Showing papers on "Bluetooth published in 2018"

BLE Beacons for Internet of Things Applications: Survey, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract: While the Internet of Things (IoT) is driving a transformation of current society toward a smarter one, new challenges and opportunities have arisen to accommodate the demands of IoT development. Low power wireless devices are, undoubtedly, the most viable solution for diverse IoT use cases. Among such devices, Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons have emerged as one of the most promising due to the ubiquity of Bluetooth-compatible devices, such as iPhones and Android smartphones. However, for BLE beacons to continue penetrating the IoT ecosystem in a holistic manner, interdisciplinary research is needed to ensure seamless integration. This paper consolidates the information on the state-of-the-art BLE beacon, from its application and deployment cases, hardware requirements, and casing design to its software and protocol design, and it delivers a timely review of the related research challenges. In particular, the BLE beacon’s cutting-edge applications, the interoperability between packet profiles, the reliability of its signal detection and distance estimation methods, the sustainability of its low energy, and its deployment constraints are discussed to identify research opportunities and directions.

Indoor Positioning Algorithm Based on the Improved RSSI Distance Model.

Abstract: The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) cannot achieve accurate positioning and navigation in the indoor environment Therefore, efficient indoor positioning technology has become a very active research topic Bluetooth beacon positioning is one of the most widely used technologies Because of the time-varying characteristics of the Bluetooth received signal strength indication (RSSI), traditional positioning algorithms have large ranging errors because they use fixed path loss models In this paper, we propose an RSSI real-time correction method based on Bluetooth gateway which is used to detect the RSSI fluctuations of surrounding Bluetooth nodes and upload them to the cloud server The terminal to be located collects the RSSIs of surrounding Bluetooth nodes, and then adjusts them by the RSSI fluctuation information stored on the server in real-time The adjusted RSSIs can be used for calculation and achieve smaller positioning error Moreover, it is difficult to accurately fit the RSSI distance model with the logarithmic distance loss model due to the complex electromagnetic environment in the room Therefore, the back propagation neural network optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO-BPNN) is used to train the RSSI distance model to reduce the positioning error The experiment shows that the proposed method has better positioning accuracy than the traditional method

Bluetooth 5: A Concrete Step Forward toward the IoT

Abstract: Six years after the adoption of the standard 4, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) has officially released the main features of Bluetooth 5. It is a major development in short-range wireless communication technology. As stated by the SIG, the new standard will change the way people approach the Internet of Things (IoT) significantly. In this article, the future IoT scenarios and use cases that justify the push for Bluetooth 5 are introduced. A set of new technical features that are included in Bluetooth 5.0 are presented, and their advantages and drawbacks are described.

Wireless piezoelectric devices based on electrospun PVDF/BaTiO3 NW nanocomposite fibers for human motion monitoring.

Abstract: Real-time personalized motion monitoring and analysis are important for human health. Thus, to satisfy the needs in this area and the ever-increasing demand for wearable electronics, we design and develop a wireless piezoelectric device consisting of a piezoelectric pressure sensor based on electrospun PVDF/BaTiO3 nanowire (NW) nanocomposite fibers and a wireless circuit system integrated with a data conversion control module, a signal acquisition and amplification module, and a Bluetooth module. Finally, real-time piezoelectric signals of human motion can be displayed by an App on an Android mobile phone for wireless monitoring and analysis. This wireless piezoelectric device is proven to be sensitive to human motion such as squatting up and down, walking, and running. The results indicate that our wireless piezoelectric device has potential applications in wearable medical electronics, particularly in the fields of rehabilitation and sports medicine.

Security Vulnerabilities in Bluetooth Technology as Used in IoT

Abstract: Bluetooth technology is a key component of wireless communications It provides a low-energy and low-cost solution for short-range radio transmissions Bluetooth, more specifically Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become the predominant technology for connecting IoT (Internet of Things) It can be found in cell phones, headsets, speakers, printers, keyboards, automobiles, children’s toys, and medical devices, as well as many other devices The technology can also be found in automated smart homes, to provide monitors and controls for lights, thermostats, door locks, appliances, security systems, and cameras Bluetooth offers convenience and ease of use, but it lacks a centralized security infrastructure As a result, it has serious security vulnerabilities, and the need for awareness of the security risks are increasing as the technology becomes more widespread This paper presents an overview of Bluetooth technology in IoT including its security, vulnerabilities, threats, and risk mitigation solutions, as well as real-life examples of exploits Our study highlights the importance of understanding attack risks and mitigation techniques involved with using Bluetooth technology on our devices Real-life examples of recent Bluetooth exploits are presented Several recommended security measures are discussed to secure Bluetooth communication

Screaming Channels: When Electromagnetic Side Channels Meet Radio Transceivers

Abstract: This paper presents a new side channel that affects mixed-signal chips used in widespread wireless communication protocols, such as Bluetooth and WiFi. This increasingly common type of chip includes the radio transceiver along with digital logic on the same integrated circuit. In such systems, the radio transmitter may unintentionally broadcast sensitive information from hardware cryptographic components or software executing on the CPU. The well-known electromagnetic (EM) leakage from digital logic is inadvertently mixed with the radio carrier, which is amplified and then transmitted by the antenna. We call the resulting leak screaming channels. Attacks exploiting such a side channel may succeed over a much longer distance than attacks exploiting usual EM side channels. The root of the problem is that mixed-signal chips include both digital circuits and analog circuits on the same silicon die in close physical proximity. While processing data, the digital circuits on these chips generate noise, which can be picked up by noise-sensitive analog radio components, ultimately leading to leakage of sensitive information. We investigate the physical reasons behind the channel, we measure it on several popular devices from different vendors (including Nordic Semiconductor nRF52832, and Qualcomm Atheros AR9271), and we demonstrate a complete key recovery attack against the nRF52832 chip. In particular, we retrieve the full key from the AES-128 implementation in tinyAES at a distance of 10 m using template attacks. Additionally, we recover the key used by the AES-128 implementation in mbedTLS at a distance of 1 m with a correlation attack. Screaming channel attacks change the threat models of devices with mixed-signal chips, as those devices are now vulnerable from a distance. More specifically, we argue that protections against side channels (such as masking or hiding) need to be used on this class of devices. Finally, chips implementing other widespread protocols (e.g., 4G/LTE, RFID) need to be inspected to determine whether they are vulnerable to screaming channel attacks.

Implement smart farm with IoT technology

Abstract: With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) and industrialization, the development of Information Technology (IT) has led to various studies not only in industry but also in agriculture. Especially, IoT technology can overcome distance and place constraints of wired communication systems used in existing farms, and can expect agricultural IT development from automation of agricultural data collection. In this paper, smart farm system using low power Bluetooth and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) communication modules including the wired communication network used in the existing farm was constructed. In addition, the system implements the monitoring and control functions using the MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication method, which is an IoT dedicated protocol, thereby enhancing the possibility of development of agricultural IoT.

A Precise Dead Reckoning Algorithm Based on Bluetooth and Multiple Sensors

Abstract: More and more applications of location-based services lead to the development of indoor positioning technology. As a part of the Internet of Things ecosystem, low-power Bluetooth technology provides a new direction for indoor positioning. Most existing indoor positioning algorithms are applied to specific situations. Thus, they are difficult to adapt to actually complex environments and different users. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a precise dead reckoning algorithm based on Bluetooth and multiple sensors (DRBMs). To address positioning accuracy, this paper improves the traditional Bluetooth propagation model and calculate the steps and step lengths for different users in the process of multisensor track calculation. In addition, this paper fuses the localization results of Bluetooth propagation model and multiple sensors through the Kalman filter. The experiment results show that the proposed DRBM algorithm can obtain accurate positions. The localization accuracy is within 1 m, and the best can be controlled within 0.5 m. Compared with the traditional Bluetooth positioning methods and the traditional dead reckoning methods, the proposed algorithm greatly improves positioning accuracy and universality.

Multi-Hop Real-Time Communications Over Bluetooth Low Energy Industrial Wireless Mesh Networks

Abstract: Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are used to acquire sensor data that need real-time processing, therefore they require predictable behavior and real-time guarantees. To be cost effective, IWSNs are also expected to be low cost and low power. In this context, Bluetooth low energy (BLE) is a promising technology, as it allows implementing low-cost industrial networks. As BLE is a short-range technology, a multihop mesh network is needed to cover a large area. Nevertheless, the recently published Bluetooth mesh networking specifications do not provide support for real-time communications over multihop mesh networks. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes the multihop real-time BLE (MRT-BLE) protocol, a real-time protocol developed on top of BLE, that allows for bounded packet delays over mesh networks. MRT-BLE also provides priority support. This paper describes in detail the MRT-BLE protocol and how to implement it on commercial-off-the-shelf devices. Two kinds of performance evaluation for the MRT-BLE protocol are provided. The first one is a worst case end-to-end delay analysis, while the second one is based on the experimental results obtained through measurements on a real testbed.

Assessing the ESP8266 WiFi module for the Internet of Things

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing rapid growth and being adopted across multiple domains. For example, in industry it supports the connectivity needed to integrate smart machines, components and products in the ongoing Industry 4.0 trend. However, there is a myriad of communication technologies that complicate the needed integration, requiring gateways to connect to the Internet. Conversely, using IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) devices can connect to existing WiFi infrastructures directly and access the Internet with shorter communication delays and lower system cost. However, WiFi is energy consuming, impacting autonomy of the end devices. In this work we characterize a recent WiFi-enabled device, namely the ESP8266 module, that is low cost and branded as ultra-low-power, but whose performance for IoT applications is still undocumented. We explore the built-in sleep modes and we measure the impact of infrastructure parameters beacon interval and DTIM period on energy consumption, as well as packet delivery ratio and received signal strength as a function of distance and module antenna orientation to assert area coverage. The ESP8266 module showed suitability for battery powered IoT applications that allow 2–4 days recharge cycles on a 1000mAh battery with seconds-scale transmission intervals.

Evolution of 5G in Internet of medical things

Abstract: 3D ultra high resolution videos can be downloaded within seconds by deploying state-of-the art 5G technology. It handles big data with lesser delay and provides more bandwidth. The Internet of things (IoT) is the physical networks which different technologies together Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Cellular on a one platform. The IoT for medical healthcare which is IoMT requires high data, high speed and long battery life with reliable connectivity. The 5G fulfills these requirements with its superfast capabilities and supports IoMT for human health such as, diagnosis and treatment. This paper present the detailed survey about how 5G has revolutionized the medical healthcare with the help of IoT for enhancing quality and efficiency of the wearable devices. Besides, state-of-the art 5G-based sensor node architecture is proposed for the health monitoring of the patients with ease and comfort.

Low-Power Wireless for the Internet of Things: Standards and Applications

Abstract: The proliferation of embedded systems, wireless technologies, and Internet protocols have enabled the Internet of Things (IoT) to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world through enabling the monitoring and actuation of the physical world controlled by data processing systems. Wireless technologies, despite their offered convenience, flexibility, low cost, and mobility pose unique challenges such as fading, interference, energy, and security, which must be carefully addressed when using resource-constrained IoT devices. To this end, the efforts of the research community have led to the standardization of several wireless technologies for various types of application domains depending on factors such as reliability, latency, scalability, and energy efficiency. In this paper, we first overview these standard wireless technologies, and we specifically study the MAC and physical layer technologies proposed to address the requirements and challenges of wireless communications. Furthermore, we explain the use of these standards in various application domains, such as smart homes, smart healthcare, industrial automation, and smart cities, and discuss their suitability in satisfying the requirements of these applications. In addition to proposing guidelines to weigh the pros and cons of each standard for an application at hand, we also examine what new strategies can be exploited to overcome existing challenges and support emerging IoT applications.

LongBee: Enabling Long-Range Cross-Technology Communication

Abstract: Cross-Technology Communication (CTC) supports direct message exchange among heterogeneous wireless technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and BlueTooth) under the same ISM band, enabling explicit cross-technology control and coordination. For instance, a Wi-Fi AP can directly control ZigBee-enabled smart light bulbs without an expensive dual-radio gateway. Such CTC capability can be further amplified if we can extend the communication range of CTC to support long-range wide-area IoT applications such as environmental monitoring, smart metering, and precision agriculture. Our work, named LongBee, is the first to extend the range of Cross-Technology Communication. At the transmitter side, LongBee concentrates the effective TX power through down-clocked operations, and at the receiver side, LongBee improves the RX sensitivity with an innovative transition coding to ensure reliable preamble detection and payload reception. All these are achieved without modifying hardware and without introducing extra Wi-Fi RF energy cost. We implemented the LongBee on the USRP platform and commodity ZigBee devices. Our comprehensive evaluation reveals that LongBee with concentrated TX power and higher RX sensitivity achieves reliably over 10x range extension over native ZigBee communication and 2x range extension than the longest distance achieved by existing CTC schemes so far.

The Bluetooth Mesh Standard: An Overview and Experimental Evaluation.

Abstract: Mesh networks enable a many-to-many relation between nodes, which means that each node in the network can communicate with every other node using multi-hop communication and path diversity. As it enables the fast roll-out of sensor and actuator networks, it is an important aspect within the Internet of Things (IoT). Utilizing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as an underlying technology to implement such mesh networks has gained a lot of interest in recent years. The result was a variety of BLE meshing solutions that were not interoperable because of the lack of a common standard. This has changed recently with the advent of the Bluetooth Mesh standard. However, a detailed overview of how this standard operates, performs and how it tackles other issues concerning BLE mesh networking is missing. Therefore, this paper investigates this new technology thoroughly and evaluates its performance by means of three approaches, namely an experimental evaluation, a statistical approach and a graph-based simulation model, which can be used as the basis for future research. Apart from showing that consistent results are achieved by means of all three approaches, we also identify possible drawbacks and open issues that need to be dealt with.

A Pervasive Integration Platform of Low-Cost MEMS Sensors and Wireless Signals for Indoor Localization

Abstract: Location service is fundamental to many Internet of Things applications such as smart home, wearables, smart city, and connected health. With existing infrastructures, wireless positioning is widely used to provide the location service. However, wireless positioning has the limitations such as highly depending on the distribution of access points (APs); providing a low sample-rate and noisy solution; requiring extensive labor costs to build databases; and having unstable RSS values in indoor environments. To reduce these limitations, this paper proposes an innovative integrated platform for indoor localization by integrating low-cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and wireless signals. This proposed platform consists of wireless AP localization engine and sensor fusion engine, which is suitable for both dense and sparse deployments of wireless APs. The proposed platform can automatically generate wireless databases for positioning, and provide a positioning solution even in the area with only one observed wireless AP, where the traditional trilateration method cannot work. This integration platform can integrate different kinds of wireless APs together for indoor localization (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth low energy, and radio frequency identification). The platform fuses all of these wireless distances with low-cost MEMS sensors to provide a robust localization solution. A multilevel quality control mechanism is utilized to remove noisy RSS measurements from wireless APs and to further improve the localization accuracy. Preliminary experiments show the proposed integration platform can achieve the average accuracy of 3.30 m with the sparse deployment of wireless APs (1 AP per 800 m2).

Man-in-the-middle attacks on Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth standard V5.0 and its countermeasure

Abstract: Bluetooth devices are widely employed in the home network systems. It is important to secure the home members' Bluetooth devices, because they always store and transmit personal sensitive information. In the Bluetooth standard, Secure Simple Pairing (SSP) is an essential security mechanism for Bluetooth devices. We examine the security of SSP in the recent Bluetooth standard V5.0. The passkey entry association model in SSP is analyzed under the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Our contribution is twofold. (1) We demonstrate that the passkey entry association model is vulnerable to the MITM attack, once the host reuses the passkey. (2) An improved passkey entry protocol is therefore designed to fix the reusing passkey defect in the passkey entry association model. The improved passkey entry protocol can be easily adapted to the Bluetooth standard, because it only uses the basic cryptographic components existed in the Bluetooth standard. Our research results are beneficial to the security enhancement of Bluetooth devices in the home network systems.

MAGNETO: Covert Channel between Air-Gapped Systems and Nearby Smartphones via CPU-Generated Magnetic Fields

Abstract: In this paper, we show that attackers can leak data from isolated, air-gapped computers to nearby smartphones via covert magnetic signals The proposed covert channel works even if a smartphone is kept inside a Faraday shielding case, which aims to block any type of inbound and outbound wireless communication (Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth, etc) The channel also works if the smartphone is set in airplane mode in order to block any communication with the device We implement a malware that controls the magnetic fields emanating from the computer by regulating workloads on the CPU cores Sensitive data such as encryption keys, passwords, or keylogging data is encoded and transmitted over the magnetic signals A smartphone located near the computer receives the covert signals with its magnetic sensor We present technical background, and discuss signal generation, data encoding, and signal reception We show that the proposed covert channel works from a user-level process, without requiring special privileges, and can successfully operate from within an isolated virtual machine (VM)

Wireless Capacitive-Based ECG Sensing for Feature Extraction and Mobile Health Monitoring

Abstract: In this paper, the concept of a wireless wearable device capable of measuring electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration rate (RR) through the use of non-contact capacitive-based electrodes was designed and implemented. Both ECG and RR were measured using only the active electrodes and an analog conditioning circuit. The device utilizes Bluetooth low energy for low-power wireless communication to the remote server. The measured data is used to calculate heart rate variability, RR, and extract ECG related features. It was found that the use of non-contact active chest electrodes is a viable approach for measurement. The system focuses on user comfort and the minimization of the ratio of the number of wearable sensors to sensed physiological parameters.

A Comparative Analysis on Smart Home System to Control, Monitor and Secure Home, based on technologies like GSM, IOT, Bluetooth and PIC Microcontroller with ZigBee Modulation

Abstract: In this busy life schedule everyone wants to get some comfort and secure life as well. Home Automation used to control home appliances remotely to reduce efforts. Home security system is beneficial to secure your home from fire and trespass. Wireless smart home system plays a vital role in human life and increases popularity due to its flexibility, portability and low cost installation charges. Smart home system is very beneficial in everyday life as it reduces human workload, save electricity and reduces worries about home security for working peoples. Main focus in automation is to control light ON/OFF status, fan speed and other home appliances remotely. Home security includes services like gas leakage and trace pass protection. This system is very beneficial for old ages and handicapped people as well for working people, it is a blessing as it alert the person if any nasty situation raised at home in their absence. Though there are various technologies used but in every technology mobile plays important role, to automate home appliances or to get alert in risky situations. Attractive GUI can be used for smart home system, accessible with smart phones, tablet, laptop and PC. A comparative study of smart home system based on technologies like GSM, Bluetooth, IOT and PIC Microcontroller with ZigBee modulation is discussed here.

Design of smart lock system for doors with special features using bluetooth technology

Abstract: Nowadays the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has developed that almost all aspects in human's life utilize IoT technology to increase the quality of life. Lock system is one of those aspects that has been impacted by the massive development of IoT, for example lock system that can be opened or closed by entering the password or by gadget to control it. The main component of smart home concept lays on the door, so the door lock system becomes an interesting topic to discuss. The paper presents a design of lock system for operating door without a control to open or lock it that brings a comfort and can be applied effectively. Besides, the lock system can be used for all kinds of human's physical condition. The system uses bluetooth technology with low power and is available on almost all gadgets. The design of the system is also completed with special feature to increase the security and the comfort of the users. The lock system indirectly supports the program of United Convention of Right People with Disabilities.

An ADPLL-centric bluetooth low-energy transceiver with 2.3mW interference-tolerant hybrid-loop receiver and 2.9mW single-point polar transmitter in 65nm CMOS

Abstract: This paper demonstrates a Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) transceiver (TRX) achieving ultra-low-power (ULP) operation for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. As more and more devices will be connected and access to the Internet, the wireless traffic will be extremely crowded in the 2.4GHz ISM band. To coexist with all the wireless devices without being interfered by co-channel and out-of-band (OB) signals, a BLE receiver (RX) should have very high adjacent-channel rejection and very high blocker tolerance. At the same time, the total power consumption should be minimized for longer battery life. In this work, the TRX utilizes a wide loop-bandwidth All-Digital PLL (ADPLL) as a central component for transmitter (TX) modulation, RX analog data digitization, and phase synchronization. The single-channel demodulation method is adopted for cutting half of the analog baseband circuit to further reduce the power consumption while maintaining a high interference rejection. This BLE TRX achieves the lowest energy consumption among the state-of-the-art works in the comparison table [1-5] while satisfying all the interference requirements with sufficient margins.

State-of-the-Art Survey on In-Vehicle Network Communication (CAN-Bus) Security and Vulnerabilities

Abstract: Nowadays with the help of advanced technology, modern vehicles are not only made up of mechanical devices but also consist of highly complex electronic devices and connections to the outside world There are around 70 Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in modern vehicle which are communicating with each other over the standard communication protocol known as Controller Area Network (CAN-Bus) that provides the communication rate up to 1Mbps There are different types of in-vehicle network protocol and bus system namely Controlled Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnected Network (LIN), Media Oriented System Transport (MOST), and FlexRay Even though CAN-Bus is considered as de-facto standard for in-vehicle network communication, it inherently lacks the fundamental security features by design like message authentication This security limitation has paved the way for adversaries to penetrate into the vehicle network and do malicious activities which can pose a dangerous situation for both driver and passengers In particular, nowadays vehicular networks are not only closed systems, but also they are open to different external interfaces namely Bluetooth, GPS, to the outside world Therefore, it creates new opportunities for attackers to remotely take full control of the vehicle The objective of this research is to survey the current limitations of CAN-Bus protocol in terms of secure communication and different solutions that researchers in the society of automotive have provided to overcome the CAN-Bus limitation on different layers

MEMS based energy harvesting for the Internet of Things: a survey

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) can manage a large number of smart wireless devices and form a networking infrastructure connected to the Internet. Traditional batteries in IoT produce environmental concerns and have limited operational life. Harvesting and converting ambient environmental energy is an effective and important approach for sustainable green power used in wireless and portable devices in IoT. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art development of different energy harvesting sources including mechanical, light/solar, wind, sound, RF, biomechanical and pyroelectric energy. Power density generated from ambient source ranges widely from 0.001 μW/cm2 (RF WiFi) to 100 mW/cm2 (outdoor solar). Depends on application areas and working principles, typical power consumptions of IoT sensor nodes are in the order of mW (1---750 mW) in active mode and μW (0---60 μW) in sleep mode (Mathna et al. in Talanta 75:613---623, 2008; Magno et al. in IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61:1871---1881, 2014; Baranov et al. in Sens Actuators A 233:279---289, 2015; Somov et al. in Procedia Eng 87:520---523, 2014; Spirjakin et al. in Sens Actuators A 247:247---253, 2016; Samson et al. in Sens Actuators A 172:240---244, 2011). Therefore, efficient energy storage and management strategies are important for IoT development. These parts are discussed in order to provide the sustainable power. MEMS based energy harvesting devices may be widely employed in various areas, such as military monitoring, remote weather station, bluetooth headsets, and environment detection. This review focuses on the low power and self powered IoT applications: sensors, wearables, and RF-MEMS. With the advance of nanofabrication techniques, IoT devices will become smaller and enter into the era of Internet of Nano-Things.

Toward Designing a Li-Fi-Based Hierarchical IoT Architecture

Abstract: Current wireless communication technologies, such as wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth, use radio waves as the basic medium in transferring information. Even though these technologies are widely spread, the need of exploring alternatives to transmit data wirelessly and more efficiently is a must. The reason behind that relies on the current limitations of the radio frequency (RF) band, which include overcrowding and interference with other RF applications. To explore alternatives, much research has been conducted to prove the possibility of using visible light as a wireless medium for transferring data. As a result, a new technology was presented by a German physicist Harald Haas, called light-fidelity (Li-Fi), which is a wireless technology that utilizes visible light as a communication medium instead of using the basic radio wave. Recently, Li-Fi technology has attracted the research community. Various studies have been conducted to improve the technology. However, there is still a noticeable need to support the research field due to the modernity of the technology. Hence, this paper presents an extensive survey of the previous studies and projects conducted on the technology, besides multiple leading companies working on the manufacture of Li-Fi-compatible products. In addition, a Li-Fi-based IoT architecture is proposed in this paper, which relies on the collection of data from multiple environments, where Li-Fi is installed. Li-Fi-generated data are analyzed and processed to make intelligent decisions to enhance services in many sectors.

Bluetooth-Based Indoor Positioning Through ToF and RSSI Data Fusion

Abstract: After several decades of both market and scientific interest, indoor positioning is still a hot and not completely solved topic, fostered by the advancement of technology, pervasive market penetration of mobile devices and novel communication standards. In this work, we propose a two-step model-based indoor positioning algorithm based on Bluetooth Low-Energy, a pervasive and energy efficient standard protocol. In the first (i.e. ranging) step a Kalman Filter (KF) performs the fusion of both RSSI and Time-of-Flight measurement data. Thus, we demonstrate the benefit of not relying only on RSSI, comparing ranging performed with or without the help of ToF. In the second (i.e. positioning) step, the distance estimates from multiple anchors are combined into a quadratic cost function, which is minimized to determine the coordinates of the target node in a planar reference frame. The proposed solution is tailored to reduce the computational effort and target real-time execution on an embedded platform, demonstrating a limited loss of performance. The paper presents an experimental setup and discusses meaningful results, demonstrating a robust BLE-based indoor positioning solution for embedded systems.

A miniaturized multiband reconfigurable fractal slot antenna for GPS/GNSS/Bluetooth/WiMAX/X-band applications

Abstract: A novel miniaturized multiband reconfigurable fractal slot antenna for switchable GPS/GNSS/Bluetooth/WiMax/X-band is reported. By utilizing a Koch fractal in the radiating part miniaturization of about 78.8% and 86% are achieved in volume and active patch area respectively. Multiband operations at 1.47–1.65 GHz (BW = 11.5%) GPS, 2.2–2.43 GHz (BW = 9.9%) Bluetooth, 3.4–3.89 GHz (BW = 13.4%) middle WiMAX, 5.61–5.84 GHz (BW = 4%) upper WiMAX and 9.8–10.73 GHz (BW = 9.05%) X-band, are achieved by slotted ground approach in conjunction with Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR). Frequency reconfiguration characteristics in the antenna is accomplished by placing a PIN diode in the ground plane; thus making the antenna to exhibit switchable radiations at 1.91–2.34 GHz (BW = 20.73%) Bluetooth, 3.72–3.89 GHz (BW = 4.46%) middle WiMAX, 4.92–5.33 GHz (BW = 8.0%) upper WiMAX and 10.16–10.70 GHz (BW = 5.1%) X-band, under “ON” condition. During “OFF” condition, antenna exhibits switchable performances at 1.59–1.84 GHz (BW = 14.57%) GPS/GNSS, 3.77–4.12 GHz (BW = 8.87%) middle WiMAX, 5.1–5.35 GHz (BW = 4.78%) upper WiMAX and 10.27–10.62 GHz (BW = 3.35%) X-band. The antenna has a compact area of 35 × 30 mm2, and exhibits acceptable gain, stable radiation patterns and good impedance matching at the targeted frequencies.

Bluetooth Based Indoor Positioning Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Abstract: Recently indoor positioning system (IPS) has been getting a lot of attention. Similarly, because of low cost and ease of use, Bluetooth low energy (BLE) is extensively used for IPS. Techniques such as trilateration, triangulation, and fingerprinting are widely studied in IPS. Fingerprinting is popular approach in RSSI based-IPS, but is also time-consuming method. Here, we proposed to use the state-of-the-art machine learning approach for fingerprinting. This paper proposes a BLE based machine learning location and tracking system for indoor positioning. The experimental results showed that the proposed method has an average estimation error of 50 cm.

Bluetooth-based indoor navigation mobile system

Abstract: A novel symbolic-based indoor navigation solution for Android is presented in this paper which uses Bluetooth Beacons The goal of this paper is to present the development of a Bluetooth Beacon-based Indoor Navigation System in Android. Bluetooth Beacons emit radio frequency signals, that can be used for distance calculation. Based on the distance from the beacons, the users location is estimated. Adjacency of the Bluetooth Beacons was used to trace back the way finding to well known graph problems. Thus Disktra's shortest path algorithm was used for route planning. Two user friendly navigation interfaces were designed. Experimental results verify the applicability of the presented Indoor Navigation Application.