Showing papers on "Biomphalaria alexandrina published in 2018"

New Approach for Controlling Snail Host of Schistosoma mansoni, Biomphalaria alexandrina with Cyanobacterial Strains-Derived C-Phycocyanin.

Abstract: Schistosomiasis is one of the major communicable diseases of public health and socioeconomic importance in the developing world. It is a waterborne disease in which Biomphalaria alexandrina snails are known to be the intermediate molluscan host for Schistosoma mansoni: the causative agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Therefore, snail control is one of the cornerstones of schistosomiasis control programs. Several methods have been used to eliminate snail hosts. One of these methods is chemical molluscicides, which have undesirable effect to nontarget organisms. Consequently, the search for biologically derived molluscicides to complement the use of synthetic molluscicides is a top priority. In this concern, this study is the first to evaluate the molluscicidal potency of Cyanobacterial Phycocyanin (C-PC) as a virtually untapped source. Laboratory assessment of three freshwater Cyanobacterial strains: Anabaena oryzae SOS13, Nostoc muscorum SOS14, and Spirulina platensis SOS13-derived C-Phyc...

In vitro effects of iron nanoparticles on schistosoma mansoni adult worms and its intermediate host snail, biomphalaria alexandrina

Abstract: Due to increasing problems of the resistance associated with praziquantel, the drug of choice for treatment of schistosomiasis, alternative therapies were tried. The present work evaluated the effect of iron nanoparticles (iron NPs) on S. mansoni and B. alexandrina in vitro. The mortality rate of adults was observed after exposure during a period of 48 hrs. Worms exposed to 30 & 60mg/L of iron nanoparticles showed 20% & 77% mortality after 3 hrs, respectively. Snails exposure to different concentration of iron NPs (1- 40mg/L) died (100%) at, 40mg/L after 24 hours of exposure. The commonest surface ultrastructural changes were exposing of blebs everywhere, cracks, erosion, and incomplete fusion of some tubercles that lost most of their spines. Perforation was noticed on some areas of the tegument. The ventral sucker sinks incompletely inside the tegumental surface, sloughing was observed and perforation was noticed on the body surface. Also, collapsed tegumental architecture, huge oedematous structures were lounged from collapsed tegument.

Fecundity, sex hormones and release of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) treated with copper and magnesium chlorophyllin

Abstract: Schistosomiasis is a public health problem in many developing countries. Control of the snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma is a promising method for eliminating this disease. Copper (Cu-chl) and magnesium chlorophyllin (Mg-chl) are potent photosensitisers used in diverse biological applications. Their effects on the fecundity of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg): its reproductive rate (R0) and total levels of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol were evaluated. Besides, we determined the production of cercariae of S. mansoni. The concentrations LC10 and LC25 of Cu-chl and Mg-chl significantly reduced the fecundity and R0 of the treated snails which could be partially due to the decrease in the level of steroid sex hormones. The reduction rates of R0 for the snails treated with LC10 Cu-chl and Mg-chl were 72.7% and 89.7%, respectively. Moreover, Cu-chl and Mg-chl significantly suppressed the cercarial production which dropped from 9,778 cercariae per snail in the light control group to 3,126 and 107 cercariae per snail in the groups treated with LC10 Cu-chl and Mg-chl 21 days after exposure to miracidia, respectively. Since Cu-chl and Mg-chl negatively interfere with the parasite transmission, they should be considered in schistosomiasis control programmes.

Comparative Molluscicidal and Schistosomicidal Potentiality of Two Solanum Species and Its Isolated Glycoalkaloids.

Abstract: Schistosomiasis is the most noteworthy parasitic disease after malaria. Furthermore, the significant activity of the genus Solanum against Schistosoma worms and its intermediate host snails reinforced the study of Solanum seaforthianum Andr. (SS) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SM) for their molluscicidal and schistosomicidal potentiality. In this study, different extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of both Solanum species are evaluated for the molluscicidal and schistosomicidal potentialities. The niclosamide was used as positive molluscicide control against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Different extracts, fractions, or isolated compounds were used at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and dead snails were counted in each case. On the other hand, washed and sterilized Schistosoma mansoni adult worms were used in three replicates, and three worm pairs were placed in each well with 2 ml test solution of 100 μg/ml concentration. Positive (praziquantel [PZQ] 0.2 ug/ml) and negative controls were concurrently used and examined daily for 3 days for viability. The mortality rate was calculated and then both LC50and LC90were determined in triplicates. Highest potency was indicated to total glycoalkaloid (TGA) fraction of SM followed by TGA of SS. On the other hand, TGA fractions of both species showed higher potency than other extracts and isolated compounds. Meanwhile, solasodine-free aglycone showed declined activity compared to its glycosides. Promising molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activities were displayed which are attributed to the glycoalkaloid content. Therefore, this study can efficiently contribute toward validation of the traditional use of SS and SM in schistosomiasis control.

Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Abstract: Schistosomiasis infection can be interrupted if the development of miracidia to cercariae in Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg) is blocked. This requires an efficient snail’s antioxidant system which can be complemented with an exogenous antioxidant source to alleviate the oxidative stress of infection. For this purpose, leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were air-dried, extracted with aqueous methanol (85%) and defatted with petroleum ether. The obtained defatted extract was used to prepare extracts with different solvents. Among these, ethyl acetate showed the highest antioxidant activity and was chosen for the experiments. The effect of ethyl acetate extract on the infection, survivorship, as well as levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in B. alexandrina were measured in control, untreated infected and treated infected snails on 1, 10, and 30 days post infection (dpi). The snails exposed to ethyl acetate extract showed a significant reduction in the infection rate compared to those infected and untreated. Moreover, the extract decreased the level of MDA and increased CAT and GSH activities in the haemolymph and tissues of the treated snails. The results suggest that ethyl acetate extract from leaves of E. camaldulensis can be used as an antiparasitic compound against the intramolluscan phase of S. mansoni Sambon, 1907. Key woRdS: ethyl acetate extract, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Biomphalaria alexandrina, Schistosoma mansoni, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity

Toxicological assessment of lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid insecticides formulated mixture on hatchability rate, histological aspects, and protein electrophoretic pattern of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) snails.

Abstract: Several formulated mixtures of pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture Nevertheless, the agriculture runoff causes a serious damage to the aquatic ecosystem Therefore, the present study aims to use B alexandrina snails as bioindicators for 30 g/l lambda-cyhalothrin and 17 g/l acetamiprid as a formulated mixture insecticide Results showed that it has a molluscicidal activity against snails at LC50 79 mg/l The hatchability percent of both treated 1-day-aged and/or 3-day-aged groups were less than that of the control group The sublethal concentrations of the tested insecticide caused a remarkable abnormal necrosis in male and female gametogenic cells, besides a severe damage in both secretory and digestive cells The results of SDS-PAGE protein profiles of treated snails showed that the least number of protein bands was noticed in snail groups that subjected to LC10 (66 mg/l) and LC25 (72 mg/l) concentrations when compared to control protein fractions

Effect of Chlorophyllin on Biomphalaria alexandrina Snails and Schistosoma mansoni Larvae

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the lethal activity of chlorophyllin against different developmental stages of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and Schistosoma mansoni aquatic larvae under laboratory conditions. In all experiments, the studied organisms were incubated in different chlorophyllin concentrations in the dark, and then exposed to sunlight to stimulate the lethal photosensitizing action of chlorophyllin. Snails lethal concentrations for six hours of sunlight exposure were as follows: LC90 (131.86 ppm), LC50 (82.68 ppm), LC25 (56.93 ppm) and LC10 (33.76 ppm). The lethal action of chlorophyllin is affected by several factors including: light source, duration of sunlight exposure, the developmental stage of the snails and the presence of infection. On the cellular level, histological sections revealed marked destruction of certain tissues with loss of their landmarks. Chlorophyllin also had a profound lethal effect on the larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni. So, chlorophyllin is a promising substance of plant origin that could be used in snail control programs. K e y w o r d s Schistosomiasis, Snail, Control, Chlorophyllin, Photosensitization Accepted: 28 February 2018 Available Online: 10 March 2018 Article Info International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(3): 3725-3736

Deteriorations in biological and biochemical aspects of biomphalaria alexandrina snails exposed to methanol extract of callistemon citrinus leaves

Abstract: Schistosomiasis is one of the deleterious parasitic diseases in many developing countries. One important approach to control the disease is to eliminate its intermediate hosts. Therefore, methanol extract from Callistemon citrinus leaves was evaluated against biological & biochemical aspects of Schistosoma mansoni infected and uninfected B. alexandrina snails,in addition to examination the histological changes in tissues of the snails’ digestive gland. The plant extract exhibited considerable molluscicidal potency against B. alexandrina snails. The egg-laying capacity and reproductive rate (R0) of S. mansoni infected and uninfected snails were suppressed post exposure to LC25 of methanol extract for 24h/week for 4 successive weeks. Reduction rate of R0 for snails infected only and those infected treated with LC25 were 65.8% and 70.9%, respectively. Infection rates of B. alexandrina snails with S. mansoni and cercarial production/infected snail were reduced as a reflection of their exposure to LC10 of the plant extract either pre-, during or post their exposure to miracidia. The total number of hemocytes of S. mansoni infected and uninfected snails was elevated post 24h of exposure to the plant extract. However, it was reduced after 4 weeks of successive exposure to the extract, but the large granulocytes were elevated. Also, exposure of B. alexandrina snails (infected and uninfected) to the plant extract caused deleterious morphological changes in their hemocytes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes LPO, CAT & SODwere elevated in tissue homogenate of uninfected snails after one week of exposure to the extract, while that of GSH was decreased. Moreover, the plant extract deteriorated the histological characters of digestive gland cells in treated snails ranged from degeneration and necrotic of its tubules, atrophy of different cell types and hyaline substance in enlarged digestive lumen..

Infected freshwater snails, biomphalaria alexandrina, the intermediate host of schistosoma mansoni

Abstract: The objective was to study the chromosomes of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails (class Gastropoda) in control and infected state which could be helpful in understanding how host-parasite relationships in feasible and effective control measures. The chromosomal changes were studied using the air-drying method. The results showed that B. alexandrina had a diploid chromosome number, 2n = 36. Also, the meiotic stages were detected as early- leptotene and late leptotene, zygotene, diplotene, metaphase I. The result also revealed the presence of a primitive sperm, with a conical head and a very long, uni-flagellate tail. A comparative meiotic chromosome analysis between the control and infected ones showed some significant differences, as pachytene and diplotene were more condensed.

Histopathological and Ultrastructural Studies on Biomphalaria alexandrina Snails Infected with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and Treated with Plant Extracts

Abstract: Background: Biomphalaria alexandrina snails are the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt. Aim of the work: this study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of the methanol extract of the plants Anagallis arvensis and Viburnum tinus against B. alexandrina (Normal and S. mansoni infected). Results: the present results proved high activity for both plant extracts (LC50 & LC90 which reached 45& 60 ppm and 38&59 ppm for A. arvensis and V. tinus, respectively). The effect of sub-lethal concentration, ½ LC5, of the two plant extracts (26 and 11 ppm, respectively) affected B. alexandrina survival rate to be in the following order, control > V. tinus treated > A. arvensis treated > infected > infected-A. arvensis treated > infected- V. tinus treated. On the other hand, exposure to those sub-lethal doses caused considerable reduction in the infection percentages. In addition, the histopathological effects of the examined sub-lethal concentrations on hepatopancreatic tubules of the treated snails showed cells vacuolation, presence of hyaline substances filled the lumens of the tubules and necrotic focal areas in case of A. arvnsis and vacuolar degeneration with the necrotic changes in case of V. tinus. While, alterations in the hermaphrodite glands of the treated snails included: degeneration and necrotic changes in the acini. The severity of lesions was progressed with infection as a result of invading of snail tissue by developmental stages of the S. mansoni cercariae. The ultrastructural micrographs were used to explain and confirm the recorded histopathological alterations in the hermaphrodite glands of the infected-treated snails. In comparison with the control and infected snail groups, infected-treated snails showed degeneration with severe deformation and destruction in their reproductive units, degeneration in developmental stages tissues of S. mansoni cercariae and accumulation of the toxic agents.Conclusion: the two examined plants, A. arvensis and V. tinus plant extracts showed high activity against B. alexandrina and provide a considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous resources for snail’s molluscicidal agents. The sub-letal concentrations, ½ LC5, of the two plant extracts caused a considerable reduction in survival rate and infection rate among S. mansoni infected snails. Histopathological changes in the digestive glands showed cells vacuolation, hyaline substance filled lumens of the tubules and necrotic focal areas in the digestive glands. Histopathological effects explained and confirmed by TEM images showed degeneration with severe deformation and destruction in the reproductive units.