Showing papers on "Blisters published in 2022"
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors measured the profiles of blisters formed by transferred multilayer graphene and MoS2 sheets, and the transition of their characteristic shape from a constant aspect ratio to a constant dome curvature was observed.
Abstract: Blisters can form spontaneously when transferring 2D materials on a substrate because of the small molecules trapped at the interface. Though extensive works have revealed a characteristic aspect ratio of these blisters by neglecting the bending effect of the layer, how the bending comes into play as the layer number increases has not been fully understood. Here, by simply measuring the profiles of blisters formed by transferred multilayer graphene and MoS2 sheets, the variable profiles of blisters and the transition of their characteristic shape from a constant aspect ratio to a constant dome curvature are observed. Taking variable profiles of blisters and different characteristics of the interface into consideration, a theoretical model is established, and the mechanism of such transition is further analytically unveiled. In addition, based on this theory, the bending stiffness of sheets and the adhesion energy between sheets and substrates can be obtained simultaneously. This method is simple but robust, providing a new experimental way to explore the mechanical behavior of 2D material structures.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , different electrochemical hydrogen charging methodologies are evaluated to find a suitable hydrogenation methodology that allows to charge pipeline steel specimens without inducing any hydrogen related damage during the charging process.
10 citations
TL;DR: A case of aggressive bullous pemphigoid (BP) concurrent with plaque psoriasis successfully treated with Janus kinase inhibitor Baricitinib in an 83‐year‐old Chinese man shows a complete remission of both bullous and psoriatic lesions without any adverse effects.
Abstract: We report a case of aggressive bullous pemphigoid (BP) concurrent with plaque psoriasis successfully treated with Janus kinase inhibitor Baricitinib. The 83‐year‐old Chinese man suffered 10 years of psoriasis and developed BP with typical intense blisters and significantly elevated serum anti‐BP180 autoantibodies. Due to concerns on his poor health conditions including stage III hypertension and potential serious side effects of standard treatment with systematic steroid, he was given Baricitinib orally 4 mg/day. Significant improvement in skin lesions and pruritus was noted following treatment for 12 weeks, from which the dose of Baricitinib was halved and continued for an additional 12 weeks. He showed a complete remission of both bullous and psoriatic lesions without any adverse effects at the 24‐week follow‐up visit. Our observation suggests a potential of Baricitinib as a new alternative therapeutic option for concurrent plaque psoriasis and BP or either of them.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article , carbon steel is used as an electrocatalyst for the first time as a cost-effective method for the utilization of seawater that further contributes to the promotion of green energy production.
Abstract: In response to the global energy crisis, water splitting has become one of the most efficient methods to produce hydrogen as an excellent substitute for fossil fuels. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen and its interaction with iron have granted carbon steel (CS) the susceptible nature to hydrogen, and therefore CS is considered a promising electrocatalyst in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Compared to many traditional alkaline electrolytes, simulated seawater exhibits reasonable performance that facilitates an effective hydrogen evolution reaction. In the electrolysis of simulated seawater, the lowest overpotential of strained CS samples (-391.08 mV) is comparable to that of Pt plate electrodes (-377.31 mV). This is the result of the plane strain introduced to CS samples by a hydraulic press and indentation, which help to facilitate mass transport through diffusion for hydrogen evolution. The susceptibility of CS is verified by the formation of nanoscale hydrogen blisters that form in the proximity of grain boundaries. These blisters are the result of hydrogen gas pressure that is built up by the absorbed atomic hydrogen. These hydrogen atoms are believed to accumulate along the CS {1 1 0} planes adjacent to grain boundaries. CS has so far not been studied for the catalysis of water splitting. In this study, CS is used as an electrocatalyst for the first time as a cost-effective method for the utilization of seawater that further contributes to the promotion of green energy production.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , pull-to-peel was used to determine Young's moduli and adhesions of thin-film materials to gold substrates, which can be harnessed for the design of nanoscale force sensors or exploited in other thin-filament systems.
Abstract: The flexible and clinging nature of ultrathin films requires an understanding of their elastic and adhesive properties in a wide range of circumstances from fabrications to applications. Simultaneously measuring both properties, however, is extremely difficult as the film thickness diminishes to the nanoscale. Here we address such difficulties through peeling by pulling thin films off from the substrates (we thus refer to it as "pull-to-peel"). Particularly, we perform in situ pull-to-peel of graphene and MoS2 films in a scanning electron microscope and achieve simultaneous determination of their Young's moduli and adhesions to gold substrates. This is in striking contrast to other conceptually similar tests available in the literature, including indentation tests (only measuring elasticity) and spontaneous blisters (only measuring adhesion). Furthermore, we show a weakly nonlinear Hooke's relation for the pull-to-peel response of two-dimensional materials, which may be harnessed for the design of nanoscale force sensors or exploited in other thin-film systems.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article , surface morphology and internal microstructure of tungsten (W) pre-implanted by 40 keV mass-separated helium (He) ions with different fluences at room temperature were investigated.
Abstract: Surface morphology and internal microstructure of tungsten (W) pre-implanted by 40 keV mass-separated helium (He) ions with different fluences at room temperature were investigated in this work. The morphology changes of the samples were analyzed almost in situ, by repetitively examined the specified irradiation area which is marked by focused ion beam technology. As the samples were implanted by He ion with a fluence of 6 × 1020 He m−2, no He blisters or other microstructures could be found on the surface. When the fluence reaches 6 × 1021 He m−2, a large number of He blisters with the size of ∼1 μm were observed on the W specimens. For the results of the subsequent deuterium plasma exposure, instead of deuterium-induced blistering, no changes on the W surface which pre-irradiated by He ion irradiation at low fluence (6 × 1020 He m−2). Surprisingly, for He ions pre-implanted W with high fluence (6 × 1021 He m−2), almost all the He blisters were cracked and their lids even peeled off. It could be attributed to the lateral stress caused by subsequent D exposure. Moreover, the size of He bubbles was also increased under subsequent deuterium exposure, suggesting that He atoms can attract D atoms. No deuterium blisters were found on these samples which were pre-implanted with high and low fluences, suggesting that He ion pre implantation can effectively inhibit the surface blistering caused by deuterium exposure.
5 citations
TL;DR: Pemphigus vulgaris is an IgG autoantibody-mediated, potentially fatal mucocutaneous disease manifested by progressive non-healing erosions and blisters and pharmacologic agents that protect mitochondrial function offer a new targeted approach to treating this severe immunoblistering disease.
Abstract: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an IgG autoantibody-mediated, potentially fatal mucocutaneous disease manifested by progressive non-healing erosions and blisters. Beyond acting to inhibit adhesion molecules, PVIgGs elicit a unique process of programmed cell death and detachment of epidermal keratinocytes termed apoptolysis. Mitochondrial damage by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) has proven to be a critical link in this process. AMA act synergistically with other autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of PV. Importantly, absorption of AMA inhibits the ability of PVIgGs to induce blisters. Pharmacologic agents that protect mitochondrial function offer a new targeted approach to treating this severe immunoblistering disease.
4 citations
TL;DR: A sense of acceptance of these dermatological issues, even a sense of pride in what they represent is demonstrated, and the incidence of blisters becoming infected was estimated to be so low that most rowers would not have encountered such serious, albeit rare, consequences.
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Rowing is a sport that involves constant gripping, pulling/pushing, and rotational movements of the hands, in a cyclic periodic manner with every stroke, with hundreds of strokes being taken within a short period of time. Dermatological issues on rowers’ hands (fingers and palms) in the form of blisters and calluses are common knowledge within the community, but their prevalence and the rower’s perceptions and pain tolerance to them has never been systematically evaluated. This work addresses these lacunae. Materials and Methods: Analysis of data collected from a survey on a sample of competitive (117) and noncompetitive rowers (28) who row on-water (total 145). Results: It was found that approximately 69% of rowers participating in this study have calluses on their hands for most of their time (considered by them as not painful). The incidence of blisters was found to be lower (but perceived as more painful). Their incidence was found to be fairly independent of the frequency and intensity of training, but they seem to affect most rowers equally at the beginning of season or during a change of position (nonconditioned hands). Blisters and calluses were reported to be mainly located on the proximal phalanges and metacarpo-phalangeal joint area of both hands, i.e., on the lower parts of the fingers and the upper inner palms. Conclusions: Rowers demonstrated a sense of acceptance of these dermatological issues, even a sense of pride in what they represent. The incidence of blisters becoming infected was estimated to be so low that most rowers would not have encountered such serious, albeit rare, consequences.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article , CVD graphene with a typical set of structural features (domains, folds and blisters) is used to see the relation between the effects of its nanostructuring by high-energy ion irradiation (Xe and Kr with energies 26-167 MeV) and the graphene structure.
4 citations
01 May 2022-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms
TL;DR: In this paper , surface modification, deuterium trapping, microstructure, hardness of tungsten alloys (W-5Ti) and reference Tungsten (W) were investigated.
Abstract: Surface modification, deuterium trapping, microstructure, hardness of tungsten – titanium alloys (W-5Ti) and reference tungsten (W) were investigated. All the specimens were exposed to deuterium plasma (100 eV) for 2 h and 4 h with a density of 1.8 × 1021 D (m−2 s−1) at 470 K. Surface blistering and D retention in tungsten is strongly suppressed by Ti doping. Two typical regions are observed on W-5Ti alloys, namely, W–Ti solid solute area and Ti-enriched region. Most of blisters appeared on Ti-enriched area while no blisters were observed on the W–Ti solid solute region. In addition, the hardness of W is significantly improved by Ti-doping.
TL;DR: In this paper , the blister formation process of Mo/Si multilayers with a capping layer was investigated using a high-frequency hydrogen plasma system as a hydrogen ion source under varying hydrogen ion exposure conditions.
Abstract: Mo/Si multilayer mirrors are used for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. The formation of hydrogen-induced blisters in the Mo/Si multilayer is a problem that reduces the reflectance of the mirror. To evaluate the blister-resistance of EUV mirrors, the blister formation processes of Mo/Si multilayers with a capping layer were investigated using a high-frequency hydrogen plasma system as a hydrogen ion source under varying hydrogen ion exposure conditions. As a result, it was observed that blister formation by low-energy hydrogen ion irradiation of about 10 eV increases the blister-occupied area, depending on the amount of the ion dose. Furthermore, the sample was heated to promote the diffusion of hydrogen atoms, and the activation energy of blister formation was examined using the Arrhenius plot of the ion dose required for blister formation with respect to the heating temperature. The analysis showed that when the ion flux is known, the blister formation time can be predicted.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reported a case of Erythema multiforme following administration of Ceftriaxone in an adult male, who developed mucosal bullae and extensive ulcerations in the oral cavity and crusted lesions on the lips.
TL;DR: A patient with DDEB is described with marked improvement in erythema as well as fewer and less symptomatic episodes of blistering following treatment with PDL.
Abstract: Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DDEB), an inherited disorder due to type VII collagen mutations, is characterized by blisters and erosions that heal with scarring, atrophy, and milia. There is no established role for laser in the management of patients with DDEB. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is most often used to target vascular skin lesions. We describe a patient with DDEB with marked improvement in erythema as well as fewer and less symptomatic episodes of blistering following treatment with PDL.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors propose aero-sive algorithm. But it is difficult to use it for real-time applications, and unreliable, and it is unreliable.ero-Sive
Abstract: ero-sive
TL;DR: In this article , the same authors showed that the prismatic loops punched from the bubble surface do not need to be smaller than the bubble cross-section, and they observed the emission of a complete prismatic loop enclosed within the number of shear loops with the Burgers vectors aligned with the gliding direction of the bubble.
TL;DR: In this paper , an extensive experimental and analytical analysis of the spontaneous blister-formation in the multilayer graphene (MLG) flakes over a polymeric substrate is reported, which elucidates the involved mechanism and the governing parameters behind the development of elastic-solid as well as viscoelastic-substrate based instabilities.
Abstract: The blistering of elastic membranes is prone to elastic-solid as well as substrate-based mechanical instabilities. The solid-based instabilities have been well-explored in the mechanically indented blisters of elastic membranes over the rigid/solid substrates, but an integrated study illustrating the underlying mechanism for the onset of solid as well as substrate-based instabilities in the spontaneous blistering of a 2D material is still lacking in the literature. In this article, an extensive experimental as well as analytical analysis of the spontaneous blister-formation in the multilayer graphene (MLG) flakes over a polymeric substrate is reported, which elucidates the involved mechanism and the governing parameters behind the development of elastic-solid as well as viscoelastic-substrate based instabilities. Herein, a ‘blister-collapse model’ is proposed, which infers that the suppression of the hoop compression, resulting from the phase-transition of the confined matter, plays a crucial role in the development of the instabilities. The ratio of blister-height to flake-thickness is a direct consequence of the taper-angle of the MLG blister and the thickness-dependent elasticity of the upper-bounding MLG flake, which shows a significant impact on the growth-dynamics of the viscous fingering pattern (viscoelastic-substrate based instability) under the MLG blister.
TL;DR: In this article , the modification of surface, distribution of helium bubbles and the behavior of helium release are reported through a careful investigation on tungsten samples which were exposed to helium plasma and subsequent hydrogen plasma.
TL;DR: In this paper , the analysis of the natural long-term aging of both the intact tablets and the active pharmaceutical ingredient was performed using the near infrared spectroscopy of intact tablets packed in plastic blisters, supported by chemometrics.
TL;DR: In this article , it was shown that at pH < 2, nanoscale to micrometer-sized graphene blisters, up to ∼100 nm in height, are universally generated with high surface coverages on hydrophilic but not hydrophobic surfaces.
Abstract: We report that for monolayer and few-layer graphene on common silicon and glass substrates, acidic solutions induce fast, spontaneous generation of solution-enclosing blisters/bubbles. Using interference reflection microscopy, we monitor the blister-generating process in situ and show that at pH < ∼2, nanoscale to micrometer-sized graphene blisters, up to ∼100 nm in height, are universally generated with high surface coverages on hydrophilic, but not hydrophobic, surfaces. The spontaneously generated blisters are highly dynamic, with growth, merging, and reconfiguration occurring at second-to-minute time scales. Moreover, we show that in this dynamic system, graphene behaves as a semipermeable membrane that allows the relatively free passing of water, impeded passing of the NaCl solute, and no passing of large dye molecules. Consequently, the blister volumes can be fast and reversibly modulated by the solution osmotic pressure.
TL;DR: In this paper , a detailed comparison of the microstructure dependence of blister formation in pure tungsten is presented, which shows that the dislocation mainly acts as a diffusion channel under the present exposure conditions wherein the irradiation temperature was quite high and the exposed materials possessed the recovered dislocation structure, thereby resulting in the acceleration of blister forming with decreasing dislocation density due to the lowered out-diffusion rate of D.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors evaluated the influence of sock fibres on the appearance of foot blisters in hikers and found that the proportion of natural/synthetic fibres in the composition of the sock was not associated with the presence of blisters.
TL;DR: An alternative solution to the problem of aluminum-plastic multilayer waste utilization was suggested in this paper , where three different sorts of aluminumplastic sandwich materials were treated with an alkali solution.
Abstract: An alternative solution to the problem of aluminum–plastic multilayer waste utilization was suggested. The process can be used for hydrogen generation and layer separation. Three different sorts of aluminum–plastic sandwich materials were treated with an alkali solution. In the temperature range of 50–70 °C, for tablet blisters of polyvinylchloride and aluminum (14.8 wt.%), the latter thoroughly reacted in 15–30 min. For sheets of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum (20 wt.%), full hydrogen ‘recovery’ from reacted aluminum component took 3–8 min. From the lids of polyethylene terephthalate, aluminum (60 wt.%), and painted polyethylene with perforations, the aluminum was consumed after 45–105 min. The effect of perforations was the reduction of the process duration from nearly 90 min for the lids with no perforations to nearly 45 min for the perforated ones (at 70 °C). Perforations provided better contact between the aluminum foil, isolated between the plastic layers, and the alkali solution. Hydrogen bubbles originating near those perforations provided foil separation from the upper painted plastic layer by creating gas gaps between them. The remaining components of the composite multilayer materials were separated and ready for further recycling.
TL;DR: A very atypical and unusual course of pemphigus vulgaris with extensive keloid formation despite high systemic steroids is described, promoted by the severe flare of the disease, the delay of scarring, and the superinfection.
Abstract: Since pemphigus blisters are intraepidermal, scarring should induce at most a post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation. We describe a very atypical and unusual course of pemphigus vulgaris with extensive keloid formation despite high systemic steroids. This could be promoted by the severe flare of the disease, the delay of scarring, and the superinfection.
TL;DR: A rare case of twins with Bart’s syndrome, who were born with congenital absence of skin and developed blisters on the skin and mucous membrane on the following days, which confirms the genetic basis of the syndrome.
Abstract: Bart’s syndrome is a combination of the following three criteria: congenital skin absence, blistering, and associated nail defects. We present a rare case of twins with Bart’s syndrome, who were born with congenital absence of skin and developed blisters on the skin and mucous membrane on the following days. Twins are identically affected, which confirms the genetic basis of the syndrome.
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of stacking order of metal precursors on the formation of volume defects, such as blisters and nanopores, in CZTSSe thin-film solar cells was investigated.
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the effect of the stacking order of metal precursors on the formation of volume defects, such as blisters and nanopores, in CZTSSe thin-film solar cells. We fabricated CZTSSe thin films using three types of metal-precursor combinations, namely, Zn/Cu/Sn/Mo, Cu/Zn/Sn/Mo, and Sn/Cu/Zn/Mo, and studied the blister formation. The blister-formation mechanism was based on the delamination model, taking into consideration the compressive stress and adhesion properties. A compressive stress could be induced during the preferential formation of a ZnSSe shell. Under this stress, the adhesion between the ZnSSe film and the Mo substrate could be maintained by the surface tension of a metallic liquid phase with good wettability, or by the functioning of ZnSSe pillars as anchors, depending on the type of metal precursor used. Additionally, the nanopore formation near the back-contact side was found to be induced by the columnar microstructure of the metal precursor with the Cu/Zn/Mo stacking order and its dezincification. Based on the two volume-defect-formation mechanisms proposed herein, further development of volume-defect-formation suppression technology is expected to be made.
TL;DR: In this paper , the influence of porosity and blistering on the thermal fatigue behavior of tungsten was investigated, and the results highlight the necessity of a 'life cycle assessment' of the Tungsten PFM for nuclear fusion reactors.
Abstract: Tungsten is the leading plasma-facing material (PFM) for nuclear fusion applications. It faces severe operating conditions, including intense hydrogen plasma exposure and high-cycle transient heat loading, which create various defects in tungsten. Additionally, defects have often already been introduced during manufacturing. Little is understood regarding the synergistic effect of such defects on the lifetime of tungsten so far. Here, we investigate the influence of porosity and blistering on the thermal fatigue behavior of tungsten. The pores resulted from powder metallurgy whereas the blistering was induced by hydrogen plasma exposure. Both conditions were subjected to transient heat loading by a high-power pulsed laser. The exposure was performed in the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI, which closely mimics the expected particle and heat flux in the world’s largest fusion experiment, ITER. Both porosity and blistering degraded the fatigue resistance of tungsten. Pores tended to aggregate at high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and assisted crack initiation therein, as revealed by focused ion beam cross-sectioning and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The blisters were characteristic of subsurface cavities, which were located at a depth close to the surface roughness induced by transient heat loading. The stress concentration at the tip of the cavities is considered to promote crack initiation. The results highlight the necessity of a ‘life cycle assessment’ of the tungsten PFM for nuclear fusion reactors.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigate the mechanics governing the buckle-delamination and post-buckling evolution of compressed thin films adhered to rigid substrate, where the interface adhesion is attributed by van der Waals interactions.