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Blackout

About: Blackout is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2088 publications have been published within this topic receiving 30433 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Extensive research on memory and learning as well as findings related to the acute effects of alcohol on the brain may elucidate the mechanisms and impact associated with the alcohol-induced blackout.
Abstract: For a long time, alcohol was thought to exert a general depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS). However, currently the consensus is that specific regions of the brain are selectively vulnerable to the acute effects of alcohol. An alcohol-induced blackout is the classic example; the subject is temporarily unable to form new long-term memories while relatively maintaining other skills such as talking or even driving. A recent study showed that alcohol can cause retrograde memory impairment, that is, blackouts due to retrieval impairments as well as those due to deficits in encoding. Alcoholic blackouts may be complete (en bloc) or partial (fragmentary) depending on severity of memory impairment. In fragmentary blackouts, cueing often aids recall. Memory impairment during acute intoxication involves dysfunction of episodic memory, a type of memory encoded with spatial and social context. Recent studies have shown that there are multiple memory systems supported by discrete brain regions, and the acute effects of alcohol on learning and memory may result from alteration of the hippocampus and related structures on a cellular level. A rapid increase in blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is most consistently associated with the likelihood of a blackout. However, not all subjects experience blackouts, implying that genetic factors play a role in determining CNS vulnerability to the effects of alcohol. This factor may predispose an individual to alcoholism, as altered memory function during intoxication may affect an individual’s alcohol expectancy; one may perceive positive aspects of intoxication while unintentionally ignoring the negative aspects. Extensive research on memory and learning as well as findings related to the acute effects of alcohol on the brain may elucidate the mechanisms and impact associated with the alcohol-induced blackout.

91 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preference during the extinction period progressively fell toward indifference, and the level of preference following extinction was much the same as that following blackout, which is consistent with Davison and Baum's theory of the effects of reinforcers on local preference.
Abstract: Pigeons were trained in a procedure in which sessions included seven four- or 10-reinforcer components, each providing a different reinforcer ratio that ranged from 27:1 to 1:27. The components were arranged in random order, and no signals differentiated the component reinforcer ratios. Each condition lasted 50 sessions, and the data from the last 35 sessions were analyzed. Previous results using 10-s blackouts between components showed some carryover of preference from one component to the next, and this effect was investigated in Experiment 1 by varying blackout duration from 1 s to 120 s. The amount of carryover decreased monotonically as the blackout duration was lengthened. Preference also decreased between reinforcers within components, suggesting that preference change during blackout might follow the same function as preference change between reinforcers. Experiment 2 was designed to measure preference change between components more directly and to relate this to preference change during blackout. In two conditions a 60-s blackout occurred between components, and in two other conditions a 60-s period of unsignaled extinction occurred between components. Preference during the extinction period progressively fell toward indifference, and the level of preference following extinction was much the same as that following blackout. Although these results are consistent with Davison and Baum's (2000) theory of the effects of reinforcers on local preference, other findings suggest that theory is incomplete: After a sequence of reinforcers from one alternative, some residual preference remained after 60 s of extinction or blackout, indicating the possibility of an additional longer term accumulation of reinforcer effects than originally suggested.

90 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
23 May 2017
TL;DR: An integrated restoration planning approach is introduced to improve the quality of restoration plans globally (such as shorter overall restoration time) by using mathematical programming and simulation in an interactive and iterative way.
Abstract: Power system outages/blackouts, especially weather related, are becoming more and more frequent, incurring significant economic and social costs The ability to restore power services quickly after a blackout is crucial for power system resilience Power system restoration is an extremely complicated process, involving multiple steps, highly combinatorial operational decisions, and highly nonlinear technical constraints, which make restoration planning an exceptionally challenging task This paper will first introduce the restoration process and operations, examine important issues in restoration, and survey the state of the art in the research and practice of power system restoration planning Then, we will focus on the commonly used buildup restoration planning strategy, in which the system is sectionalized into smaller subsystems with initial power sources, and then the subsystems are restored in parallel Due to the complexity, existing approaches treat the sectionalization and restoration separately, leading to a suboptimal restoration plan We will introduce an integrated restoration planning approach to improve the quality of restoration plans globally (such as shorter overall restoration time) by using mathematical programming and simulation in an interactive and iterative way Case studies will be provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach

89 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the sphere of influence, the scale of the effects, the restoration measures and the causes of previous worldwide blackouts and proposed suggestions for the development of China's power industry.
Abstract: Large-scale blackouts have occurred frequently throughout the world. The blackouts that have occurred in recent years not only seriously affect the lives of local residents, but they also cause substantial economic losses. In particular, as modern society increasingly depends on electricity, power outages occurring at any time may result in devastating consequences. Accordingly, identifying the reasons for blackouts and implementing proper restoration measures are of particular importance. This paper analyses the sphere of influence, the scale of the effects, the restoration measures and the causes of previous worldwide blackouts. Based on the findings, suggestions for the development of China׳s power industry are then offered.

86 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023178
2022355
202191
2020120
2019121
2018132