Showing papers on "Blisters published in 1979"
TL;DR: The results indicate that the sieve function of the capillary basement membrane remains intact during the formation of the suction blisters and suction blister fluid might therefore be regarded as representative of interstitial fluid.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the interaction of implanted deuterium and helium with beryllium is of significant interest in the application of first wall coatings and other components of fusion reactors.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the generation of blisters due to irradiation by helium ions and the possible pressure in helium bubbles in metals, the binding energy of helium atoms and vacancies to a bubble, and the kinetics of bubble growth.
Abstract: The generation of blisters due to irradiation by helium ions is investigated theoretically. The possible pressure in helium bubbles in metals, the binding energy of helium atoms and vacancies to a bubble are calculated. The kinetics of bubble growth is studied. Using the known profiles of implanted ions and defects, the gas pressure in bubbles and the stress in a layer are computed as a function of the layer depth, x. Supposing that a crack is formed, at a depth of maximum stress, at the moment, when the stress reaches the point of fracture, expressions for the depth of crack generation and of the critical dose of blister formation are obtained. They are in good agreement with experiment. Estimations of the gas quantity discharged in the crack and of integral lateral stress in an irradiated layer are given. On the basis of these estimations, a conclusion is made of a possibility of blister buckling as being due to pressure inside the blister, on account of the inner stresses in the blister cover....
31 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: To determine the maximum permissible temperature any material may attain without causing pain or burn on contact with bare skin, over 2000 observations were made of pain threshold during contact with materials at elevated temperatures.
Abstract: To determine the maximum permissible temperature any material may attain without causing pain or burn on contact with bare skin, over 2000 observations were made of pain threshold during contact with materials at elevated temperatures. Six materials were used representing the full range of thermal properties from good conductors to good insulators. Time to pain threshold was converted to time to threshold blister on the basis of the relationship between pain and burn established earlier for radiant and for convective heating. Calculated times to blister were used to predict the material temperatures causative of "touch-burn". Experimentally produced threshold blisters at the predicted temperature-times verified the predictions. Graphs and equations were generated for determining safe temperatures for any material in contact with bare skin for 1-5 s solely from a knowledge of its thermal properties. Conversely, the thermal inertia (k rho c) of the optimal material for a specific use and skin contact can be predicted from a knowledge of the maximum material temperature and length of contact time anticipated.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation process of blisters is interpreted by a fracture model on the basis of the stress fields around a lenticular bubble calculated in a previous paper, which implicitly presumes a microcrack nucleated at a depth near the projected range of the ions.
Abstract: The formation process of blisters is interpreted by a fracture model on the basis of the stress fields around a lenticular bubble calculated in a previous paper. This model implicitly presumes a microcrack nucleated at a depth near the projected range of the ions. Two factors are separated theoretically to explain the blister formation: One is a geometrical factor which depends only on the ratio of size to depth, from a free surface, and the other factor is proportional to the square of the ratio between the internal gas pressure of the bubble to plastic yield stress of the target materials, depending entirely on the physical and chemical properties of the materials and gas atoms. The relation between the blister diameter and the cover thickness must be basically linear as expected from the first factor, but is modulated by the second factor, giving a slight departure from linearity as observed by experiment. The ratio of the gas pressure to the yield stress must be 0.02–0.2 in magnitude and depends on th...
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a finite number of generations of helium blistering on austenite steel and Cr-Ni alloy was investigated at ion energy 40 and 100 keV and at doses from 3.1018 cm−2 to 1020 cm −2.
Abstract: The helium blistering on austenite steel and Cr-Ni alloy was investigated at ion energy 40 and 100 keV and at doses from 3. 1018 cm−2 to 1020 cm−2. A finite number of blister generations depending on ion-energy is observed. The diameter of blisters decreases from generation to generation and after the last generation of blisters the increase of doses results in sputtering of the surface and in formation of porous structure of the surface. Theoretical analysis shows: (i) blisters of subsequent generations can be formed only on places where blister covers of previous generations are opened; (ii) The blister diameter decreases from one generation to the next. Hence only a finite number of blister generations can be formed on a given surface. The number of possible blister generations is estimated as a function of ion energy.
21 citations
Patent•
14 Mar 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, an aluminum-plastic composite foil which is clamped firmly in the clamping facility of a device for manufacturing blisters is presented. But the process is such that the composite foil is pre-stretched in a first step and then shaped into a blister in a second step.
Abstract: The invention concerns device for the manufacture of blisters with high barrier properties using metal-plastic composite foils which can be deep drawn, in particular an aluminum-plastic composite foil which is clamped firmly in the clamping facility of a device for manufacturing blisters. The process is such that the composite foil is pre-stretched in a first step and then shaped into a blister in a second step.
19 citations
Patent•
21 May 1979
TL;DR: In this article, a process and a device for manufacturing blisters with high barrier properties from a metal-plastic composite foil which can be deep drawn, in particular from an aluminum plastic composite foil which is held fast in the clamping facility of a device, was described.
Abstract: The invention concerns a process and a device for manufacturing blisters with high barrier properties from a metal-plastic composite foil which can be deep drawn, in particular from an aluminum-plastic composite foil which is held fast in the clamping facility of a device for manufacturing blisters. In shaping the foil into one or more blisters, pressure is applied pneumatically or pneumatically and hydraulically to at least one side of the foil which stretches onto and over a lubricating layer or easy slip plate on the base of a die.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the helium blistering in Cr-Ni alloy and an austenite steel was investigated at 40 keV ion energy at doses from 3.1018 cm−2 to 1020 cm− 2 at room temperature.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism for the formation of vertically elongated blisters in high displacement environments produced by 252 Cf alpha particles and fission fragments has been extended to the case of simple helium ion beams.
8 citations
TL;DR: Increased acid hydrolase activity has been demonstrated in the fluid from experimental suction blisters raised on the sites of contact or photocontact allergic skin reactions, correlated well with the intensity of the reactions.
Abstract: Increased acid hydrolase activity has been demonstrated in the fluid from experimental suction blisters raised on the sites of contact or photocontact allergic skin reactions. The magnitude of the increases correlated well with the intensity of the reactions. The enzymes appeared after latent periods of 10 h for vesicular reactions, 15 h for papular reactions and 24 h for erythematous responses. The present observations are very similar to those reported following UV-B; thus our previous conclusions regarding the role of lysosomal hydrolases in UVR erythema may be generalized to include other forms of cutaneous inflammation.
Patent•
02 Jul 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, two closely neighbouring rotary elements (26, 32) with a parallel axis, between which the blister packages (2) are guided through, are designed as a roller having cams and a set of circular disks arranged on a shaft at mutual intervals of approximately the width of individual blisters.
Abstract: The contents of the blister packages may be tablets, coated tablets, capsules, screws, nails or other small articles. In the case of defective packaging, the already packed contents have to be recovered, which is to be carried out mechanically by the invention. For this purpose, the apparatus has two closely neighbouring rotary elements (26, 32) with a parallel axis, between which the blister packages (2) are guided through. The one rotary element (26) is designed as a roller having cams (30), whereas the other rotary element (32) is a set of circular disks which are arranged on a shaft at mutual intervals of approximately the width of the individual blisters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of irradiation on vanadium blistering has been studied in terms of calculated concentration distribution of Ar atoms taking into account the sputtering effect and calculated damage energy distribution.
Patent•
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TL;DR: In this article, an anaerobic sealant was injected into a cured molded thermoset fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) part to reduce the blister to the preblister form.
Abstract: Blisters on cured molded thermoset fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) parts are repaired by injecting an anaerobic sealant into the blister, pressing the filled blister to reduce the blister to the preblister form while eliminating excess sealant, and heating to cure and set the sealant to hold the blister in its reduced form.
TL;DR: Blister fluids from various vesiculo‐bullous skin diseases were found to hydrolyse several proteinase substrates at almost the same pH optima as healthy human skin extracts.
Abstract: Summary
Blister fluids from various vesiculo-bullous skin diseases were found to hydrolyse several proteinase substrates at almost the same pH optima as healthy human skin extracts. Hydrolysis rates of substrates by different blister samples were found to vary greatly. High hydrolysis rates were found in dermatitis herpetiformis (hydrolysis of casein at pH 75) and in acute infected eczema (hydrolysis of haemoglobin at pH 3.5 and casein at pH 7.5), whilst slow hydrolysis rates were found in burn blisters.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the release of acid hydrolases may be a consequence rather than the cause of blister formation, supported by the lack of inflammatory response to the i.c. injection of blister fluid into normal skin.
Abstract: The activities of eight acid hydrolases have been measured in blister fluid from various bullous disorders and from experimental suction blisters. The levels of all enzymes increased dramatically for at least 24 h after induction of the blister. No correlation was found between acid hydrolase activity and any individual disease. The levels of activity in spontaneous bullae were similar to those reached after 24 h in experimental suction blisters which had been raised on previously inflamed skin.
TL;DR: A specific accumulation of antigen-reactive lymphocytes with receptors for the inducing antigen in situ, at the site of immune inflammation, is demonstrated by the blister method, which provides a feasible basis for the recovery of these cells in a functionally viable state.