Showing papers on "Blisters published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface blisters formed by application of potentials from +1.4 to + 1.63 V vs SSCE in 1.0 m KNO 3 are from 20 to 1000 nm high and from 0.5 to 50 μm at the base.
Abstract: Oxidation of the first fractional carbon monolayer on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes is topographically manifested by the formation of well-defined surface blisters consisting of a solid skin covering a hollow interior. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the surface blisters formed by application of potentials from +1.4 to +1.63 V vs SSCE in 1.0 m KNO 3 are from 20 to 1000 nm high and from 0.5 to 50 μm at the base. Surface analyses by AFM, X-ray microprobe, and Auger electron spectroscopy indicate that the outermost layer of the blister skin is essentially intact HOPG lattice (at the atomic scale) while the interior ofthe blister top contains a layer of graphite oxide (EGO)
117 citations
TL;DR: Fracture blisters are tense vesicles or bullae that arise on markedly swollen skin directly overlying a fracture, most commonly overlying the tibia, ankle, and elbow, and occurred in characteristic locations along the human musculoskeleton in most instances.
Abstract: Fracture blisters are tense vesicles or bullae that arise on markedly swollen skin directly overlying a fracture. There is very little objective data in the literature detailing their characteristics and management. All fracture blisters that occurred over a 3 1/2-year period were studied retrospectively at four hospitals, of which three were level I trauma centers. A total of 53 blisters developed in 51 patients. They occurred in characteristic locations along the human musculoskeleton, most commonly overlying the tibia, ankle, and elbow. They arose within 24-48 h of acute injury in most instances. The timing of surgical intervention affected the occurrence of fracture blisters. Those patients with acute fractures who underwent open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) within 24 h of injury had the lowest incidence of fracture blisters (2.0%) compared with those delayed for > 24 h (8.0%) (p < 0.001). In those patients with fracture blisters present at time of surgery, patient care was affected in 10 of 13 cases (71%). Two of these were major complications occurring as postoperative wound infections. Other management problems consisted of delaying surgery, and changing in the operative plan. There were no adverse affects on patient care when the fracture blister developed postoperatively. Twenty-one fractures with blisters were treated by closed means, with the presence of fractures blisters delaying closed reduction and casting in two. Biopsy examination of 15 blisters supported the clinical impression that fracture blisters are subepidermal vesicles. The blister fluid was found to be a sterile transudate. Microbial evaluation of 11 ruptured fracture blisters demonstrated colonization (primarily with skin pathogens), occurred soon after blister rupture, and continued until reepithelialization.
70 citations
Patent•
19 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a plume is driven through a guide hole in a top plate and into aligned blisters of a stack of blister cards, so that a plurality of blisters can be quickly and cleanly opened.
Abstract: A dispenser and method for dispensing materials from a blister pack of one or more blister cards. A single blister card having a plurality of blisters thereon can be used with other blister cards in a stack. To dispense materials from the aligned blisters of stacked blister cards, a plunger is driven through a guide hole in a top plate and into aligned blisters of a stack of blister cards. In this way, a plurality of blisters can be quickly and cleanly opened. Thus, a plurality of medical pills can be liberated from the blisters and can easily gravitate to a collection region below the stack of blister cards. Several embodiments of the mount for the blister card stack is disclosed.
40 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that reepithelialization may be inhibited beneath burn blisters, and it is concluded that in most cases burn blister should be debrided.
Abstract: The optimal clinical care of burn blisters has not been determined. The effects of burn blister fluid and control serum on epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation were determined. Both burn blister fluid and serum decreased the cell responses necessary for healing of the burn wound by approximately 40%. The degree of suppression varied from 81% to 28% dependency on the specific burn blister fluid and cell tested. These data suggest that reepithelialization may be inhibited beneath burn blisters. We conclude that in most cases burn blisters should be debrided.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated implantation temperature effects on the formation of blisters on the surface of Be foils implanted with low energy, 1.5 keV, deuterium ions to doses ranging from 3×1016 to 1.2×1018 ions cm−2, a dose exceeding by far the saturation.
Abstract: We have investigated implantation temperature effects on the formation of blisters on the surface of Be foils implanted with low energy, 1.5 keV, deuterium ions to doses ranging from 3×1016 to 1.2×1018 ions cm−2, a dose exceeding by far the saturation (≈1.8×1017 ions cm−2: 30% at.). The implantation temperature was varied from 293 Κ (RT) to 983 K. The samples have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For saturated samples, blisters were present even at high temperatures, viz 983 K, and no blisters were found for samples implanted below 20% at.. However, on samples in which a dramatic grain growth has been observed, blisters were found to decorate the grain boundaries and to interconnect with each other. The average blister diameter increases with increasing temperature, thus indicating me thermodynamical aspect of blister formation and coalescence. On the other hand, for low temperature (473 K), the surface structure that has developed is similar to that at RT, except for an increased most probable blister diameter and blister density, and there was no indication that the blisters ruptured. The blister skin thickness agrees well with the projected range of the implanted ions. Over-saturated samples at RT retained only ≈30% at., corroborating the observations that some blisters formed on already ruptured ones.
6 citations
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of bulk oxygen partial pressures on the galvanic blister growth in carbon fiber vinyl ester composites were studied, and it was shown that only galvanic blisters formed only at surface layers for the given electrochemical conditions and the interior layers are protected from blistering because interior layers were depleted from oxygen.
Abstract: : The effects of bulk oxygen partial pressures on the galvanic blister growth in carbon fiber vinyl ester composites were studied. Varying oxygen concentrations significantly affected the corrosion currents when the samples were subjected to a cathodic potential of -900 mV (SCE). An increase in oxygen concentration proportionately increased the corrosion currents which is an almost certain evidence that oxygen reduction reaction occurs on carbon fibers in the composite. The blister detectability times decreased or the blister growth rates increased with increasing oxygen concentration. Comparison of short beam apparent interlaminar shear strength test results of virgin, water saturated, electrolyte saturated and cathodically polarized (until blistered) samples of carbon fiber vinyl ester (CFVE) composite, revealed little changes in the interlaminar shear strength. The results indicated that galvanic blistering of CFVE samples subjected to galvanic conditions (applied potential: -900 mV (SCE) for 7 days did not affect the apparent interlaminar shear strength of the composite. The implication of this result is that only galvanic blisters form only at surface layers for the given electrochemical conditions and the interior layers are protected from blistering because interior layers were depleted from oxygen. This depletion of oxygen in the inner layers is as a result of entire consumption of available dissolved oxygen at the surface carbon layer (as evidenced by the diffusion controlled current). This must be further verified by conducting strength tests of samples subjected to cathodic potentials for longer periods (several months). A modification to the blister nucleation theory was suggested following the ILSS test results.
5 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that impetigo could develop even in adults under appropriate conditions and is mediated by ET action at the granular layer level and occurs without invasion of lymphocytes or neutrophils, or the involvement of any serum components.
4 citations
3 citations
TL;DR: Even apparently normal skin from non‐acral sites has the same structural abnormality as the affected acral sites in EBS‐WC, as well as in normal individuals in whom cleavage occurs below the level of the basal cells, within the lamina lucida.
Abstract: In the Weber-Cockayne form of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-WC), trauma induces blisters which are confined to the palms and soles. Histologically, basal cell cytolysis is seen. We studied 6 patients with EBS-WC to determine the ultrastructural level at which artificially-induced suction blisters form. Blisters were raised by application of a suction blister cup to uninvolved forearm skin, the cup being connected to a negative pressure of 200 mm of mercury. The blisters were biopsied and examined by light and electron microscopy. On light microscopy, all biopsies showed marked vacuolization of keratinocytes in the lower two-thirds of the epidermis, and in all but one there was a cleavage plane through the basal keratinocytes. These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy in 4 patients. The separation through the basal cells is in contrast to the situation in normal individuals in whom cleavage occurs below the level of the basal cells, within the lamina lucida. Thus, even apparently normal skin from non-acral sites has the same structural abnormality as the affected acral sites in EBS-WC.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of environmental variables, including acid concentration, cathodic poisons and applied potentials, on surface blistering on Zirconium, Zircaloy-4 and in particular Zircalanoy-2, has been investigated.