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Showing papers on "Blisters published in 2004"


Patent
10 Nov 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a tear strip is attached to the lidstock layer over each of the blisters, and the tape advance/blister opening system is triggered when the patient inhales on the mouthpiece.
Abstract: A dose tape for use in a dry powder inhaler has blisters formed in a formpack layer. A lidstock layer is permanently attached over the formpack layer, to seal a dose of dry powder within each of the blisters. A tear strip is attached to the lidstock layer over each of the blisters. The dose tape is provided in a coil within an inhaler having a breath actuated tape advance blister opening system. Moving a dustcap off of a mouthpiece into an open position places the tape advance/blister opening system into a ready condition. When the patient inhales on the mouthpiece, the tape advance/blister opening system is triggered. The blister or dose tape is advanced by one increment, and a blister is automatically opened. Pulling on the tear strip shears out an area of the lidstock over the blister, unsealing the powder contents. Airflow through an air path in the inhaler, generated by inhalation, carries the powder to a disbursion chamber, or directly to the mouthpiece, for inhalation by the patient.

83 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on four adhesion measurement techniques: spontaneous buckles, stressed overlayer-induced buckles and nanoindentation-induced blisters with and without stressed overlayers, to demonstrate that the techniques will produce similar results for the measurement of adhesion energy.
Abstract: Interfacial fracture energies of thin films may be calculated using many different techniques. Nanoindentation and stressed overlayers are by far the most common and more reliable of the testing techniques. They depend on mechanics-based models to calculate the interfacial fracture energy of an interface using only the site specific material properties and the dimensions of the delaminated region, either in spontaneous buckle or indentation-induced blister form. This study will focus on four adhesion measurement techniques: spontaneous buckles, stressed overlayer-induced buckles, and nanoindentation-induced blisters with and without stressed overlayers, to demonstrate that the techniques will produce similar results for the measurement of adhesion energy. Films of tungsten (W), platinum (Pt), and titanium (Ti) on SiO/sub 2/ (amorphous glass) substrates are examined and values of interfacial fracture energies reported. Results of interfacial fracture energy calculated from spontaneous buckles and indentation-induced blisters compare well to one another and values are reported for the aforementioned films.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of carbon impurities in plasmas on tungsten first walls was studied and it was found that a very small amount of carbon (0.3% or more) significantly enhanced blister formation.
Abstract: In order to study the effect of carbon impurities in plasmas on tungsten first walls, a hydrogen–carbon mixed ion beam was irradiated on tungsten. It was found that a very small amount of carbon (~0.3% or more) significantly enhanced blister formation. Small blisters appeared in a fluence of ~1023 H m−2 and their number increased in the 1024 H m−2 range. Then, the size of the blisters increased towards the 1025 H m−2 range. According to XPS analysis, all the tungsten atoms near the top surface were combined with carbon atoms to form a tungsten carbide layer in the cases where significant blisters were observed. This layer prevented the implanted H from leaving the tungsten. As a result, it caused enhanced diffusion into the bulk, leading to blister formation.

49 citations


Patent
26 Oct 2004
TL;DR: Dry powder blister packages include sealed blisters that incorporate or cooperate with a piezoelectric active layer that flexes to vibrate the dry powder in a blister to facilitate active dispersion as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Dry powder blister packages include sealed blisters that incorporate or cooperate with a piezoelectric active layer that flexes to vibrate the dry powder in a blister to facilitate active dispersion.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the characteristics of blister formation for different types of tungsten (stress relieved W. recrystallized W, K-doped W, and La 2 O 3 -doped w) by hydrogen and carbon mixed ion beam irradiation (1 keV H - 3 ).

26 citations


Patent
09 Jul 2004
TL;DR: In this article, an adhesive bandage is described for protecting blisters or wounds, or for preventing chaffing or the formation of blisters, and a method for treating blisters as well as a method to prevent chaff, and the method of preventing blisters and blisters formation is described.
Abstract: An adhesive bandage is disclosed for protecting blisters or wounds, or for preventing chaffing or the formation of blisters. In one embodiment, the bandage includes a protective layer for covering the blister or area of skin to be protected, and an adhesive layer surrounding the protective layer. The opposite side of the bandage contains a low-friction layer or surface and a separate sheet of low-friction material adjacent to but movable with respect to the low-friction layer or surface. The sheet of low-friction material is attached to the bandage in such a way that it can move with respect to the bandage in response to frictional forces, thereby minimizing a transfer of frictional forces from clothing or the like to the bandage. A method of treating blisters, as well as a method of preventing chaffing and the formation of blisters are also disclosed.

22 citations


Patent
21 Oct 2004
TL;DR: Dry powder blister packages include sealed blisters with a piezoelectric active layer that flexes to vibrate the dry powder in a blister to facilitate active dispersion as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Dry powder blister packages include sealed blisters with a piezoelectric active layer that flexes to vibrate the dry powder in a blister to facilitate active dispersion.

21 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Patient age, patient sex, number of medical comorbidities, smoking history, nutritional status, and type of surgery were not statistically significantly associated with risk for developing tape blisters.
Abstract: A tape blister, a skin excoriation that occurs under the taped portion of surgical bandages, can be a source of postoperative morbidity. Tape blisters are caused by the separation of the epidermis from the dermis at the dermal-epidermal junction. Tape resistant to stretching contributes to blister formation because of the concentration of forces at the ends of the tape. Although tape blisters are a pervasive clinical problem, their incidence after hip surgery has rarely been reported in the orthopedic literature. Therefore, we retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients with hip fractures to determine the incidence of tape blisters at our institution. One hundred three patients were included in the study. Tape-related injuries occurred in 22 patients (21.4%). Patient age, patient sex, number of medical comorbidities, smoking history, nutritional status, and type of surgery were not statistically significantly associated with risk for developing tape blisters.

17 citations


Patent
20 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a tear tape to seal off the dose inside each of the blisters in an inhaler, which was intended to be used in an emergency inhaler.
Abstract: The invention relates to a blister strip (150) which is intended to be used in an inhaler. The invention comprises: one layer in the form of a strip (152), a plurality of blisters (160) which are formed in the strip layer (152), a dose of a pharmaceutical compound in each of said blisters (160), a cover layer (154) which is fixed to the strip layer (152) and which seals off the dose inside each blister (160), and a tear tape (158) which is fixed to the cover layer (154) on each of the blisters (160).

15 citations


Patent
Per Hjalmarsson1
31 Aug 2004
TL;DR: A folded blister sheet where the blisters are placed symmetrically on the sheet, so that each blister is facing the back foil of another blister cavity, enabling the blister cavity to endure many times more pressure than if unfolded, and a method of making the blister sheet is described in this paper.
Abstract: A folded blister sheet where the blisters are placed symmetrically on the sheet, so that each blister is facing the back foil of another blister cavity, enabling the blister cavity to endure many times more pressure than if unfolded, and a method of making the blister sheet. The folding takes place immediately at the end of the packaging process. Packing of drugs in blister packages is facilitated so that the necessary protecting carton may be eliminated and shipping and display of the blisters is easier.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted grazing incidence and cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (GIEM and XTEM) observations of the blisters on a H+-irradiated silicon surface.
Abstract: It has been known that blistering occurs in a metal surface long exposed to high-energy gas molecules or ions, such as plasma facing materials. The present authors found that the blistering takes place even in hard and brittle semiconductors and ceramics by gas ion (D+ and He+) irradiation. In the present study we conducted grazing incidence and cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (GIEM and XTEM) observations of the blisters on a H+-irradiated silicon surface. The curvature of hydrogen-blister skin is smaller than that of D-blister reported in a previous study. This suggests that the displacement damage by nuclear stopping plays an important role in the large plastic deformation in the blistering. XTEM observation revealed that the blister skin contains a high density of lattice defects. With these result in mind the formation mechanism of hydrogen-irradiation-induced blistering is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that blisters are formed by crystalline lamellae strongly bended, plastically deformed, and suspended over buried empty cavities, and the volume of protruding blister surface is almost equal to the buried empty volumes, thus suggesting a mechanism for blister formation based on H and He precipitation and migration of silicon atoms toward the surface.
Abstract: Transmission electron microscopy has allowed us to draw the three-dimensional structure of blisters formed after high-temperature annealing of He-H co-implanted silicon by combining the unique capability of site-selective cross sectioning of the focused ion beam with conventional plan view images. It has been shown that blisters are formed by crystalline lamellae strongly bended, plastically deformed, and suspended over buried empty cavities. The volume of the protruding blister surface is almost equal to the buried empty volumes, thus suggesting a mechanism for blister formation based on H and He precipitation and migration of silicon atoms toward the surface.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered telephone cord delamination channels for micro-fluidics applications, as this could to be a valuable, reliable, and inexpensive method of forming open channels.
Abstract: Argon pressure significantly affects the residual stress in sputter deposited thin films and coatings. In case of W thin films, high residual stresses on the order of 1-2 GPa are quite common. With the rest of sputtering parameters being equal, argon pressure determines the sign and the value of residual stress. When the amount of stored elastic energy in the film due to the residual stress exceeds the interfacial toughness, fracture normally occurs. Telephone cord buckling delamination blisters are commonly observed in compressed thin films. These mechanically active features form by a loss of adhesion between the film and the substrate due to residual stress relief, and exhibit directional growth under certain conditions. This paper considers telephone cord delamination channels for micro-fluidics applications, as this could to be a valuable, reliable, and inexpensive method of forming open channels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an ion etching with oblique injection for polycrystalline copper was applied for reduction of the surface roughness, and the results showed that preferential sputtering occurred for the protuberant parts of blisters.

Patent
29 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a composition for the preventive treatment of recurring fever blisters, where a composition, which comprises a physical UV filter, a zinc salt with antiviral action, and an additive suitable for topical application, is preventively applied topically to parts of the face which can be affected by the blisters.
Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for the preventive treatment of fever blisters, including recurring fever blisters, wherein a composition, which comprises a physical UV filter, a zinc salt with antiviral action and an additive suitable for topical application, is preventively applied topically to parts of the face which can be affected by fever blisters. Preferred compositions, in particular stable oil-in­-water emulsions, also form part of the invention.

Patent
26 Apr 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the cleaner tablet dispenser for dishwashers and washing machines comprises a blister pack (7) with circular blisters (3, 8) containing the tablets (4, 4').
Abstract: The cleaner tablet dispenser for dishwashers and washing machines comprises a blister pack (7) with circular blisters (3, 8) containing the tablets (4, 4'). The pack is water-permeable or soluble and releases the tablets from their blisters when the machine is filled.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both groups showed a similar change across time, with a nonsignificant trend toward improvement in the standard therapy group at 10 min and in the 2-octylcyanoacrylate group at 3 days, but this did not reach statistical significance.
Abstract: Early military investigations of blister treatment using tissue adhesives have shown promise, finding that these agents provide pain relief, prevent infection, and allow continuation of recruit training. A trial was conducted to compare a 2-octylcyanoacrylate treatment with military standard therapy. Patients were recruited during foot evaluation at the end of a 10-km military road march. Seventy-five patients were screened, and 51 were enrolled. Twenty-six patients received 2-octylcyanoacrylate and 25 received standard treatment. A total of 80 blisters were treated (40 in each group). The mean (SD) blister size in the 2-octylcyanoacrylate group was 12.7 (6.2) mm and in the standard group was 12.0 (5.7) mm. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the baseline variables. Baseline and repeated-measures visual analog scale scores demonstrated no statistically significant differences in initial or repeat pain scores. Both groups showed a similar change across time, with a nonsignificant trend toward improvement in the standard therapy group at 10 min (28.5 versus 24.9) and in the 2-octylcyanoacrylate group at 3 days (42.9 versus 50.1). Mean Likert scores were similar, indicating no difference in patient satisfaction. Time to resumption of normal activity was similar, with one patient in each group unable to return to activity at the time of follow-up. There was a trend toward an increased proportion of patients in the 2-octylcyanoacrylate group who were able to return to normal activity within 48 hours, but this did not reach statistical significance. 2-Octylcyanoacrylate was associated with a greater degree of procedural discomfort. No infected blisters were noted in either group.

Patent
21 Oct 2004
TL;DR: A multi-component blister pack in which the blister sections are formed from a composite material with at least two layers, at least one of which is essentially impermeable to gas (especially oxygen) and shows a lower tensile elongation at break than the other layer(s).
Abstract: A multi-component blister pack in which the blister sections are formed from a composite material with at least two layers, at least one of which is essentially impermeable to gas (especially oxygen) and shows a lower tensile elongation at break than the other layer(s). Packaging (1) with at least two storage compartments (2, 4) for the packaged substance, each being formed by a blister section (2', 4') and a cover section (2, 4) and capable of being brought at least partly in contact with one another, and in which at least one of the blister sections (4') is more permeable to gas, especially to oxygen, than the other (2'). The blister sections (2', 4') consist of a composite material (10) with at least two layers (12, 14, 16), at least one of which (14) is essentially impermeable to gas (especially oxygen) and shows a lower tensile elongation at break than the other layers (12, 16). An independent claim is also included for a method for the production of (1) by making a composite material (10) as above, forming blister sections (2', 4') as above and sealing the blisters with a cover (2, 4) to as to form adjacent compartments (2, 4) which can be connected together.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Oblique injection of argon ions with energy of 1 keV was conducted for etching of polycrystalline copper as mentioned in this paper, where the surface became rough owing to the formation of blisters.
Abstract: Oblique injection of argon ions with energy of 1 keV was conducted for etching of polycrystalline copper. The surface became rough owing to the formation of blisters. The average diameter and height of blisters was approximately 150 and 20–30 nm, respectively. The polycrystalline copper irradiated by argon ions was annealed to rupture the blisters. The retained argon desorbed in the temperature range from 500 to 800 K. The height of blisters significantly reduced to 10–15 nm although the diameter and surface density of blisters roughly remained the same.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: These diseases are characterized histopathologically by formation of intraepidermal blisters and can be classified into four main groups.
Abstract: These diseases are characterized histopathologically by formation of intraepidermal blisters and can be classified into four main groups. These are

Patent
26 Mar 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a method for characterizing a dose or dosage of implanted atomic species in a substrate by annealing the substrate after implantation of the atomic species, with the anneal conducted at a temperature and for a time sufficient to cause blisters in a surface region of the substrate but below that which would cause a majority or significant amount of the blisters to burst.
Abstract: A method for characterizing a dose or dosage of implanted atomic species in a substrate by annealing the substrate after implantation of the atomic species, with the anneal conducted at a temperature and for a time sufficient to cause the implanted atomic species to from blisters in a surface region of the substrate but below that which would cause a majority or significant amount of the blisters to burst; imaging the surface region of the substrate to obtain a surface image; and processing the surface image to characterize the implant dose of the atomic species. This characterization can be performed on a qualitative or quantitative basis, as desired.

Patent
28 Oct 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a continuous and elongated blister-pack strip having transverse rows of blisters of which some are empty and most are full is transported through a stamping station, and an upstream sensor along the path upstream of the station determines whether the blisters entering the station are full.
Abstract: A continuous and elongated blister-pack strip having transverse rows of blisters of which some are empty and most are full is transported through a stamping station. An upstream sensor along the path upstream of the station determines whether the blisters entering the station are full. A device in the station can stamp out of the strip sections each including a plurality of blisters. The stamper is not actuated and thereby leaves unfilled blisters on the strip when any blisters in the station are not full. A downstream sensor along the path downstream of the station detects spaces in the strip between any blisters left on the strip, and a cutter along the path downstream of and connected to the downstream sensor severs the strip between the rows of blisters into pieces each including at least one row of intact blisters.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
21 Oct 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, an optical system of three-dimensional reconstruction for the detection quantitative evaluation of blisters in polymer coated steel was implemented, which explores a region of 4 x 3 mm with a resolution of 10 μm, using the fringe projection method.
Abstract: In the industrial application field, the presence of blisters in coated steel is an important quality factor of the protection coating applied on the surface. In this work, an optical system of three-dimensional reconstruction for the detection quantitative evaluation of blisters in polymer coated steel was implemented. The implemented optical system explores a region of 4 x 3 mm with a resolution of 10 μm, using the fringe projection method. The experimental evaluation was realized using six test samples of different protection coating. The test samples were continually exposed to controlled saline atmospheres and they were periodically measured. The presence of first blisters on the surface was determined. Also, the quantitative parameters were measured as maximum height and mean width of blisters, after 566 hours of exposition.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a helium ion etching for polycrystalline copper was conducted, and after that the surface uniformity was examined, showing that the irradiated surface showed unevenness with a roughness of sub-micron size, caused by growth of blisters.

Patent
08 Jul 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a strip is made from a row of blisters with apertures cut between blisters but not going as far as its edges, then filled, sealed with the closing layer and the edges cut off to separate the blisters from one another.
Abstract: The strip, having a series of blisters (10) containing doses of a fluid or powdered product, is made with a single closing layer (20) for all the blister cavities in the strip. The blisters are fed one at a time into the inhaler and are separated individually from the closing layer, being discarded outside the inhaler as they are emptied. In addition, the blisters can be made with an edge shaped to facilitate opening. The strip is made from a row of blisters with apertures cut between blisters but not go as far as its edges. The blisters are then filled, sealed with the closing layer and the edges cut off to separate the blisters from one another.

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jan 2004-Shinku
TL;DR: In this article, a polycrystalline copper at room temperature was irradiated with 5 keV helium ions by changing the incident angle and the ion fluence, and the surface morphology was observed for the irradiated Cu.
Abstract: Polycrystalline copper at room temperature was irradiated with 5 keV helium ions by changing the incident angle and the ion fluence. The surface morphology was observed for the irradiated Cu. Many blisters with different sizes were observed on the irradiated sample. With the increase of incident angle, θ, (up to 45°), the average size of the blister remained almost the same while the surface density of the blister decreased. When the incident angle was 67.5°, the average size and height of blister became large owing to the blister evolution. In the case of θ=67.5°, the surface density of the blister rapidly decreased, and the size of the blister gradually increased with the increase of ion fluence.

Patent
04 Sep 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel pharmaceutical blister having reduced steam and gas permeability was proposed, where conventional blisters are coated with a silicon oxide-containing layer that is functional against gases, steam, and organic molecules.
Abstract: The invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical blister having reduced steam and gas permeability. According to the invention, conventional blisters are coated with a silicon oxide-containing layer that is functional against gases, steam, and organic molecules.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the surface layers should be stretched laterally at the top of blisters and are compressed at the rim, relative to the flat surfaces, and the rims of the blisters have higher oxygen intensities than flat surfaces and the tops have lower than flats.
Abstract: Surface stress can be utilized positively in modifying the surface reaction potential and increasing the surface reactivity. It will be a technique for two-dimensional patterning of surface chemical reactions by means of surface stress modulation. Blister is a local protrusion of solid surface induced by gas ion irradiation, and is considered to create local stress on surface layers. Si(100) substrate was irradiated with H+ (ion energy of 10 keV and fluence of 1×1022 ions/m2) at an angle of 30o to the surface normal. The blisters of several μm in diameter at the bottom were formed. After the ion irradiation, the substrate was oxidized. By means of scanning Auger microscopy, we observed that the rims of the blisters have higher oxygen intensities than the flat surfaces and the tops have lower than the flats. The stress distribution of the blister was calculated using finite element methods; the surface layers should be stretched laterally at the top of blisters and are compressed at the rim, relative to the flat surfaces. The O distribution clearly consists with the stress distribution of the surface. Our results demonstrate a patterned oxidation of Si surface applying its reactivity depending on the surface stress.