Showing papers on "Biomphalaria alexandrina published in 2012"
TL;DR: The results showed that LC 10 of these two pesticides caused considerable reduction in survival rates and egg production of treated snails, and Atrazine proved to be more toxic to B. alexandrina snails than Roundup.
45 citations
TL;DR: Hemolymph concentrations of testosterone (T) and gonadotropic hormones (luteinizing hormone: LH and follicle stimulating hormone: FSH) and androgen receptor (AR) immunolocalization in the ovotestis suggest that gonadotropins and T play a role in the gonadal development in B. alexandrina.
24 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (family Rutaceae) as a plant molluscicide and recorded mollsuscicidal potency against B. alexandrina snails.
23 citations
TL;DR: The findings demonstrate that introducing chloro- and aminoalkylamino side chain initiated both schistosomicidal and molluscicidal activities in these derivatives.
Abstract: Context: The cryptolepines originate from the roots of the climbing shrub Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindi) Schitr (Periplocaeae) which is used in Central and West Africa in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria.Objectives: Evaluation for the first time of a series of chloro- and aminoalkylamino derivatives of neo- and norneocryptolepines for potential schistosomicidal and molluscicidal activities.Materials and methods: A series of chloro- and aminoalkylamino substituted neo- and norneocryptolepine derivatives were synthesized. They were tested in vitro against viable Schistosoma mansoni Sambon mature worms in culture medium with fetal serum and antibiotics and in dechlorinated water against the snail vector Biomphalaria alexandrina Ehrenberg. Active compounds were further subjected to determination of their IC50 values.Results: Results showed that six neocryptolepine and two norneocryptolepine derivatives had in vitro schistosomicidal activity on Egyptian and Puerto Rican strains of S. manson...
22 citations
TL;DR: The structures of desmettianosides A and B, identified as bisdesmosidic furostanol glycosides with six and five sugar units, respectively, were established by detailed spectroscopic analyses of their NMR and MS data.
19 citations
TL;DR: The results proved that the immune response of the internal defense system increased with increasing the number of the inherited resistant genes.
Abstract: In Egypt, Biomphalaria alexandrina is the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. The fates of Schistosoma miracidia in the snails varies between different species of Biomphalaria. The internal defense system is one of the factors that influence the susceptibility pattern of the snails. The interaction between Biomphalaria snails and S. mansoni needs to be identified for each species, and even between the members of the same species with different degrees of susceptibility. In the present study, the first generation of susceptible and resistant parents of B. alexandrina was examined histologically at the 30th day post exposure. The study includes the characterization of the immune response, as expressed by tissue reactions, of susceptible and resistant B. alexandrina snails against S. mansoni. It was also designed to determine the impact of the resistance increase in parent snails, on the mechanisms of interaction of their offspring against infection. The results showed that the infection rate of the offspring from the susceptible parents was 92%. No susceptible offspring was produced from the resistant parents. When the parents were of equal number of susceptible and resistant snails, they gave an offspring with an infection rate of 20%. Susceptible snails that had susceptible parents showed a higher degree of susceptibility than those that had both susceptible and resistant parents. A common feature of the resistant snails was the absence of any viable parasites. The tissue reactions of the resistant snails having only resistant parents occurred at the site of miracidial penetration. In resistant snails for which susceptible ones were included in their parents, the reactions occurred in the deep tissues. These results characterized the immune response of B. alexandrina snails against Schistosoma infection which was found to occur by two different mechanisms. One type of defense occurs in highly resistant snails, and employs direct miracidial destruction soon after parasite penetration. The other type occurs in less resistant snails where a delayed resistance development occurs after the dissemination of the sporocysts in the snail tissues. It seems that B. alexandrina snails respond more or less similar to B. glabrata. The results also proved that the immune response of the internal defense system increased with increasing the number of the inherited resistant genes.
19 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the tested pesticides have deleterious effects on snails’ reproductive rate, their eggs and the intensities of DNA and RNA in their ovotestis–digestive gland complex, and it is expected that reaching of such pesticides to snails' habitats in water courses during plant pests control could minimize the population density.
18 citations
TL;DR: The variations in the rates of infection of different B. alexandrina groups with S. mansoni, as well as the differences in the similarity coefficients among these snails, are dependent not only on the geographical distribution of the snails and the parasite, but also on the genetic variability of theSnails.
Abstract: In the present study, Biomphalaria snails collected from five Egyptian governorates (Giza, Fayoum, Kafr El-Sheikh, Ismailia and Damietta), as well as reference control Biomphalaria alexandrina snails from the Schistosome Biological Supply Center (SBSC) (Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Egypt), were subjected to species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to identify the collected species. All of the collected snails were found to be B. alexandrina and there was no evidence of the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR assays showed different fingerprints with varying numbers of bands for the first generation (F1) of B. alexandrina snail populations (SBSC, Giza, Fayoum, Kafr El-Sheikh, Ismailia and Damietta). The primer OPA-1 produced the highest level of polymorphism and amplified the greatest number of specific bands. The estimated similarity coefficients among the B. alexandrina populations based on the RAPD-PCR profiles ranged from 0.56 (between SBSC and Ismailia snails) to 0.72 (between Ismailia and Kafr El-Sheikh snails). Experimental infection of the F1 of progeny from the collected snails with Schistosoma mansoni (SBSC strain) showed variable susceptibility rates ranging from 15% in the Fayoum snail group to 50.3% in SBSC snails. A negative correlation was observed between the infection rates in the different snail groups and the distances separating their corresponding governorates from the parasite source. The infection rates of the snail groups and their similarity coefficients with SBSC B. alexandrina snails were positively correlated. The variations in the rates of infection of different B. alexandrina groups with S. mansoni, as well as the differences in the similarity coefficients among these snails, are dependent not only on the geographical distribution of the snails and the parasite, but also on the genetic variability of the snails. Introduction of this variability into endemic areas may reduce the ability of the parasite to infect local hosts and consequently reduce schistosomiasis epidemiology.
15 citations
30 Nov 2012
TL;DR: It is concluded that the tested compounds have deleterious effects on viability of S. mansoni miracidia and cercariae and accidental introduction of such chemicals to irrigation system during agricultural activities could negatively interrupt and/or prevent schistosomiasis transmission.
Abstract: This study aims to detect the molluscicidal properties of the pesticides Basudin and Selecron and the phytoalkaloid Colchicine against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails including their infection withSchistosoma mansoni, production of cercariae, the levels of total protein, globulin and albumin and the activities of alanine and aspartate transaminases (AlT and AsT) and acid and alkaline phosphatases (AcP and AkP) enzymes in tissues of treated snails. The molluscicide Bayluscide was used as a reference compound. After 24 h of snails exposure to the tested compounds, Selecron was the most toxic one. Moreover, about 96% death rates of S. mansoni miracidia and cercariae was recorded after 45 min of exposure to the snails' LC90s of Basudin and Selecron. In addition, infection rates of snailswith S. mansoni and cercarial production were reduced post their exposure to LC10 and LC25 of Basudin, Selecron and Bayluscide and to 100 and 250 ppm Colchicine either during or post snails exposure to miracidia. Thus, snails exposure to LC25 of Selecron reduced cercarial production from 795.2 cercariae/control snail to 72.5 cercariae/infected treated snail. The results, also, revealed thattotal protein, globulin and albumin concentrations of treated snails were less than control group, while activities of the enzymes AsT, AlT and AkP were elevated. It is concluded that the tested compounds have deleterious effects on viability of S. mansoni miracidia and cercariae, the snails' biochemical parameters, their infection with this parasite and production of cercariae from infected snails. Then, accidental introduction of such chemicals to irrigation system during agricultural activities could negatively interrupt and/or prevent schistosomiasis transmission.
Key words: Pesticides, snails, Schistosoma mansoni, transaminases, phosphatases activities
10 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The application of methanol extracts of A. indica plant may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails'immunology and physiology.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Plant molluscicides could be appropriate for snail control measures against schistosomiasis in endemic areas OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunological and physiological responses of Biomphalaria (B) alexandrina snails to the effect of methanol extract of Azadirachta (A) indica plant MATERIALS AND METHODS Haemolymph samples were collected from snails treated with LC25 from methanol extract for 1 month and untreated snails The collected haemolymph samples from treated and untreated snails with tested plant were used for flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle RESULTS The obtained results indicated that hemolymph samples from B alexandrina snails contained two morphologically distinct types of hemocytes, designated as Hyalinocyte and Granulocyte cells In addition, the number of both snail's hyalinocytes and granulocytes and the mortality rate was significantly increased with treatment with A indica extract Phagocytosis in group treated with tested plant was highly significant increased than control one indicating a highly increase response of snail against the treatment The lipid peroxide and glucose levels in hemolymph of treated snails were elevated while the protein and glycogen contents showed a decrease in soft tissues when compared with the control group In addition, the activity level of some enzymes representing glycolytic enzymes as hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),and glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI); glycogenolytic enzymes as glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase); gluconeogenic enzymes as fructose-1-6 diphosphatase (F-D-P ase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was also significantly reduced in response to treatment CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the application of methanol extracts of A indica plant may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails'immunology and physiology
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, four plant extracts possessing molluscicidal and insecticidal efficacy were evaluated under laboratory conditions versus Biomphalaria alexandrina, Lymnea cailliaudi snails, their egg masses and Culex pipiens larvae.
Abstract: Objective Four plant extracts possessing molluscicidal and insecticidal efficacy were evaluated under laboratory conditions versus Biomphalaria alexandrina, Lymnea cailliaudi snails, their egg masses and Culex pipiens larvae. These extracts included Grape seed, Eucalyptus, Pomegranate, Verbesina alcoholic extracts, as well as Eucalyptus oil. Methods Different mortalities in the exposed vectors were recorded due to the four plant extracts using different concentrations and exposure time. Results Total snail mortality LC 100 was (100 ppm/12-24h) for Grape seed, (200 ppm/18-24h) for Eucalyptus, (100 ppm/12-18h) for Pomegranate, (100-200 ppm/24h) for Verbesina alcoholic extracts and (100-200 ppm/12h) for Eucalyptus oil. However, only Eucalyptus, Verbesina alcoholic extracts and Eucalyptus oil revealed snail ovicidal effects. LC 100 was (100-200 ppm/24h), (100-200 ppm/24h) & (100-200 ppm/12-48h) respectively. Moreover, the same plant extracts were able to induce total Culex pipiens larvicidal mortality, LC 100 was (200 ppm/48h). However, Grape seed and Pomegranate alcoholic extracts did not induce either snail ovicidal or Culex pipiens larvicidal total mortalities. Activities of the studied plant extracts were considered using reference molluscicidal (Copper sulfate) and insecticidal (Temephos) substances. Conclusion Egyptian native plants continue to provide a wealth of potential sources for biologically active agents that may have a promising role in the production of safe, biodegradable eco-friendly and natural molluscicidal and insecticidal agents.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: It is revealed that rutin separated from ethanolic extract of Calendula officinalis flowers can be used in the control of both Schistosomiasis and Fasciolasis in Egypt.
Abstract: Within 3000 intermediate host snails of Schistosomiasis and Fasciolasis were originated from Delta regions at Egypt mainly Beba in Beni Seuf governorate. They were selected on the basis of snails selection Schistosomiasis and Fasciolasis mainly Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola ova. Preliminary screening of C. officinalis flower ethanolic extract showed molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria alexandrina, Bulenus truncatus and Lymanea snails under studying. Rutin as eco-friendly natural compound was separated from the ethanolic extract of C. officinalis flowers by TLC and column chromatography and was identified by different tools of spectral analysis. Ten snails per one liter water jars were applied. Four serial concentrations of rutin with comparing to the recommended molluscicide niclosamide were prepared as (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g). Mortality percentages were observed after six, twenty four, forty-eight and seventy two hours. Our study revealed that rutin separated from ethanolic extract of Calendula officinalis flowers can be used in the control of both Schistosomiasis and Fasciolasis in Egypt. (El-Sheikh, Y. W. A.; Eltamny, H. M.; Soliman, H. A; Farag A.A and El Behary M.H.H. Molluscicidal Activity of Eco-friendly natural compound (Rutin) Gained from Ethanolic Flowers Extract of Calendula officinalis on B. alexandrina, B. truncatus and Lymanea snails. New York Science Journal 2012;5(4):19-27). (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork . 4
TL;DR: Exposure of snails to sub-lethal concentrations of C. diurnum and C. edulis resulted in significant alterations in the activities of some haemolymph enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminosomiasis and alkaline phosphatase) and the digestive gland cells were highly vacuolated in all tested concentrations.
Abstract: Biomphalaria alexandrina snails play a central role in transmission of schistosomiasis. The present study evaluates the molluscicidal effect of two plants as aqueous suspensions, Cestrum diurnum and Casimiroa edulis. LC50 values were 66 and 195 ppm, respectively after 24 hours. Exposure of snails to sub-lethal concentrations of C. diurnum and C. edulis resulted in significant alterations in the activities of some haemolymph enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase). The digestive gland cells were highly vacuolated in all tested concentrations. The secretory cells were atrophied and degenerated at LC25 of C. diurnum, while in snails treated with LC0 of C. edulis; they were densely colored without differentiation between nucleus and nucleolus.
TL;DR: The present study showed that the distribution of the intermediate host snails of Fasciola sp.
Abstract: The present study showed that the distribution of the intermediate host snails of Fasciola sp. and Schistosoma sp. varied among the five surveyed Egyptian governorates. It was found that the ratios of distribution of Lymnaea natalensis, Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina snails of the total surveyed sites were 44.1%, 26.9% and 4.9% respectively. Moreover, infected L. natalensis, B. truncatus and B. alexandrina snails in these sites were 1.96%, 3.4% and 0.98% respectively. However, infected L. natalensis and B. truncatus were found in Damietta and Beheira, while infected B. alexandrina were found only in Giza. Spring was the highest season in percentage of collected snails (38.9%), while summer was the lowest one (8.8%). L. natalensis, B. truncatus and B. alexandrina showed high distribution in Ismailia, Damietta and Giza governorates as represented by 4.16, 4.38 and 0.51 snails/site respectively. Some environmental factors were found affecting the distribution of snails. The means of pH and temperature in positive sites for vector snails were 6.8 and 26.7°C respectively. L. natalensis, B. truncatus appeared in water of electric conductivity mean of 415.5 µ.mhos/cm and 284.5 ppm of mean total dissolved salts, while B. alexandrina was found at 481 µ.mhos/cm and 603 ppm respectively.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Electron microscopical examination of treated animals revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in the cerebral ganglia that included hyperchromatic, pyknotic or highly shrunken nuclei, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, atrophy of the perikarya of some neurons, margination of nucleoli, fragmentation or dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the mode of action and neuropathological effect of Selecron, Bayluscide and ethanolic extract of Anagalis arvensis on the neurons of the cerebral ganglia in the freshwater snail B. alexandrina. The snails were subjected to lethal concentration (LC ) of each compound 90 (3.468 ppm for Selecron, 0.082 ppm for Bayluscide and 38.129 ppm for ethanolic extract of A. arvensis) till death of snails after 90 minutes. Then the snails were dissected and the cerebral ganglia were removed. Electron microscopical examination of treated animals revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in the cerebral ganglia. These alterations included hyperchromatic, pyknotic or highly shrunken nuclei, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, atrophy of the perikarya of some neurons, margination of nucleoli, fragmentation or dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, damage of mitochondria and vacuolation and destruction of cytoplasm. In addition, degenerated synaptic vesicles and increased number of autophagosomes and myelin figures were frequently observed In the present study the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AchE) activities was measured in B. alexandrina snails exposed to the same concentration of the tested compounds. The AChE activities in B. alexandrina showed wide variation along the treated snails and control snails, The AChE activities in B. alexandrina decreased significantly at bayluside bayluside (-55.3% reduction) followed by Selecron (-49.2% reduction) and A. arvensis (-39.9% reduction).
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The mode of action and neuropathological effect of Selecron, Bayluscide and ethanolic extract of Anagalis arvensis on the neurons of the cerebral ganglia in the freshwater snail B. alexandrina showed wide variation along the treated snails and control snails, and degenerated synaptic vesicles and increased number of autophagosomes and myelin figures were frequently observed.
Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the neuropathological effect of Bayluscide, Selecron and ethanolic extract of Anagalis on the neurons of the cerebral ganglia in the freshwater snail B. alexandrina. The snails were subjected to lethal concentrtion (LC90) of each compound (3.468 ppm for Selecron, 0.082 ppm for Bayluscide and 38.129 ppm for ethanolic extract of A. arvensis) till death of all snails after 90 minutes. Then the snails were dissected and the cerebral ganglia were removed. Electron microscopical examination of treated animals revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in the cerebral ganglia. These alterations included hyperchromatic, pyknotic or highly shrunken nuclei, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, atrophy of the perikarya of some neurons, margination of nucleoli, fragmentation or dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, damage of mitochondria and vacuolation and destruction of cytoplasm. In addition, degenerated synaptic vesicles and increased number of autophagosomes and myelin figures were frequently observed. The present study was designed to evaluate the mode of action and neuropathological effect of Selecron, Bayluscide and ethanolic extract of Anagalis arvensis on the neurons of the cerebral ganglia in the freshwater snail B. alexandrina. The snails were subjected to lethal concentration (LC90) of each compound (3.468 ppm for Selecron, 0.082 ppm for Bayluscide and 38.129 ppm for ethanolic extract of A. arvensis) till death of snails after 90 minutes. Then the snails were dissected and the cerebral ganglia were removed. Electron microscopical examination of treated animals revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in the cerebral ganglia. These alterations included hyperchromatic, pyknotic or highly shrunken nuclei, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, atrophy of the perikarya of some neurons, margination of nucleoli, fragmentation or dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, damage of mitochondria and vacuolation and destruction of cytoplasm. In addition, degenerated synaptic vesicles and increased number of autophagosomes and myelin figures were frequently observed In the present study the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activities was measured in B. alexandrina snails exposed to the same concentration of the tested compounds. The AChE activities in B.alexandrina showed wide variation along the treated snails and control snails, The AChE activities in B. alexandrina decreased significantly at bayluside bayluside (–55.3% reduction) followed by Selecron (– 49.2% reduction), and A. arvensis (–39.9% reduction).
TL;DR: The findings highlight the potential of metabolomics as a novel approach for fundamental investigations of host-pathogen interactions as well as disease surveillance and control of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.
Abstract: Carboxylic acids play an important role in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways of both the snail and the parasite. Monitoring the effects of infection by schistosome on Biomphalaria alexandrina carboxylic acids metabolic profiles represents a promising additional source of information about the state of metabolic system. We separated and quantified pyruvic, fumaric, malic, oxalic, and acetic acids using ion-suppression reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect correlations between these acids in both hemolymph and digestive gland gonad complex (DGG's) samples in a total of 300 B. alexandrina snails (150 infected and 150 controls) at different stages of infection. The results showed that the majority of metabolite pairs did not show significant correlations. However, some high correlations were found between the studied acids within the control group but not in other groups. More striking was the existence of reversed correlations between the same acids at different stages of infection. Some possible explanations of the underlying mechanisms were discussed. Ultimately, however, further data are required for resolving the responsible regulatory events. These findings highlight the potential of metabolomics as a novel approach for fundamental investigations of host-pathogen interactions as well as disease surveillance and control.