Blisters

About: Blisters is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 980 publications have been published within this topic receiving 16229 citations.

Treating traumatic burns or blisters of the skin

Abstract: Blisters of the skin are treated by applying to the skin over the blister a flexible moisture-containing hydrophilic hydrogel patch that includes a backing support such as paper, cloth or plastic and a water-based hydrogel layer applied to the backing. The hydrogel layer comprises a hydrophilic natural or synthetic polymer to provide body dispersed in water and can be a tacky adhesive. The polymer can comprise any high molecular weight hydrophilic carbohydrate such as karaya, cornstarch, or a kelp gel and/or a synthetic hydrophilic polymer such as polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid. A humectant such as a polyhydric alcohol, keeps the gel layer moist. A solute such as salt, protein, sugar or an alcohol is dissolved in the water in a quantity sufficient to raise the osmotic pressure enough to maintain the hydrogel layer in a hypertonic state with respect to the blister. The hydrogel which hydrates the normally dry upper layer of skin forms a hydrophilic bridge with the patient's skin that allows fluid to be drawn by osmotic pressure from the blister through the normally dry stratum corneum into the patch. In addition, the hydrogel very quickly significantly dimishes the pain secondary to skin burns and blisters.

Membrane blisters: A fixation artifact a study in fixation for scanning electron microscopy

Abstract: It is been shown by scanning electron microscopy that fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by fixation in osmium tetroxide results in the presence of membrane blisters on the surface of a variety of cells. Fixation in glutaraldehyde alone or osmium tetroxide alone does not result in such extensive artifacts. The blisters, usually 0.2–0.6 μm in diameter, are seen by transmission electron microscopy to be membrane-bound, virtually empty vesicles. It is concluded that the optimum preservation of the cell surface for scanning electron microscopy is provided by fixation in glutaraldehyde alone.

Deuterium trapping and surface modification of polycrystalline tungsten exposed to a high-flux plasma at high fluences

Abstract: Deuterium (D) retention and surface modifications of hot-rolled polycrystalline tungsten (W) exposed to a low-energy (~40 eV D−1), high-flux (2–5 × 1023 D m−2 s−1) D plasma at temperatures of ~380 K and ~1140 K to fluences up to 1.2 × 1028 D m−2 have been examined by using nuclear reaction analysis, thermal desorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The samples exposed at ~380 K exhibited various types of surface modifications: dome-shaped blister-like structures, stepped flat-topped protrusions, and various types of nanostructures. It was observed that a large fraction of the surface was covered with blisters and protrusions, but their average size and the number density showed almost no fluence dependence. The D depth distributions and total D inventories also barely changed with increasing fluence at ~380 K. A substantial amount of D was retained in the subsurface region, and thickness correlated with the depth where the cavities of blisters and protrusions were located. It is therefore suggested that defects appearing during creation of blisters and protrusions govern the D trapping in the investigated fluence range. In addition, a large number of small cracks was observed on the exposed surfaces, which can serve as fast D release channels towards the surface, resulting in a reduction of the effective D influx into the W bulk. On the samples exposed at ~1140 K no blisters and protrusions were found. However, wave-like and faceted terrace-like structures were formed instead. The concentrations of trapped D were very low (<10−5 at. fr.) after the exposure at ~1140 K.