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Showing papers on "Blisters published in 2000"


Patent
21 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a blister pack having a plurality of blisters, each holding a dose of a powdered medicament, comprising a lower base and an upper sealing foil layer.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a blister pack (12) having a plurality of blisters (13) each holding a dose of a powdered medicament comprising a lower base (18) containing a plurality of cavities (19) for the powdered medicament and an upper sealing foil layer (20) which covers the lower base (18) to form the blisters (13). Each cavity (19) is provided with at least one adjacent slit (21) formed by scoring the foil layer (20) and a lower base (18). The slit (21) ensuring accurate penetration of a cavity (19) by a suction tube through which a user can inhale the contents of the cavity (19).

63 citations


Patent
27 Oct 2000
TL;DR: An improved child resistant blister package (10) for medicaments in pill form includes a blister sheet (12) having a pattern of blisters formed therein for receiving individual pills and a rupturable lidding foil (18) laminated to the blister sheet covering and sealing the blisters.
Abstract: An improved child resistant blister package (10) for medicaments in pill form includes a blister sheet (12) having a pattern of blisters (14) formed therein for receiving individual pills and a rupturable lidding foil (18) laminated to the blister sheet covering and sealing the blisters. A reinforcing card (20) having a corresponding pattern of punch-outs (22) formed therein by weakened score lines (24) is laminated to the lidding foil with a punch-out overlying each blister, and a reinforcing film (26) of high strength flexible material is laminated to the card using a low peel adhesive. The reinforcing film covers the punch-outs and an area of the card surrounding each punch-out, and has weakening score lines (30) formed therein separating the areas overlying each punch-out to enable the reinforcing film to be peeled from the portion of the package overlying the individual punch-outs without disturbing the portion overlying the remaining punch-outs. The adhesive bond between the reinforcing film and the punch-out removes the punch-out upon peeling away of the overlying reinforcing film.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A pathogenetic classification of blistering diseases is presented and recent advances have uncovered the relevance of the keratinocyte cytoskeleton, the desmosome, the hemidesmosomes, and extracellular matrix proteins in blister formation.
Abstract: A wide spectrum of diseases of the skin are manifested as a blistering process. Blistering may occur as a secondary event associated with viral or bacterial infections of the skin, eg, herpes simplex and impetigo, or with local injury of the skin, eg, burns, ischemia, and dermatitis. In other diseases, blistering of the skin occurs as a primary event and is associated with tissue injury and fluid accumulation within a specific layer of the skin: intraepidermal, dermal-epidermal junction, or subepidermal. Blister formation in this latter group of diseases is due to either genetic mutation or an autoimmune response. Genodermatoses associated with blisters are typically manifested in the neonate, whereas the autoimmune blistering disorders are acquired and usually expressed later in life. Recent advances have uncovered the relevance of the keratinocyte cytoskeleton, the desmosome, the hemidesmosome, and extracellular matrix proteins in blister formation. A pathogenetic classification of blistering diseases is presented.

49 citations


Patent
James M. Mundt1
15 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a multiple layer laminate assembly having a plurality of transparent cavities containing composition, which can be opened by a method of tearing, peeling and pushing.
Abstract: A blister package for a pharmaceutical treatment card suitable, the blister package having a plurality of individual blisters suitable for containing a pre-measured dosage of a pharmaceutical composition in the form of tablets, pills and capsules. In accordance with a pre-determined schedule of administration of the individually sealed blisters may be opened by a method of tearing, peeling and pushing. The blister card package can be characterized as a multiple layer laminate assembly having a plurality of transparent cavities containing composition.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
C.-C. Sun1, Jianhong Wu1, Wong Tt1, Li-Fang Wang1, Chuan Mt 
TL;DR: This data indicates that suppression of the cell‐mediated immune reaction is an important part in blister formation in bullous pemphigoid disease.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an inflammatory subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoantibodies that recognize hemidesmosomal proteins. In addition to autoantibodies, the cell-mediated immune reaction is considered to play an important part in blister formation. Objectives To investigate some T-cell activation markers and inflammatory cytokines in the blister fluid and sera of patients with BP. METHODS: We measured soluble CD4 (sCD4) and soluble CD8 (sCD8), which have been, respectively, associated with CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were also used to quantify the production of the leucocyte chemoattractant interleukin (IL) -8 and of the cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the blister fluid and sera of 11 patients with BP. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD level of sCD4 in patients' blisters (42.4 +/- 25.0 units mL-1) was significantly elevated (P < 0.005) compared with that in their sera (11.2 +/- 8.9) and that in the suction blisters of 10 healthy people (11.4 +/- 5.4; P < 0.005). Mean +/- SD IL-8 concentrations in BP blisters (4683.6 +/- 3878.1 pg mL-1) were much higher than those in their sera (17.1 +/- 18.9; P < 0.001), and were very significantly elevated (P < 0.005) in comparison with those in suction blisters of healthy persons (512 +/- 292). sCD4 levels in BP blisters were inversely related to IL-10 levels (P = 0. 03, r2 = 0.85), IL-8 levels were positively related to sCD8 levels (P = 0.01, r2 = 0.54), and IL-1beta levels were positively related to sCD8 concentrations (P < 0.005, r2 = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: The correlations suggest that there is a delicately orchestrated network of cytokines and cell-mediated immunity operating in BP blisters.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that the keratin cytoskeleton is linked to the basal plasma membrane of migrating basal cells via BP230 and plectin/HD1 earlier in the more slowly re‐epithelializing blisters than in open wounds, which may inhibit keratinocyte migration in intact blisters.
Abstract: We have investigated re-epithelialization following induction of suction blisters in humans in intact blisters, open wounds, i.e. blister roofs removed immediately after blister induction, and calcipotriol-pretreated open wounds. Intact blisters simulate blister healing in bullous disease, while open wounds simulate re-epithelialization during wound healing. Re-epithelialization was clearly faster in open wounds than in intact blisters, and was not affected by calcipotriol pretreatment. Bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BP180), bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BP230), plectin/hemidesmosomal 1 protein (HD1), laminin 5, laminin alpha5, laminin beta1, type VII collagen, tenascin-C, beta4, alphavbeta5, alpha5 and alpha9 integrins were studied in intact blisters and open wounds by immunohistochemistry. Hemidesmosomal plaque proteins BP230 and plectin/HD1, which connect the keratin cytoskeleton to the hemidesmosome, appeared earlier at the leading edge in intact blisters than in open wounds. Band-like immunostaining in the basement membrane for laminin 5, alpha5 and beta1 chains was continuous in blister bases, but partially discontinuous in open wound bases. The other antigens studied showed similar expression in intact blisters and open wounds. BP180, BP230, plectin/HD1, beta4 integrin, laminin 5 and tenascin-C expression were further studied in calcipotriol-pretreated open wounds. Calcipotriol did not affect the expression of these antigens. The immunohistochemical results suggest that the keratin cytoskeleton is linked to the basal plasma membrane of migrating basal cells via BP230 and plectin/HD1 earlier in the more slowly re-epithelializing blisters than in open wounds. An intact laminin sheath may inhibit keratinocyte migration in intact blisters.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: TL-01 blisters are caused by the quick reduction of acanthosis and desquamation before defensive mechanisms, i.e. the increase in the thickness of the stratum corneum and pigmentation, develop, however, the pathogenetic mechanisms of apoptosis of keratinocytes remain unknown.
Abstract: Background: Asymptomatic blisters on psoriatic plaques are an uncommon adverse effect of TL-01 (UVB narrow-band 312 nm) phototherapy. Objective: We report 7 new c

28 citations


Patent
07 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a device (100) for feeding articles (2) to a blister band (3) moving below and having at least one row of blisters (3a) made therein for receiving corresponding items (2).
Abstract: A device (100) for feeding articles (2) to a blister band (3) moving below and having at least one row of blisters (3a) made therein for receiving corresponding articles (2). The row of blisters is parallel to the blister band forward direction (W). The device (100) has a grid (G) situated over the blister band (3), with at least one longitudinal channel (9), facing the longitudinal row of blisters (3a). A station (101) is provided for feeding the articles (2) to the grid (G), while oscillating means (10, 20) generate a relative oscillating motion between the grid (G) and the corresponding blister band (3), to facilitate stabile introduction of the articles (2) into the corresponding blisters (3a) present along said longitudinal channel (9).

27 citations


Patent
27 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a method for forming a blister band (1) for blister packs (10) in blistering machines (M), a band of heat-formable material is moved stepwise through a preheating station (5), a forming station (6), where a regular series of blisters (20) is formed, a filling station (8), where which said blisters(20) are filled with relative articles, a sealing station (9), in which the blister band is sealed with a covering band (11), and a cutting off station (13), where the
Abstract: According to a method for forming a blister band (1) for blister packs (10) in blistering machines (M), a band (1) of heat-formable material is moved stepwise through a preheating station (5), a forming station (6), where a regular series of blisters (20) is formed, a filling station (8), where which said blisters (20) are filled with relative articles, a sealing station (9), in which the blister band is sealed with a covering band (11), and a cutting off station (13), where the blister band is cut into single blister packs (10). The method includes gradual heating, during the stepwise movement of the band (1) in the preheating station (5), of respective areas (24a, 24b, 24c) of the band (1). The areas (24a, 24b, 24c) are distributed regularly within a cold grid-like zone and have extension suitably bigger than the extension of the blisters (20) made in the region of the heated areas (24a, 24b, 24c).

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Water-filled blisters were observed to form during accelerated aging experiments with aluminum adherends and two structural epoxy adhesives as mentioned in this paper, and the blisters grew with time, originated both in the adhesive and at the epoxy-aluminum interface.
Abstract: Water-filled blisters were observed to form during accelerated aging experiments with aluminum adherends and two structural epoxy adhesives. Both closed adhesive joints and open-face specimens were affected. The blisters grew with time, originated both in the adhesive and at the epoxy-aluminum interface, and were found only at 100% relative humidity at both 65°C and 85°C; blisters were never observed at 85% relative humidity or lower. The same water-soluble ionic species were found in the blister liquid, the two adhesives and water that had been in contact with adhesive samples for an extended period. It is proposed that the blisters grew under the influence of osmosis, originating in water clusters at microscopic voids. Contamination of the aluminum adherends by residual etching solution, although not a necessary precondition for blistering, could facilitate this process by lowering the partial pressure at which water condenses and by creating higher osmotic pressures.

17 citations


Patent
07 Sep 2000
TL;DR: The blister pack for tablets (1) has additional blisters (28) between those (13) which hold the tablets and projecting beyond them as discussed by the authors, while the blisters in the center blister (20) project beyond both other sets of blisters.
Abstract: The blister pack for tablets (1) has additional blisters (28) between those (13) which hold the tablets and projecting beyond them. Centering blisters (20) project beyond both other sets of blisters. An Independent claim is included for a stack of blister packs with an exterior wrapping.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the evolution of interfacial blisters appearing when a glass-filled resistor thick film is coated on polycrystalline AlN and fired over a temperature range of 600 to 800 °C.
Abstract: This study is focused on the evolution of the interfacial blisters appearing when a glass-filled resistor thick film is coated on polycrystalline AlN and fired over a temperature range of 600 to 800 °C. The AlN substrates used include those of the as-received form (hereafter termed the “bare” substrate) and thermally pre-oxidized form. Microstructural observations reveal that the film-substrate adhesion is critically influenced by the gas products formed at the interface during heating. A method is then proposed which involves a composite structure of the film to provide open porosity serving as a conduit for facilitating gas liberation at lower temperatures. This hypothesis is confirmed by the reduced blister occurrence at the interface when “rigid” (i.e., non-sintering) inclusions were blended into the resistor paste before coating on the bare substrate. The film with inclusion fractions less than 10 wt % densifies with improved film integrity as the firing temperature is raised above the gas-forming temperature, indicating that the porosity is transient in character.

Journal Article

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the fluence and energy dependence of blistering induced in some useful materials for the first wall (stainless steels, Ni, Cu, Mo).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the topography of several hundred blisters was examined with interference microscopy, and the shape of the burnished area is typically elliptical or cylindrical and the leading edge against the direction of rotation of the mating seal ring extends abruptly upward from the surrounding surface.
Abstract: Blisters that develop on carbon-graphite mechanical seal faces are irregularities in surface topography that result in poor sealing performance and a high incidence of catastrophic failure. On first inspection, a blister is a burnished area that is slightly elevated above the surrounding seal surface. In this study, the topography of several hundred blisters was examined with interference microscopy. The shape of the burnished area is typically elliptical or cylindrical. The leading edge against the direction of rotation of the mating seal ring extends abruptly upward from the surrounding seal surface. The trailing surface gradually merges into the parent seal face. Most blisters have a maximum height of 0.25 μm to 0.75 μm (10 μ-in to 30 μ-in). Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting Nashville, Tennessee May 7–11, 2000