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Showing papers on "Black rice published in 2020"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the simulation was conducted by employing Bird-Carreau model, which yielded good fitting on the gels with shear-thinning characteristics, and the simulated required piston pressure for printing differently tested gels was the highest for mung bean gel and reduced in descending order for gels from brown rice, buckwheat, black rice and job's tear seeds.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggested that BRWE could be used as a natural antioxidant in ground beef to limit lipid oxidation and discoloration.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Black rice anthocyanins may be an effective botanical extract for improving the stability of protein-stabilized food emulsions by inhibiting oxidative reactions.
Abstract: The food industry is exploring the natural environment to identify botanical extracts that can be used as functional ingredients that can replace synthetic ingredients in foods. In the present study, the ability of black rice anthocyanins as natural antioxidants to inhibit both lipid and protein oxidation in protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions was examined. Whey-protein-stabilized emulsions were prepared containing 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06% (w/v) anthocyanins, and then the impact of this plant-based extract on their physical and chemical stabilities was evaluated. The addition of the anthocyanins improved the physical stability of the emulsions in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting droplet aggregation during storage (35 °C for 5 days). The anthocyanins also exhibited good antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner, as seen by their capacity for inhibiting both lipid oxidation (reduced lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (reduced carbonyl and Schiff base formation, intrinsic fluorescence loss, and molecular weight changes). Black rice anthocyanins may therefore be an effective botanical extract for improving the stability of protein-stabilized food emulsions by inhibiting oxidative reactions.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that high PA content in rice might have an adverse effect on starch digestibility resulting in slower starch digestion in human gut and consequently low glycemic response.
Abstract: Background Phytic acid (PA) is an anti-nutrient present in cereals and pulses. It is known to reduce mineral bioavailability and inhibit starch-digesting α-amylase (which requires calcium for activity) in the human gut. In principle, the greater the amount of PA, the lower is the rate of starch hydrolysis. It is reflected in the lower glycemic index (GI) value of food. People leading sedentary lifestyles and consuming rice as a staple food are likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Hence, this study was planned to understand how PA content of different rice varieties affects the GI. Results Rice Khira and Mugai which had very low PA (0.30 and 0.36 g kg-1 , respectively) had higher GI values and α-amylase activity, while Nua Dhusara and the pigmented rice Manipuri black rice (MBR) which had high PA (2.13 and 2.98 g kg-1 , respectively) showed low α-amylase activity and GI values. This relationship was statistically significant, though a weak relationship was found for the pigmented rice. Expression levels of MIPSI, IPKI and GBSSI markedly increased in the middle stage of grain development in all of the six genotypes having contrasting PA and GI. Maximum expression of MIPSI and IPKI was observed in Nua Dhusara and MBR (which had high PA) while that of GBSSI was observed in Khira and Mugai (with higher GI) at middle stage showing a negative correlation between PA and GI. Conclusions The data indicate that high PA content in rice might have an adverse effect on starch digestibility resulting in slower starch digestion in the human gut and consequently low glycemic response. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Black rice had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in free and bound fractions, followed by red rice, brown rice, and polished rice, which contained much more free phenolic compounds than other rice samples.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of dietary supplementation of WGBR on lipid metabolism were investigated in C57BL/6J mice, which were fed a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet based on corn starch, and low or high dosage of black rice for 12 weeks.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The scanning electron microscopy showed that the granules of the three varieties of pigmented rice presented polygonal and angular format and absence of impurities, and there was retention of the phenolic compounds from the raw material in the starches.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first report proposing a 'lipid induced resistance towards glycaemic response' model highlighting the importance of FA type towards modulating the molecular configuration, complexing ability and RS-V formation.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that PAL contributes to the resistance mechanism against Xoo, and Pari Ireng was classified as a resistant cultivar againstXoo.
Abstract: In this study, we focus on the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as one of the possible defense factors of black rice (a black colour mutation of Oryza sativa, containing a high amount of anthocyanin and other antioxidants) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), causing bacterial leaf blight of rice. Two black rice varieties namely Pari Ireng and Melik, and three white rice varieties (IRBB21, Java14, and IR64) as control were used in this study. The analysis of the resistance trait was performed by determining disease intensity (DI) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The determination of PAL activity was performed using HPLC by analyzing trans-cinnamic acid as a product of PAL enzyme by in vitro bioassay. Protein profile analysis using SDS-PAGE was also performed to compare the profile of the infected and non-infected plants. The results showed that Java 14 (positive control) has the highest AUDPC (107.59) followed by Pari Ireng (128.33), Melik (199.63), and IRBB21 (250.19). Meanwhile, IR64 has the lowest AUDPC (304.63) which was consistent as a negative control. There was a significant increase in PAL enzyme activity in Pari Ireng, Melik and Java 14 but not in IR64 and IRBB21 following Xoo infection. Those results indicated that PAL contributes to the resistance mechanism against Xoo. The distinctive protein profile (ranged from 48 to 75 kDa) was also observed between the infected and non-infected cultivar. Based on our results, Pari Ireng was classified as a resistant cultivar against Xoo.

22 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed protocols for malting and brewing with 100% malted rice to see whether the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins could be delivered into finished beer, and the apparent fermentabilities of rice worts were 69.5% (black) and 67.3% (white), yielding beers of 3.28 and 3.19% ABV respectively.
Abstract: Indian black rice (Chakhao Poireiton) is a pigmented variety, rich in anthocyanins and other phytonutrients. With growing interest in the use of local raw materials in brewing, it was of interest to develop protocols for malting and brewing with Chakhao Poireiton to see whether the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins could be delivered into finished beer. Protocols for brewing with 100% malted rice were developed and the performance of Indian black rice compared with that of an Italian white rice cultivar suited to brewing. The apparent fermentabilities of rice worts were 69.5% (black) and 67.3% (white), yielding beers of 3.28 and 3.19% ABV respectively. Black rice worts were deficient in free amino nitrogen (83.5 mg/L relative to 137 mg/L for white rice) and would need nitrogen supplementation to avoid issues with fermentation, e.g. elevated diacetyl. Black rice beer had an orange‐red hue as a result of extraction of anthocyanin pigments (2.84 mg/L). The oxidative stability of 100% rice beers was measured using electron spin resonance spectroscopy and both samples were found to be unusually stable. Interestingly, when rice beers were blended with a control barley malt derived lager in varying proportions (10, 25, 50%), the oxidative stability was improved, relative to the control lager, particularly so in the case of black rice beer, which contained an antioxidant capacity over and above that of the white rice beer. Future studies are required to determine whether the noted oxidative stability of 100% rice malt beers results in a more flavour‐stable beer. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aromatic rices from Manipur were found to be genetically diverse and efforts need to be made for maintaining the geographic identity of these rice and utilization in breeding for region-specific cultivar improvement.
Abstract: Aromatic rice of Manipur popularly known as Chakhao is a speciality glutinous rice, for which protection under geographical indication in India has been granted recently. The agronomic and nutraceutical variability of the Chakhao rice germplasm is yet to be genetically characterized. To address this gap, characterization of ninety-three landraces for agro-morphological traits, grain pigmentation, antioxidant properties, and molecular genetic variation was carried out to unravel their population genetic structure. Two major groups were identified based on pericarp color, namely, purple and non-purple, which showed a significant variation for plant height, panicle length, and grain yield. Molecular marker analysis revealed three subpopulations that could be associated with pericarp pigmentation. Deep purple genotypes formed POP3, japonica genotypes adapted to hill environment formed POP1, while POP2 comprised of both indica and aus types. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed two major anthocyanin compounds in pigmented rices, namely, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin-3-O-glucoside (P3G). The total anthocyanin content among pigmented genotypes ranged from 29.8 to 275.8 mg.100g-1 DW. Total phenolics ranged from 66.5 to 700.3 mg GAE.100g-1 DW with radical scavenging activity (RSA) varying between 17.7 and 65.7%. Anthocyanins and phenolics showed a direct relationship with RSA implying the nutraceutical benefits of deep pigmented rice such as Manipur black rice. Aromatic rices from Manipur were found to be genetically diverse. Therefore, efforts need to be made for maintaining the geographic identity of these rice and utilization in breeding for region-specific cultivar improvement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of cycloamylose (CA) as a complexing agent on the antioxidant activity and stability of anthocyanin extracted from black rice (BRA) at various pHs (2, 4, 6, and 8) were compared with those of β-cyclodextrin (βCD).
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of cycloamylose (CA) as a complexing agent on the antioxidant activity and stability of anthocyanin extracted from black rice (BRA) at various pHs (2, 4, 6, and 8) and compared the results with those of β-cyclodextrin (βCD). The CA (DP 6–31) produced from Dodamssal rice starch had an anti-copigmentation effect for BRA and the discoloration effect increased with the complexing agent concentration, which supported the intramolecular interaction between them. With heat treatment, the CA-BRA complex had a greater antioxidant stability than did free BRA at pHs 4, 6, and 8 in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, BRA complexed with 1% CA at pH 4 had an approximately 2.0-fold lower degradation rate (kd) than that of free BRA. This improvement in the thermal stability was comparable to or slightly better than that of 5% βCD. CA significantly improved the photostability of BRA at all pHs tested, similarly to βCD. CA might protect the moiety of BRA functional groups that are involved in antioxidant activity and susceptible to heat and light. The results demonstrated that CA could be an effective complexing agent for BRA and the stable CA-BRA complex could be used as a promising functional material for the various industries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a green route was explored for production of multifunctional cotton fabric involving simultaneous dyeing and deposition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on cellulose fiber.
Abstract: A novel green route was explored for production of multifunctional cotton fabric involving simultaneous dyeing and deposition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on cellulose fiber. In the preparation process, Ag NPs were simultaneously synthesized and deposited on the fabric through in situ synthesis using silver nitrate and black rice aqueous extract without other chemicals. In this work, black rice extract of anthocyanin was introduced as a natural source for reducing agent and dye. UV–Vis spectra and SEM confirmed that Ag NPs were successfully produced and evenly distributed on the surface of the cellulose fiber. Moreover, results indicated that the pH value of the synthesis bath greatly influenced the apparent color and color strength of the treated samples. When the pH value of the synthesis bath was 10, better K/S value, washing fastness, and UV protective properties were exhibited compared with other pH values. In addition, the treated cotton fabric showed outstanding antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The antibacterial rate of treated samples was still more than 80% for E. coli and S. aureus after 25 home laundering cycles. This study provides an eco-friendly method to prepare an antibacterial cotton fabric with good resistance to washing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to highlight the application of black rice as a novel ingredient in various sectors of food processing to help in creating value added products.
Abstract: Black rice (Zizania aquatica) is a rice variety formed by the mutation of Kala4 gene. In the world it is mainly cultivated in Southeast Asian countries like China, Thailand and India. China accounts for 62% of black rice production in the world followed by Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and Philippines. Thailand holds the 9th position for black rice cultivation. In India black rice is grown in North-eastern states like Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Assam and some parts of Odisha. Black rice is black in color due to the presence of the anthocyanin pigment on the outer layers (bran) of the rice kernel. Black rice is rich in tocopherols (vitamin E), iron and antioxidants. Black rice has high levels of protein, fiber, vitamins (Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, folic acid) and minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorous and selenium) compared to that of white rice. The major essential amino acids present in black rice are lysine and tryptophan. It also possesses lot of health benefits like antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory properties, lipid oxidation, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing and anti-cancer effects. The use of black rice as an ingredient in food processing might help in creating value added products. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight the application of black rice as a novel ingredient in various sectors of food processing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fatchiyah et al. as mentioned in this paper used proximate analysis, amino acids content, qualita-tive phytochemical analysis and IC50 anti-oxidative testing using DPPH analy-sis.
Abstract: A study of anthocyanin in whole brain of pigmented rice has been concern to deeply determine as healthy nutrition since the anthocyanin function of rice bran has proved clearly. This study purposed to characterize the nutrition chemical composition, amino acids residues & phytochemical properties, total anthocyanin and its function in pigmented rice. Five rice varieties from Java Island were determined using proximate analysis, amino acids content, qualita-tive phytochemical analysis and IC50 anti-oxidative testing using DPPH analy-sis. The result showed the lipid content in all black rice higher than white and red rice. In line with IC50 testing result in black rice was low and closed with ascorbic acid value. Phytochemical profile determined the Toraja black rice from west Java (BRWJ) have highest content leucoanthocyanidin, phenol, flavo-noids, quinone, antraquinone and glucoside and also total anthocyanin. The Toraja black rice from West Java conducted that has a higher content of nutri-tion values and phytochemical compounds compare with others. The total anthocyanins in all black and red rice indicated have anti-oxidative activity. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Fatchiyah F, Sari DRT, Safitri A, Cairns JR. Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. SRP. 2020; 11(7): 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 Web Style Fatchiyah F, Sari DRT, Safitri A, Cairns JR. Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=128417 [Access: March 29, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Fatchiyah F, Sari DRT, Safitri A, Cairns JR. Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. SRP. 2020; 11(7): 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Fatchiyah F, Sari DRT, Safitri A, Cairns JR. Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. SRP. (2020), [cited March 29, 2021]; 11(7): 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 Harvard Style Fatchiyah, F., Sari, . D. R. T., Safitri, . A. & Cairns, . J. R. (2020) Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. SRP, 11 (7), 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 Turabian Style Fatchiyah, Fatchiyah, Dewi Ratih Tirto Sari, Anna Safitri, and James RK. Cairns. 2020. Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 Chicago Style Fatchiyah, Fatchiyah, Dewi Ratih Tirto Sari, Anna Safitri, and James RK. Cairns. "Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Fatchiyah, Fatchiyah, Dewi Ratih Tirto Sari, Anna Safitri, and James RK. Cairns. "Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.7 (2020), 414-421. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Fatchiyah, F., Sari, . D. R. T., Safitri, . A. & Cairns, . J. R. (2020) Phytochemical Compound and Nutritional Value in Black Rice from Java Island, Indonesia. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (7), 414-421. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.7.61

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results showed that SNFs effectively binding with C3G and exhibit better protective effects on the thermal stability of ACN than SF.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties of purified colored rice extract (Thai fragrant black rice).
Abstract: Coloured rice is the source of bioactive compounds related to medicinal treatment. This study aimed to investigate α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties of purified coloured rice extract (Thai fragrant black rice). The results reveal that seven purified fractions; rice fractions 1‐7 (RF1‐RF7) contained several phytochemical compounds especially flavonoids, which were presented in all purified fractions. The percentage inhibition on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase of fractions RF1, RF2, RF4, RF5 and RF6 had higher potential than acarbose. RF4, RF5 and RF6 contained the highest inhibition potential, which further determined the IC₅₀ values, kinetic analysis and antioxidant properties. The IC₅₀ values of all three fractions indicated that the inhibition potential of purified fraction had higher potential than acarbose, and the highest inhibition potential for both enzymes was obtained from fraction RF5. The kinetic analysis of the three fractions indicated that they are against both enzymes' function in mixed‐type inhibition. Moreover, all three fractions also showed good antioxidant activity, and the highest potential was obtained from fraction RF6. This study presents the inhibition efficiency of fragrant black rice extract on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase enzymes. The inhibitory activity of rice extract on both enzymes had higher potent than commercial standard drug acarbose. Moreover, the rice extract also shown the high‐efficiency antioxidant activity on DPPH and ABTS assay. We suggest the application of these results in the development of anti‐diabetes drug for pharmaceutical industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the foaming conditions and air-drying temperature for instant powder from black rice bran anthocyanin extracts were studied. And the conditions required for forming a foam to possess the maxi...
Abstract: The foaming conditions and air-drying temperature for producing instant powder from black rice bran anthocyanin extracts were studied. The conditions required for forming a foam to possess the maxi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that the formation of fissures in the grains dried at or above 60 °C reduced the physical integrity of the grains after cooking, increasing the starch digestion and the rehydration ratio, and reduced the cooking time, the hardness and adhesiveness.
Abstract: This study evaluated the influence of different fluidized-bed drying temperatures (20, 60, and 100 °C) on the cooking properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and phenolic bioaccessibility of black rice. The results indicated that the formation of fissures in the grains dried at or above 60 °C reduced the physical integrity of the grains after cooking, increasing the starch digestion and the rehydration ratio, and reduced the cooking time, the hardness and adhesiveness. Due to the higher digestibility of grains dried at higher temperatures, an increase in the bioaccessibility of ferulic acid, which was previously associated with the polysaccharides, was observed. Caffeic acid was the only phenolic compound whose levels decreased when the drying temperature increased. At high temperatures and in the gastric phase, cyanidin chalcones were formed due to the deglycosylation of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results of this study provide information to the food industry about the effects of different fluidized-bed drying temperatures on the rice structure after cooking and that, consequently, affect the availability of bioactive compounds after digestion and the glycemic index of black rice.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The results showed that drought stress with PEG 6000 inhibited the growth and development of mutant rice strain 51, which showed a tolerant response to drought stress.
Abstract: Drought stress is a factor that affects plant growth and development, both in terms of morphology, anatomy, and physiology. Mutant Oryza sativa L. strain 51 of Cempo Ireng cultivar as the result of gamma-ray irradiation is superior mutant black rice strain which has a faster planting period of 10-20 days than its control and shorter plant height. This study aims to determine the morphological, anatomical, and physiological responses, especially the proline content inside the leaves of mutant black rice strain 51. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with the treatment of drought stress using PEG 6000 in Yoshida liquid media. The seedlings were planted for 21 days in untreated media, then treated for 14 days. Observation of morphological characters was carried out by measuring plant height, root length, leaf area, and plant biomass. Observations of anatomical characters were carried out by observing the cross-section of the root. Observation of physiological character was carried out by measuring leaf proline levels. The results showed that drought stress with PEG 6000 inhibited the growth and development of mutant rice strain 51. Drought stress reduces plant height, root length, leaf area, plant biomass and the area of root aerenchyma. Proline leaf content increased significantly at a PEG concentration of 30%. Mutant rice strain 51 showed a tolerant response to drought stress with the significant increased of proline, the increased of root stele diameter and the constant number of metaxylem.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Water soluble polysaccharides in grains or legumes could improve the paste lubrication.
Abstract: Paste made from eight types of cereal grains (low fiber containing grains [LF grains]: rice, sticky rice, black rice, and millet; and high fiber containing grains [HF grains]: wheat, buckwheat, oat, and barley), and four types of legumes (soybean, red bean, kidney bean, and mung bean), were studied in terms of particle size, rheological, and tribological properties. Sticky rice and soybean pastes showed lower yield stress, viscosity and consistency coefficient than other pastes. Most cereal pastes showed a major peak at approximately 160 µm except for oat and barley, while legume pastes showed mono modal profiles except for soybean. Tribological results showed that starch tended to develop type A friction profiles, showing a typical Stribeck curve; bran/fiber tended to develop type B profiles, showing an ascent curve with clear onset of hydrodynamic regime; protein and lipids promoted type C profiles, showing a flat plateau shaped curve. Water soluble polysaccharides in grains or legumes could improve the paste lubrication. In general, 5% of the black rice paste and sticky rice in the LF grain group, and the soybean paste in the legume group, showed a low friction coefficient (μ) in the entire entrainment speed range; barley paste and oat paste in the HF grain group showed relatively low μ at low entrainment speed (0.5 mm/s) and medium entrainment speed (5 and 10 mm/s), respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results strongly suggested that FUBRS contained an anti-melanogenesis activity with a high potential for cosmeceutical application as a skin depigmenting agent.
Abstract: Melanin is a major factor that darkens skin color as one of the defense systems to prevent the harmful effects of UV light. However, darkened skin from the localized or systemic accumulation of melanin is viewed in many cultures as an esthetic problem. Consequentially, searching for antimelanogenic agents from natural sources is very popular worldwide. Previous screening of fermented rice products, obtained from various rice cultivars fermented with different sources of loog-pang (Thai traditional fermentation starter), revealed that the highest ability to reduce the melanin content in B16F10 melanoma cells was from unpolished black rice fermented with a defined starter mixture of microbes isolated from loog-pang E11. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the fermented unpolished black rice (FUBR) on the inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. The strongest reduction of cellular melanin content was found in the FUBR sap (FUBRS). The melanin reduction activity was consistent with the significant decrease in the intracellular tyrosinase activity. The FUBRS showed no cytotoxic effect to B16F10 melanoma or Hs68 human fibroblast cell lines. It also significantly reduced the transcript and protein expression levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP-1), TYRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Furthermore, it induced a significantly increased level of phosphorylated ERK, p38 and Akt signaling pathways, which likely contributed to the negative regulation of melanogenesis. From these results, a model for the mechanism of FUBRS on melanogenesis inhibition was proposed. Moreover, these results strongly suggested that FUBRS possesses antimelanogenesis activity with high potential for cosmeceutical application as a skin depigmenting agent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to determine the physical properties (hardness, colour and gelatinization profile), chemical properties (proximate composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity), and the in vitro digestibility of Solok black rice (SBR), Solok red rice (SRR), Tangerang black rice, Cianjur red rice, CRR and CIANjur white rice (CWR) cultivated in different areas in Indonesia.
Abstract: Black rice and red rice are often claimed to have more health benefits than white rice. They have been reported to have greater antioxidant activity and lower digestibility than white rice, functional properties which are important to prevent the metabolic disorders related to diseases such as diabetes. However, rice grown in different areas or subjected to different processing has shown different physical, chemical and functional properties. Thus the objectives of this study were to determine the physical properties (hardness, colour and gelatinization profile), chemical properties (proximate composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity), and the in vitro digestibility of Solok black rice (SBR), Solok red rice (SRR), Tangerang black rice (TBR), Cianjur red rice (CRR) and Cianjur white rice (CWR) cultivated in different areas in Indonesia. The results revealed that rice cultivated in different areas showed different physical characteristics and chemical compositions. The In vitro analysis of the digestibility of the starch with α-amylase showed that pigmented rice was less digestible (56.10% to 83.43%) than white rice (87.35%). A normal cooking method commonly used in society was found to significantly reduce the total phenolic content, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of the rice.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the top-down approach via dry grinding in a mechanical ball mill was employed to generate a nano-black RHA (nano-BRHA), which was successfully generated with an optimum duration of 63 hours and median size of 66 nm.
Abstract: Rice husk is a waste from the agricultural industry. It has been found that the main inorganic element in rice husk is silica. Rice husk ash (RHA) as a replacement material in the conventional concrete mixture has been widely studied around the world. However, there is a lack of documented research on nano production from RHA used as a replacement cement in porous concrete pavement mixtures. This study employed the top-down approach via dry grinding in a mechanical ball mill to generate a nano-black RHA (nano-BRHA). As a result, nano-BRHA was successfully generated with an optimum duration of 63 hours and median size of 66 nm. The results also indicated that the particle size of BRHA was significantly decreased with increasing grinding time. In addition, the morphology of the nano-BRHA changed with grinding duration. Finally, the use of nano-BRHA produced porous concrete pavement with good strength and permeability, and sound absorption.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the cold-pretreatment time on anther, the combination of plant growth regulators (PGR’s) concentrations, and putrescine concentrations in media for the increase callus induction and plant regeneration of indica black rice.
Abstract: The assembly of superior varieties and collection of rice germplasm involves the process of selecting and storing elders that have superior genotypic properties and phenotypes. The anther culture techniques on indica black rice cultivar have a high difficulty factor to get plants, because of the low regeneration ability at the plant formation phase from the anther callus. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the cold-pretreatment time on anther, the combination of plant growth regulators (PGR’s) concentrations, and putrescine concentrations in media for the increase callus induction and plant regeneration of indica black rice. The optimization of the cold pre-treatment time was important to obtain the high-frequency callus induction, which showed that anther at the 4°C for 8 days formed the high callus induction (20%). To accelerate the callus induction, the application of 20 µM putrescine in the MS medium could produce more friable embryogenic callus for 24 days with 27% of callus formation. Generally, the optimal medium for the high frequency of callus induction contained 2 mgL−1 NAA+0.5 mgL−1 Kinetin+20 µM putrescine. Especially indica black rice cultivars, the best media to get a high plant regeneration frequency were N6 media containing the combination of 2 mgL−1 IAA and 2,5 mgL−1 Kinetin. The total callus regenerated to plantlet about 12.5%. The study of the callus induction and in-vitro plant regeneration medium for indica black rice were still important to develop to get the best result for other cultivars.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that the in vitro regeneration method established was able to generate fertile black rice plants and furthermore enabled the generation of transgenic plants and in vitro transformation was more efficient in terms of time taken and number of positive transformants than in planta transformation for genetic transformation of Indonesian black rice by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
Abstract: Indonesian black rice has the potential to be developed as a functional food due to their high anthocyanin content and other nutritional benefits such as enhanced Fe and amino acid composition. Black rice productivity, however, is low due to its long harvesting time, caused by late heading date, and therefore poor yield. These negative traits in black rice may be improved using conventional and modern approaches by manipulating genes of interest. As a tool to study functional genomics in black rice, genetic transformation was studied. A suitable in vitro regeneration method, previously unavailable for Indonesian black rice cultivars, first had to be established as a key prerequisite for genetic transformation. The purpose of this study therefore was to establish an efficient method for culturing Indonesian black rice cultivars and subsequently to use the Hd3a flowering gene under the RPP16 promoter as a relevant gene to improve the flowering period with either in vitro or in planta transformation methods. We found that the in vitro regeneration method established was able to generate fertile black rice plants and furthermore enabled the generation of transgenic plants. T0 transgenics harboring the Hd3a gene driven by the RPP16 promoter yielded extremely early flowering, dwarfed, and low-yielding plants, but we obtained a normal phenotype with early flowering in the T1 generation. In vitro transformation was more efficient in terms of time taken and number of positive transformants than in planta transformation for genetic transformation of Indonesian black rice by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Indonesian black rice requires a specific temperature range of 30–32 oC during the tissue culture phase for successful genetic transformation.