Blisters

About: Blisters is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 980 publications have been published within this topic receiving 16229 citations.

Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor and Interleukin 1α in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Comparative Analysis of Serum and Blister Fluid Samples

Abstract: Results: In the blister fluid of patients with TEN, we found significantly higher levels of sIL-2R than in patients with burns, whereas IL-1 levels were higher in the blister fluid of burned patients. No significant differences were found in serum samples of patients with TEN and burns, in either sIL-2R or IL-1. In TEN we also found significantly higher levels of sIL-2R in the blister fluid compared with serum samples, pointing to a predominantly local production contrasting with the low concentration of sIL-2R in the blister fluid of burned patients. Conclusions: Our findings of elevated sIL-2R levels in blister fluid of patients with TEN are probably related to a local down-regulation of an immunologically mediated cytotoxic reaction and further support the involvement of activated T lymphocytes in the early blisters of TEN.

Electrostatic adhesion between fluid membranes: phase separation and blistering

Abstract: The electrostatically controlled adhesion of giant vesicles on supported membranes is studied by microinterferometry allowing quantitative evaluation of contact formation and surface profile near the contact area. Under suitable conditions the adhesion induced segregation of charged lipids in one of the membranes of contact zone. This leads to patches of tight contact and decoupled blisters, which are demonstrated for the first time. The stabilization of the pressurized blisters is rationalized in terms of counterion accumulation in the contact area ensuring charge neutrality.

Hydrogen-induced blistering mechanisms in thin film coatings

Abstract: We report on the mechanisms of hydrogen-induced blistering of multilayer coatings. Blister formation is a result of highly localized delamination occurring at the two outermost metal-on-silicon interfaces. The number, size, and type of blisters formed varied depending on the composition and ion energy of the incident flux. The results are explained in terms of the multilayer structure being simultaneously susceptible to blistering via two independent mechanisms. A high density of small blisters developed when relatively energetic (several 100 eV) ions were present. Independently, a hydrogenation process that was facilitated by the presence of a small flux of low energy ions (≤50 eV) induced a low density of large blisters.

Influence of Microhardness and Inclusion on Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Line Pipe Steels

Abstract: The influence of microstructure and inclusion on the susceptibility to stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking, SOHIC, or type I sulfide stress cracking, SSC, was investigated for two kinds of line pipe steels which have the different susceptibility to SOHIC. The steel plates, produced by accelerated cooling after controlled rolling, were heated to three temperatures of 1100, 900 and 750°C to vary their microstructures. For the four microstructures including the as cooled one, the susceptibility to SOHIC was evaluated by the SSC test specified in NACE TM0177-90 method A in addition to an SSC test using a large scale plate. The cracking susceptibility depends on the minimum microhardness rather than maximum hardness in the specimens with yield strength of API X65 or less. The local region with minimum microhardness, having lower yield strength, is deduced to become a preferential site for the hydrogen induced blister cracking, HIBC, and also to provide plastic zones through which the existing blisters are prone to link to each other, leading to the cracking through thickness. As a consequence, the decrease in the local hardness is concluded to enhance cracking susceptibility. Non-metallic inclusions were identified as the crack initiation site. The critical dispersion distance of inclusions, within which a second blister can be induced in the plastic zone formed around the first blister, is estimated based upon calculation of the stress around the blister. The observed results of crack propagation and arrest were both well interpreted in terms of the estimated critical distance.

Unit for dispensing liquid from a frangible ampoule

Abstract: The unit comprises large and small blisters which communicate with one another by way of a passage extending between the blisters. The large blister is covered with a non-porous sheet while the small blister is covered by a sponge-like scrubbing pad. A liquid-containing ampoule is housed within the large blister and, when the sides of that blister are squeezed inwardly to break the ampoule, the liquid therein is released and flows through the passage and into the small blister from where the liquid may be dispensed through the scrubbing pad.