Blisters

About: Blisters is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 980 publications have been published within this topic receiving 16229 citations.

Treatment and Prevention of Foot Friction Blisters

Abstract: Treatment and Prevention of Foot Friction Blisters M ost of us whowalk, run, hike, or bike are well aware of the pain and discomfort caused by a simple foot friction blister. These hot spots and eventual blisters can make what was supposed to be an enjoyable workout a miserable hobbling experience. The U.S. military is well aware of the detrimental effects of blisters on mission readiness and complications from what seemed to be a simple foot problem. Blisters have been shown to reduce a soldier’s mobility in the field, lessen his or her concentration, and affect critical decision-making skills (12,17). Complications from blisters including cellulitis, sepsis, and death are reported and occur between 2.5% and 5% in military personnel (2,13). Health and fitness professionals and recreational and elite athletes alike should have basic knowledge of those factors that influence blister formation, how to treat blisters should they occur, and, most importantly, how to prevent them. Foot blisters may be the most common sports injury. The incidence of blisters in marathon runners is 0.2% to 39% (15). During military training, the blister incidence ranges from 5.4% to 69% (8,9,17). During Operation Iraqi Freedom I (OIF I), 33% of deployed military reported friction blisters during their deployment (4). Hikers also experience blisters with an incidence up to 48% (12). Clearly, blisters are a common problem among recreational athletes, elite athletes, and military personnel. A friction blister is caused by frictional shear forces that cause a split or cleavage within the outermost layer or epidermis of the skin. As the forces or number of cycles of friction increase, a blister cleft forms and fills with plasma-like fluid, forming the blister within the epidermis (1,7). Friction blisters only form on those areas of the body where the stratum corneum section of the epidermal layer is quite thick; palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Note that chaffing occurs on other areas of the body where the stratum corneum is relatively thin. For example, friction blisters do not form on our inner thighs where the skin is much thinner. By identifying those factors that most influence blister formation, an athlete may reduce the risk by avoiding them or preparing for them. Common factors include moist damp feet, foot temperature greater than 104-F, emollients like petroleum jelly after an hour of exercise, tobacco use, heavier pack loads, and lack of an ability to train in a shoe (i.e., ‘‘foot harden’’) (11,16). Among women aged 26 to 34 years who had a history of blisters and those soldiers who were not able to ‘‘foot harden’’ before their deployment, the highest risk of blister formation during OIF I was observed (4). The goals of treatment are to minimize pain, limit the size and severity of the blister, prevent complications such as skin infections, and optimize return to full sport/recreational activities. Clinicians have varying opinions about how to treat blisters. However, a classic article by Cortese et al . elucidates the most accepted method of treatment (5). Blisters smaller than 5 mm and ‘‘hot spots’’should bemanaged conservatively. They should not be unroofed or drained. Instead, protect the blister from pressure with a protective covering such as moleskin, a doughnut pad, a Blist-O-Ban dressing (SAM Medical Products, Tualatin, OR), or a hydrocolloidal gel pad (3). One product has not been proven to be superior over another. For blisters larger than 5 mm, wait 24 hours, clean the skin well, and then drain the blister under sterile technique from the periphery of the blister. Do not unroof the blister unless the ‘‘roof’’ is torn and likely to curl or wrinkle, causing more irritation to the underlying skin. Also, if the fluid material drained appears cloudy, opaque (possible infection), or foul smelling, then the blister should be unroofed and consider starting oral antibiotics. Cover the drained blister with an antibacterial ointment and check daily for signs of infection. Moleskin or another protective covering can be applied to minimize pressure and frictional forces on the healing blister. Many other anecdotal treatment options exist, and some may have validity; however, scientifically sound research needs to be done to confirm their efficacy. Medical Report

Device for severing packing strips having blisters from a continuous film

Abstract: A device for severing packing strips having blisters from a continuous film having a transport roller and, at a specific distance therefrom, a stamping device. The stamping device is combined with a stop, against which blisters of the packing strip to be stamped out run. By use of the stop, an always similar position of the blisters within the packing strip is achieved in the case of different expansion behaviors of the continuous film. By use of a buffer zone for a part of the continuous film, matching to different continuous films is achieved.

On the effect of non-metallic inclusions on hydrogen damage in aluminium-killed steel

Abstract: The effect of non-metallic inclusions on corrosion and on hydrogen damage in an aluminium-killed steel was studied by considering the size, shape, composition and number of inclusions. Accurate determinations of the compositions of the different inclusion compounds were performed by energy-dispersive analysis of replica-extracted particles. Clusters of alumina inclusions appear to be preferred sites for the occurrence of blisters. Complex inclusions with the phases 3Al2O3 · 2SiO2, MnO, MnS and Al2O3 frequently presented blisters. Blisters appeared to be nucleated in voids produced during working of the steel. Blisters were never found in MnS inclusions.

Blistering in carbon‐fiber‐filled fluorinated polyimide

Abstract: A blistering study was performed on a fluorinated polyimide resin and its carbon-fiber composite in an effort to determine the blister-formation temperature and the influence of blisters on composite performance. The fluorinated resin and carbon-fiber composite exhibit higher glass-transition (435–455°C) and decomposition temperatures (above 520°C) than similar polyimide resins and their carbon-fiber composites currently used. Two techniques were used to determine moisture-induced blister formation. A transverse extensometer with quartz lamps as a heating source measured thickness expansion, as did a thermomechanical analyzer as a function of temperature. Both methods successfully measured the onset of blister formation with varying amounts of absorbed moisture (up to 3 wt%) in the samples. The polyimide resin exhibited blister temperatures ranging from 225 to 362°C, with 1.7–3.0 wt% absorbed moisture, and the polyimide composite had blister temperatures from 246 to 294°C with 0.5–1.5 wt% moisture. The blistering effects of the polyimide composites were found to have little correlation with modulus. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers