Showing papers on "Body water published in 1971"
TL;DR: It is suggested that the normal interstitial fluid pressure of pulmonary tissues in dogs is somewhat more negative than the capsule pressure measurements indicate, perhaps as low as −10 mm Hg.
Abstract: Interstitial fluid pressures in the lung were estimated in 39 dogs from pressure measurements made in implanted perforated capsules. Special operative procedures were used to minimize operative trauma of the lungs and infection and inflammation in and around the implanted capsules. In 86% of the preparations, the x-ray findings indicated little remaining inflammation and edema around the capsules, though autopsy findings indicated that a few of these did still have some edema not detectable by x-rays. In 29 of 34 animals in which x-ray findings indicated no edema, the intracapsular pressure was negative. The average of the measurements in all 34 animals was −5.8 mm Hg (± 0.8 SEM), and in the 29 animals with negative pressure values the average was −7.3 mm Hg (± 0.6 SEM). In eight capsules the pressures were below −10 mm Hg, ranging to −16 mm Hg. Because the tissues around some of the capsules undoubtedly still had varying degrees of inflammation and edema, despite the failure of roentgenograms to show these, it is suggested that the normal interstitial fluid pressure of pulmonary tissues in dogs is somewhat more negative than the capsule pressure measurements indicate, perhaps as low as −10 mm Hg.
527 citations
TL;DR: Skinfold thickness can be used to estimate lean body mass, and thus total body fat, in young children for whom other techniques for the measurement of body composition cannot easily be used.
Abstract: Total body water was measured in 23 children aged 1 to 11 years and correlated with estimates of lean body mass derived from measurements of skinfold thickness. The correlation coefficient was 0·98. Skinfold thickness can, therefore, be used to estimate lean body mass, and thus total body fat, in young children for whom other techniques for the measurement of body composition cannot easily be used.
498 citations
TL;DR: The predicted total body water was found to be very closely related to the predicted surface area giving correlation coefficients (r) for males and females of 0·997 and 0·985 respectively.
Abstract: Total body water was measured using tritium in 30 males and 30 females. It was found that total body water could be predicted from height and weight, and formulae for both males and females have been produced with multiple correlation coefficients (r) of 0·95 and 0·96 respectively. The predicted total body water was found to be very closely related to the predicted surface area giving correlation coefficients (r) for males and females of 0·997 and 0·985 respectively.
366 citations
TL;DR: The greater the intravascular protein mass the greater was the weight of the baby and the total body water volume, the plasma volume and the incidence of oedema.
63 citations
TL;DR: The regulation of body water and ions in animals from the freshwater populations was essentially the same as in animalsFrom brackish-water populations, and Fed animals had a higher body sodium and chloride content than starved animals.
Abstract: 1. Gammarus duebeni from brackish water was acclimatized to salinities ranging from 100% sea water down to 0.25 mM/1 NaCl at 9 °C.
2. The body water content increased from 76 to 81% body wet weight. The ratio of total body sodium/chloride increased from 1.04 to 1.52. The sodium space remained constant, equivalent to about 65 % body H2O. The chloride space decreased from about 60% body H2O down to 35% body H2O.
3. Total body potassium remained almost constant and showed only a small decrease in dilute NaCl-media. Potassium balance was maintained for several days at an external potassium concentration of 0.010-0.015 mM/1.
4. The proportion of body water in the extracellular blood space was calculated from the assumption that potassium and chloride ions were distributed in a Donnan equilibrium between the blood and intracellular spaces. The blood space was slightly smaller than the chloride space.
5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were calculated. Sodium fell from 120 to 75 mM/kg cell H2O, potassium fell from 125 to 75 mM/kg cell H2O and chloride fell from 55 to 12 mM/kg cell H2O. These concentrations are similar to the concentrations found in the muscles of decapods and in the tissues of other animals.
6. About 10% of the body chloride and 93-97% of the body potassium is situated in the cells. The proportion of intracellular sodium increased from 17-18% body sodium at 100% sea water to 40-50% body sodium at 0.25 mM/l NaCl.
7. G. duebeni from three freshwater populations were acclimatized to 2 % sea water, 0.5 and 0.25 mM/l NaCl. The body surface is three times more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium and chloride. Potassium balance in starved animals was achieved at 0.010-0.015 mM/l K. Fed animals had a higher body sodium and chloride content than starved animals.
8. The regulation of body water and ions in animals from the freshwater populations was essentially the same as in animals from brackish-water populations. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the process of adaptation to fresh water.
41 citations
TL;DR: Hamster body fat, water and density measurements by dilution method and air displacement technique, comparing to determination by direct chemical analysis upon sacrificing.
Abstract: Hamster body fat, water and density measurements by dilution method and air displacement technique, comparing to determination by direct chemical analysis upon sacrificing
35 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium.
Abstract: 1. The water content, and the concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride in the blood and body water were determined in Gammarus pulex acclimatized to external salinities ranging from 0.06 mM/l NaCl up to 50 % sea water. 2. The mean body water content remained constant at 79.0-80.3 % body wet weight. The total body sodium and chloride concentrations were lowered in 0.06 mM/l NaCl and increased markedly at salinities above 10% sea water. The normal ratio of body sodium/chloride was 1.45-1.70, decreasing to 1.0 at 50% sea water. 3. The total body potassium concentration remained constant at 47.5-55.2 mM/kg body H 2 O. The rate of potassium loss across the body surface was relatively fast. Potassium balance was maintained at an external potassium concentration of 0.005 mM/l by starved animals, and at 0.005 mM/l by fed animals. 4. The proportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the concentrations of potassium and chloride in the blood and in the body water. The blood space contained 38-42% body H 2 O in animals from fresh water. The blood space decreased to 31 % body H 2 O in animals from 0.06 mM/l NaCl. The sodium space was equivalent to about 70 % body H 2 O. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were estimated and the results were compared with previous analyses made on the tissues of G. pulex and other crustaceans. It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. 30-40% of the body sodium is apparently located in the intracellular space.
27 citations
TL;DR: Total body water was measured by tritium and desiccation in 43 beagles between 0.2 and 13 kg body weight and on a fat-free wet weight basis there was no significant difference between the rates of decrease, buttritium measured a 15.6% larger volume than Desiccation.
Abstract: SummaryTotal body water (TBW) was measured by tritium and desiccation in 43 beagles between 0.2 and 13 kg body weight. With desiccation, TBW increased at a single rate of 0.521 liters/kg body weight while with tritium there were two rates of increase, 0.738 liters/kg between a body weight of 0.2 and 3.5 kg and 0.552 liters/kg above a body weight of 3.5 kg. Above 3.5 kg, tritium measured a mean volume 1 liter larger than desiccation (p<.001). The TBW measured by tritium was 84% of the body weight at birth and decreased at a rate of 2.6%/kg, while with desiccation the TBW was 68% at birth and decreased at a rate of 2.0%/kg. The rate of decrease between methods was not statistically different; the mean difference between them was 13.8% (p<.001). On a fat-free wet weight basis there was no significant difference between the rates of decrease, but tritium measured a 15.6% larger volume than desiccation (p<.001).
24 citations
TL;DR: The low total exchangeable potassium in cardiac failure is not simply due to loss of lean body mass, and it is likely that patients in failure had an excess of total body water, extracellular fluid andtotal exchangeable sodium, and had less total exchangeables potassium.
Abstract: 1. Total body water, extracellular fluid, total exchangeable potassium and total exchangeable sodium were measured by the multiple isotope-dilution technique in eight patients with congestive cardiac failure. Measurements were made on each patient while in failure and then again after treatment and recovery. 2. Compared with five control subjects in whom the same measurements were made, patients in failure had an excess of total body water, extracellular fluid and total exchangeable sodium, and had less total exchangeable potassium. 3. There was a decrease in total exchangeable sodium and an increase in total exchangeable potassium on recovery from congestive cardiac failure 4. After treatment of cardiac failure, intracellular potassium increased and intracellular sodium was decreased. 5. The low total exchangeable potassium in cardiac failure is not simply due to loss of lean body mass.
TL;DR: Previous studies of high volume values in anemic children were probably related to the use of weight as the reference parameter, which will be inaccurate in individuals whose weights deviate from normal, if this deviation is clue essentially to fat.
Abstract: Blood volume studies with the use of IHSA 131I were done on 25 normal children and 25 children with sickle cell anemia. Values which appeared to be significantly different when related to weight were no longer different when related to height. The best correlation was obtained when log blood volume was related to log height. Study of this relationship indicated that there was no significant volume difference between the anemic and normal children. Since volume relates best to lean body mass or to body water, the use of body weight alone as the basis for its determination will be inaccurate in individuals whose weights deviate from normal, if this deviation is clue essentially to fat. Thus, previous studies of high volume values in anemic children were probably related to the use of weight as the reference parameter. The following formula is recommended to calculate blood volume based on height: log B.V. = 0.247 + 2.14 log Ht.
TL;DR: The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space and it was concluded that for each ion its intrACEllular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids.
Abstract: 1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.
TL;DR: A comparative study was performed on different body compartments of mice with the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome and their lean litter mates to find out whether the orbital vein and body hematocrits were probably higher in the obese animals than in the non-obese litter mates.
Abstract: A comparative study was performed on different body compartments of mice with the hereditary obese-hyperglycemic syndrome and their lean litter mates. In 5–months-old obese mice the body weight was increased by 79 %, the red cell volume by 70 % and the plasma volume by 50 % as compared to lean controls. The blood volume per unit b. w. was probably lower and the orbital vein and body hematocrits were probably higher in the obese animals than in the non-obese litter mates. The sulfate space of adult obese mice exceeded that of the controls by 27 %. The total amount of water in obese mice was not significantly different from that in lean mice. The erythrocyte: plasma sulfate ratio was approximately 0.3.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The role of tissue fluid in blood flow regulation was tested in a comparative study of two different systems: a physical model named “capillaron” and dog's gracilis muscle and the responses of these two systems to a sudden change in perfusion rate.
Abstract: The role of tissue fluid in blood flow regulation was tested in a comparative study of two different systems: a physical model named “capillaron” and dog's gracilis muscle. The responses of these two systems to a sudden change in perfusion rate were compared and examined. It was demonstrated that in both model and muscle the initial arterial pressure (PA) responses could be modified or eliminated by changing the arterial compliance, while the slow progressive rise in pressure persisted unaltered. Comparing simultaneous measurements of arterial pressures and of volumes, it was reasoned that in the muscle, as in the model, an increasing resistance to flow was associated with a heightened extravascular pressure and a collapse of capillaries at their distal end.
TL;DR: The urinary excretion and loss of tritium from blood were followed for a period of time which allowed a precise estimate of dose to blood and body tissues to be calculated and lymphocyte chromosome aberrations were scored in blood samples.
Abstract: Data on an accidental intake of tritium which resulted in about 400 mCi of tritium distributed throughout the body water of one man is presented. The urinary excretion and loss of tritium from blood were followed for a period of time which allowed a precise estimate of dose to blood and body tissues to be calculated. In addition, lymphocyte chromosome aberrations were scored in blood samples and attempts were made to correlate dose and aberration yield. The reasons for the difficulties involved in dose-effect correlations in such cases are discussed.
TL;DR: The results of the study indicate that the reduction in body water turnover observed in the injected animals is principally due to the anorexia induced by the parasitic injection.
TL;DR: After an experimental burn covering 30% of the body surface, rats were treated by an association of HBO, THAM, and penicillin-colimycin and had an accelerated recovery of their biological parameters.
Abstract: After an experimental burn covering 30% of the body surface, rats were treated by an association of HBO, THAM, and penicillin-colimycin. The following parameters were measured on the 3rd, 8th, 24th hour and the 3rd and 7th day: total body water (TBW), circulating blood volume, large vessel hematocrit, circulating red cell volume, circulating plasma volume, plasma sodium and potassium concentrations, pH and pCO2 and PO2. The results were compared to those found in control burned rats. Despite early changes, the treated animals had an accelerated recovery of their biological parameters.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The patient studied during the diuretic recovery phase of acute renal failure showed a marked loss of sodium and chloride, which emphasizes the necessity to replace urinary electrolyte losses at this stage of the illness.
Abstract: Body water and electrolyte contents have been measured by means of muscle biopsy analysis in 11 patients with untreated acute renal failure and in one patient during the diuretic recovery phase of his illness. Patients with acute oliguric renal failure show two main types of imbalance. One group shows evidence of a reduction in extracellular sodium and chloride with normal intracellular water and electrolytes. These findings are thought to be due to a combination of excess urinary salt loss during the development of oliguric renal failure, and inadequate replacement of extrarenal electrolyte losses. A second group shows overhydration of both extra- and intracellular phases, associated with an excess of sodium and chloride. The intracellular potassium concentration is reduced, owing to the intracellular water excess. The patient studied during the diuretic recovery phase of acute renal failure showed a marked loss of sodium and chloride, which emphasizes the necessity to replace urinary electrolyte losses at this stage of the illness. It is often extremely difficult to assess fluid and electrolyte balance in patients presenting with acute renal failure, and muscle biopsy analysis or isotope dilution studies may be required before accurate replacement therapy is possible.
TL;DR: 46 simultaneous measurements of total body water and of extracellular water were determined in 24 children aged 2–17 yrs, finding that cell mass, derived from calculated intracellular water, was low in relation to BW and Ht and Nutritional status was a factor in rate of increase in CM and in Ht.
Abstract: Chronically uremic children seldom grow normally; growth while on extended hemodialysis is usually not adequate. In order to delineate more precisely the components of this growth failure and the changes in body composition with chronic dialysis, 46 simultaneous measurements of total body water and of extracellular water (ECW) were determined in 24 children aged 2–17 yrs. The data were divided into two groups: uremic children dialyzed 6 mos. Published data of Cheek for healthy children of similar age were used for comparison. In the uremic children body weight (BW) and height (Ht) were below normal for age. ECW was significantly higher in both groups for Ht and BW, and its fluctuations tended to confuse interpretation of weight changes. In both groups, cell mass (CM), derived from calculated intracellular water, was low in relation to BW and Ht. While on dialysis, Ht, BW, and CM tended to increase; CM as per cent BW did not change, and increases in CM with Ht were less rapid than in normals. Correlation between changes in CM with change in Ht was low. Nutritional status was a factor in rate of increase in CM and in Ht. Although normal linear growth velocity may be observed on dialysis, catch-up growth is uncommon. Growth occurred without restoration of the normal relationship of CM to Ht. These studies have proved useful in defining the character of body composition in uremic children and in evaluating changes in body composition in individual patients with time, variations in caloric intake, and with growth.
TL;DR: The behavior of body water content with time in animals is described by the constant, —0.043, and is, therefore, an important rate‐constant in aging.
Abstract: Water is lost constantly from animals throughout life, and the rate of loss is the same for all species. Thus the body of any animal at 2 years after conception shows the same percentage of water as the body of any other animal at 2 years after conception. When the rate of loss is graphed from empiric data, the following equation can be derived: W = W1A–k, where W is the percentage of water at any time, W1 is the percentage of water at unit time, A is age, and −k is a rate-constant. The behavior of body water content with time in animals is described by the constant, —0.043. It is, therefore, an important rate-constant in aging.
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Evidence was found which supports the hypothesis that there is an eflux and influx of high tritium concentration in and out of the plasma water of most healthy subjects, which are either absent or occur less frequently in patients with muscular paralysis.
Abstract: A comparison between male patients with muscular paralysis and healthy male subjects of similar age was made. The parameters compared were: body weight (BW), total body water (TBW), and the rate constants of tritium oxide (HTO) loss, 1) from plasma water, 2) through urination, 3) through other routes such as perspiration, respiration, and defecation. Similarities between patients and healthy subjects were found in: 1) the volume of water per unit of body mass, 2) the rate of HTO turnover in plasma water, 3) the volume of plasma water turnover per hour. The most notable dissimilarity was observed in the rate of plasma water HTO turnover. The plasma water HTO turnover changed with time in healthy subjects, whereas in patients with paralysis it remained essentially the same. Also, the fraction of HTO loss and water loss through urination was higher in patients than in healthy subjects. Evidence was found which supports the hypothesis that there is an eflux and influx of high tritium concentration in and out of the plasma water of most healthy subjects. These fluxes are either absent or occur less frequently in patients with muscular paralysis.
TL;DR: The difference in heat tolerance was found to be due to a difference in salt and water deficit, and certain features of blood and urine chemistry of water replacements and water deprivation were shown.
Abstract: Forty-nine unacclimatised Bantu mine workers divided into two groups were subjected to a standard heat exercise stress. One group had sweat losses replaced by drinking water and the other had no water at all. Salt and water deficits were measured by an indirect method based on the volume of urine and salt excreted over the four-hour period of the test. These excretions were correlated with the fourth-hour temperature response and showed good correlations. The difference in heat tolerance was found to be due to a difference in salt and water deficit. Osmolal clearance and free water clearance were additional measurements which showed agreement in the findings of the relative salt and water deficits.