Showing papers on "Body water published in 1972"

Fluid transfer between blood and tissues during exercise.

Abstract: During 6 min exercise on a bicycle ergometer the volume of the leg in normal males increased so as to indicate, after correction for increased regional blood volume, an average trans-capillary fluid loss into the leg muscles of 19, 31, and 45 ml/kg tissue at light (300 kpm/min), moderate (900 kpm/min), and heavy (1200–1500 kpm/min) work load. The total fluid loss into the active muscle mass was calculated to comprise about 1100 ml during heavy work. Since the concomitant decrease of plasma volume was 600 ml, it follows that some 500 ml of fluid must have entered the circulatory system during the work. The study indicated that this compensatory fluid gain was accomplished by absorption of extravascular fluid from inactive tissues and partly caused by osmosis resulting from work induced arterial hyperosmolality (average increase 22 mOsm/kg H2O). Fluid absorption from inactive tissues was studied in experimental animals during exercise and in resting humans during arterial hyperosmolality produced by intravenous hypertonic infusions. The investigations suggested that at least half of the fluid gain to the circulatory system in heavy exercise could be ascribed to the increased arterial osmolality and the remainder to a reflex decrease of capillary pressure.

Body composition in chronic renal failure.

Abstract: In severe chronic renal failure loss of weight is common due to a reduction in body fat and fat-free solids. The lean body mass forms an increased proportion of body weight. Body water is relatively increased largely due to an excess extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid is reduced relative to standard weight in the majority of patients. The exchangeable sodium is increased. The changes are not confined to patients with terminal uraemia but are most marked in those who have received prolonged treatment with low-protein diets. After the start of regular haemodialysis body weight falls because of losses of body water from both extracellular and intracellular spaces. Thereafter body weight increases, due to gains in body fat and fat-free solids. Changes in exchangeable sodium are variable. Intercurrent illness, poor dialysis, or fluid indiscretions rapidly induce a return of the original abnormalities and recovery is slow. Similar changes in body composition are observed after renal transplantation though these may be modified by large doses of prednisone. In general, transplantation is more effective in restoring body composition to normal than haemodialysis. These changes closely resemble those found in malnutrition and it is suggested that the abnormalities of body composition found in chronic renal failure are attributable to protein-calorie deficiency.

A Method for Measurement of Antibiotics in Human Interstitial Fluid

Abstract: To measure the antibiotic activity in interstitial fluid of volunteers, an area of skin 1 cm2 was denuded and covered with a chamber that was subsequently filled with saline. After the administration of an antibiotic, the portion that was not bound to protein was diffused out of the vascular space and equilibrated with the fluid in the chamber. At hourly intervals, the fluid was removed and immediately frozen, and the chamber was refilled. Serum was obtained simultaneously. Antibiotic activity was measured by the cup-plate and agar-well diffusion techniques. Volunteers were given each of the following antibiotics on separate days: cephalexin, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, nafcillin, and flucloxacillin. Antibiotics with lower percentages of protein binding diffused into the fluid of the skin window better than antibiotics with high percentages of protein binding. Flucloxacillin, 95% of which is bound to protein, had no detectable fluid levels in the skin window. The results suggest that the ability of antibiotics to diffuse into the interstitial fluid is related to the percentage of free drug in serum.

Seasonal changes in total body water, extracellular fluid, and blood volume in grazing reindeer.

Abstract: The effects of climatic and nutritional changes on body fluid compartmentalization and turnover were investigated in grazing female reindeer. Total body water volume and turnover, extracellular fluid volume, and blood volume were estimated using tritiated water, sodium sulfate-35S, and sodium chromate-51Cr, respectively. During winter and spring, body weights were either maintained or reduced while total body water (percentage of body weight) increased, resulting in appreciable losses of total body solids. In summer, large gains in body weight were accompanied by reduced total body water volumes resulting in substantial increases in body solids. An apparent fluid shift from the intravascular to the extracellular compartment during late spring suggested the occurrence of a starvation edema. Mean water flux rates (ml/day per kilogram body weight) were higher in late spring than during other seasons; lowest values were recorded in early winter. Seasonal variations in nutritional status as reflected by body c...

The relationship between body fluid compartment volumes, renin activity and blood pressure in chronic renal failure.

Abstract: 1. The relationship between various body fluid compartment volumes, plasma renin activity and mean arterial blood pressure was studied in twenty-six patients with chronic renal failure. 2. Mean arterial blood pressure was positively correlated with total exchangeable sodium, blood volume and plasma renin activity: there was no significant correlation with either total body water or extracellular fluid volume. 3. Multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma renin activity combined with total exchangeable sodium, blood volume, red cell mass or total body water provided a better means of predicting blood pressure than any of the variables taken alone. 4. In a second study performed after a period of regular dialysis treatment no correlation was found between mean arterial pressure and either body fluid compartment volumes or plasma renin activity.

Water metabolism in desert sheep effects of various degrees of water restriction on the distribution of body water in marwari sheep

Abstract: The distribution of water in the different body compartments of eight sheep of the Marwari breed was determined after imposing the following treatments: watering ad lib., restriction to 75%, 50%, and 25% respectively of normal daily water requirements (each treatment of 5 days' duration, with a 7-day normal drinking regime between treatments), and complete deprivation of water for 3 days. The total body water, the total blood and plasma volumes, and the extracellular, intracellular, and interstitial fluid volumes of the animals began to decrease when the water intake was reduced below 75% of the normal daily requirement. A reduction to 25% normal was similar in its effect to complete deprivation, at which the plasma volume fell by 43% and the extracellular fluid volume by 33%. The findings clearly point to an unusual ability of these animals to maintain circulation even when faced with considerable haemoconcentration.

Distribution and circulation of extracellular fluid and protein during different states of hydration in the cat.

Abstract: 1. Determinations of plasma volume (PV) and circulating protein in 13 anaesthetized cats before and after dehydration by deprivation of water for 48 h revealed an 11.5% decrease of PV and a 13.5% decrease of circulating protein, the plasma protein concentration and the albumin/globulin ratio remaining essentially constant. Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) was reduced by 13.8% in 9 dehydrated animals as compared to 10 control animals. 2. The fractional disappearance rate of radio albumin revealed that half a pool of albumin is exchanging with the extravascular space in 10 h in control animals as well as in dehydrated animals. The observation that lymph flow and lymph protein transport from the thoracic duct were closely correlated with the state of filling of the interstitial space explains why half a pool of plasma albumin was returned to the blood stream in 16.5 h in dehydrated animals as compared to 10 h in controls. The reduction of plasma albumin due to dehydration was calculated to result from the disturbance of the dynamic equilibrium between transcapillary albumin shift and lymphatic return. 3. During rehydration by saline infusion, dehydrated animals kept larger percentages of the infused fluid inside the intravascular space demonstrating a decrease of net transcapillary fluid shift. The increase of lymph flow during infusion was shown to be closely correlated with the filtration rate. There was an increase of transcapillary protein shift and a decrease of transport rates for lymph protein during infusion.

Dehydration-induced reductions in total blood volume and in pulmonary blood volume in rats.

Abstract: Groups of rats were exposed to water deprivation and/or food deprivation for 24 h periods. The degree of dehydration obtained was evaluated by weight examinations of the differently treated rats. The plasma and erythrocyte volumes were estimated by the use of i.v. injected isotopes. It was found that on water deprivation the intravascular fluid compartment was reduced relatively more than the total body water content. The blood content in the lungs was estimated from the organ content of isotopes after the rats had been rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. When dehydration had caused an 8 % reduction in the total blood volume, the pulmonary blood volume was found to be reduced by 30 %. The pulmonary vascular compartment thus appears to function as an important blood depot in this connection.

Effect of caloric restriction on body weight loss and body fat utilization in obese hyperglycemic mice (obob)

Abstract: Obese-hyperglycemic mice (obob) and their lean litter mates were subjected to caloric restriction of varying degrees. Body weight loss was initially proportional to the degree of caloric restriction but was gradually diminished as restriction was prolonged, until eventually the body weight of all animals stabilized at a new level. On the same food intake the cumulative body mass loss, prior to stabilization of body weight, was greater in the obese than in the lean animals. When, however, both the caloric restriction and the body weight loss were expressed as a percentage of the ad lib. fed animal, the regression line relating these two variables did not differ significantly between lean and obese mice. In a separate experiment it was established that the composition of body mass lost by partial food deprivation differed markedly between obob and lean controls, the proportion of fat being much greater in the former. These data fail to support the hypothesis that an impairment of fat mobilization from the fat depots of calorically restricted obese hyperglycemic mice leads to a decreased rate of energy utilization by their tissues.

The Effect of Glucocorticoid Withdrawal on Body Water and Electrolytes in Hypopituitary Patients with Adrenocortical Insufficiency as Investigated with 77Br, 43K, 24Na and 3H2O

Abstract: 1. Simultaneous measurements of exchangeable Na + , exchangeable K + , extracellular fluid volume and total body water, with 24 Na, 43 K, 77 Br and 3 H 2 O, were carried out in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency due to pituitary ablation performed 1–3 months previously. 2. The first group of five patients was studied before and after withdrawal of maintenance prednisone (2·5 mg three times daily, orally). The effects of glucocorticoid withdrawal were: (a) an increase in intracellular water (all cases) and a decrease in the extracellular fluid volume (four cases) irrespective of any change in serum Na + concentration; (b) an increase in residual (‘intracellular’) Na + in all cases which was matched by a loss of extracellular Na + , so that total body Na + remained unchanged, and (c) the cortisol deficiency clinical syndrome. Exchangeable K + remained unchanged. 3. Similar measurements were obtained with two further patients during the corticosteroid withdrawal period, throughout which they were kept on a maintenance dose of deoxycorticosterone acetate, 1·0 mg twice daily sublingually. Neither the above biochemical changes nor the cortisol deficiency syndrome developed. 4. The shift into the cells of water and Na + may depend on the same defect caused by glucocorticoid deficiency, and may be the cause of the cortisol deficiency syndrome.

Growth of the beagle: changes in the body fluid compartments.

Abstract: SummaryIn the present investigation in the beagle, there was a decrease in both the TBW and ECW compartments expressed as a percentage of body weight with growth, but the ICW compartment did not change significantly. The decrease in the TBW and ECW compartments occurred at three different rates: the first significant change in rate occurred between the ages of 1 and 2 months and the second between 4 and 5 months. The volumes of TBW and ECW calculated as a percentage of body weight were 85 and 56%, respectively, in the newborn and 60 and 29%, respectively, in the 1-year-old, while ICW was 30.6% throughout growth.

Body fat content and metabolic rate of rodents: desert and mountain.

Abstract: SummaryFifteen species of rodents representing three families and a wide range of ecologic distribution were used to investigate relationships between body fat and metabolic rates (Vo2). There was no apparent relationship between fat content and Vo2. The correlation between Vo2, body weight, body water and fat free body weight was essentially the same. Ecologic distribution appears to be of more importance than fat content in modification of Vo2.

Total Body Water Content of Neonates with Obstruction of Alimentary Tract

Abstract: The total body water content was measured by the deuterium oxide dilution method in 55 neonates admitted to hospital for surgical treatment within 90 hours of birth. The mean total body water of the whole group was 77·03 ± 0·62 (SEM)% of the body weight (range 67·4 to 88·6%), or 1·974 ± 0·005 (SEM) litres (range 1·010 to 2·830 litres). Over a range of body weights from 1·160 to 3·851 kg, total body water content expressed as a percentage of body weight decreased by 5% per kg rise in body weight, but when expressed as litres per kg body weight it increased by 737 ml for each rise of 1 kg in body weight. There was a small difference in water content between babies with obstruction of the alimentary tract and those with other nonobstructive lesions, which was not statistically significant.

Resistance to post-traumatic fluid loss at different ages.

Abstract: The ability to withstand post-traumatic fluid loss in a thermoneutral environment has been studied in the rabbit during the first 3 weeks of life. The LD50 period of bilateral hind-limb ischaemia, calculated by probit analysis, fell from birth to the 10th day of life and then returned to the 1-2 day level by the 22nd day. The difficulties of defining the acute injury to the animal are discussed and it is concluded that the fluid loss from the circulation expressed as a fraction of the plasma volume or total body water is the most precise. To compare the resistance of different age groups the fluid loss required to kill one half of a group of rabbits (i.e. the fluid loss following an LD50 period of ischaemia) was calculated at each age studied. When the changes in body composition with age had been taken into account the 1-2 day-old rabbit was more resistant to post-traumatic fluid loss in a thermoneutral environment than the older animal. The possible clinical significance of these results is briefly discussed.

Passenger fluid volumes measured before and after a prolonged commercial jet flight.

Abstract: Interstitial and intracellular fluid volumes were calculated from measured plasma volume, extracellular volume and total body water of six subjects before and after a 24-hour commercial overseas flight. No change occurred in these spaces or in peripheral hematocrit or total serum protein concentration. The subjective feeling of dehydration and the actual swelling of the lower extremities characteristically found among passengers at the end of a long trip of this type seems to represent a shift in body fluids to the dependent portions of the body rather than water retention or a decrease in the intravascular water volume.