval stages, contrary to what was observed in previous studies with other chemicals. In the early juvenile stage, α- and δ-HCH are characterized by higher BCFs than the γ-isomer. The role of lipids is also investigated. The total lipid content seems to play a major role in influencing bioaccumulation parameters but cannot thoroughly explain BCF variability, which must be ascribed to other factors such as life stage and lipid composition.
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TL;DR: Bioconcentration factors (BCF) or bioaccumulation factors (BAF) reported for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin) in aquatic environments encompass a wide range of values, from less than 1000 to 189,000 l/kg.
Abstract: Bioconcentration factors (BCF) or bioaccumulation factors (BAF) reported for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin) in aquatic environments encompass a wide range of values, from less than 1000 to 189,000 l/kg. These values are based on concentrations of TCDD in various environmental media including water, sediment, or food. Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and its enabling regulations (40 CFR 100-140, 400-470), point source discharge limits are established so that the nominal receiving water concentration will not exceed the water quality criterion. To be consistent with this regulatory process, the water quality criterion should also be calculated using an accumulation factor that is based on a nominal water concentration. The regulatory process for developing a water quality criterion for TCDD requires the selection of a BAF that describes the relationship between the source to be regulated and the fish tissue concentration.
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TL;DR: The presence of PCBs in almost every part of the global ecosystem, including polar regions, has been demonstrated in many subsequent analytical studies as mentioned in this paper, and the potential for bioaccumulation has been identified.
Abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogenated pesticides comprise a group of compounds which have considerable environmental interest because of their ubiquity, stability, and potential for bioaccumulation. Since PCBs were first reported in fish and sea bird extracts in the 1960s, many subsequent analytical studies have demonstrated the presence of PCBs in almost every part of the global ecosystem, including polar regions
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TL;DR: It is concluded that the two metals Pb and Zn resulted in the selective synthesis and accumulation of proteins in the 70–80 KD range and the possibility of the disappearance of pre-existing protein in the insects is discussed in the light of metal bioaccumulation.
Abstract: The total protein distribution as a function of metal bioaccumulation in the weevils Neochetina eichhornae Warner through the trophic levels of the food chain was investigated. The accumulation of metals in insects was almost linear for all the metal concentrations tested. Mercury, Cd, Pb, and Zn induced dramatic differences in protein profiles in the insects in the SDS-Gel electrophoretic patterns. Of 40–50 μg/100 mg of metal concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn estimated in the leaves of Eichhornae only about 4–9% could be estimated from the insect cell extract. Mercury concentration in the leaves was still lower i.e., 10–19% μg/100 mg of metal conc. and the biotransfer of Hg into insect bodies was about 2–4%. It is concluded that the two metals Pb and Zn resulted in the selective synthesis and accumulation of proteins in the 70–80 KD range. The possibility of the disappearance of pre-existing proteins in the insects is discussed in the light of metal bioaccumulation.
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TL;DR: The toxicokinetic data suggest that the more toxic coplanar congener, PCB-77, is likely to be more persistent in crickets compared to PCB-47, despite its lower lipophilicity.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated Pb bioaccumulation in clams living in different salinities and found that several hundred clams and samples of sediment and seawater were collec...
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate Pb bioaccumulation in clams (Meretrix meretrix) living in different salinities. Several hundred clams and samples of sediment and seawater were collec...
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TL;DR: The earthworm uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from a soil contaminated with a commercial PCB formulation (Askarel at 150 μg g−1) and their elimination of PCBs into a low contaminated soil (15 μg g −1) has been studied as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The earthworm's (Lumbricus rubellus) uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from a soil contaminated with a commercial PCB formulation (Askarel at 150 μg g−1) and their elimination of PCBs into a low contaminated soil (15 μg g−1) has been studied. 17 individual congeners were monitored. The uptake and the elimination rate were similar for all PCB congeners notwithstanding their different chloro-substitution pattern which suggested that bioaccumulation of PCBs in earthworms is governed by passive, possibly diffusion controlled processes. The equilibrium state in the three-phase system, soil/soil water/earthworm was reached with a half-time around 3–4 days. The soil to earthworm bioconcentration factor ranged from 4 to 20 for tetra- to octa-chlorinated biphenyls and was weakly depending on the octanol-water partition coefficient: BCF = −(1.3−1.8) × K OW (0.35−0.40).