Showing papers on "Body water published in 1980"

Body composition. Prediction of normal body potassium, body water and body fat in adults on the basis of body height, body weight and age.

Abstract: In 134 males and 242 females, aged 20-70 years, most of them randomly selected from population studies, the body composition was estimated from the measurements of body height (BH), body weight (BW), total body potassium (TBK) and total body water (TBW). TBK was measured with isotope dilution technique using 42K or determined as 40K in a whole body counter. TBW was determined with an isotope dilution technique using tritiated water, assayed in urine or plasma. From these data, body cell mass (BCM), intra- and extra-cellular water (ICW and ECW, resp.) and body fat (BF) were calculated for each individual. Significant correlations were found between age versus TBK, ECW, BF and ECW/ICW; between BW versus TBK, TBW, ECW, BF and ECW/ICW; (females only) and between BH versus TBK, TBW, ECW (females only) and ECW/ICW. For the prediction of TBK, TBW and BF, multiple regression equations based on BW, BH and age are given. These equations are also presented diagrammatically. The problems with the methods used are considered as well as the applicability of the formulas for the calculation of BCM etc. The predictive value of the results when both TBW and TBK are used for the calculation of body composition data is discussed and compared with similar results, based on TBW or TBK only. It is concluded, that the most reliable method for calculation of BF is to estimate both TBW and TBK.

Estimation of body fat in normal and obese mice

Abstract: 1. Lee Index (weight (g0.33) divided by nasoanal length (mm)), density, body water and proportional weight of the gonadal fat pad were tested as estimates of body fat in a normal population of mice and a population which included obese mice. 2. In a normal population only body water and fat-pad weight correlated significantly with body fat. 3. In a population of normal and obese mice all four indices correlated significantly with body fat. 4. Lee Index had little advantage over weight:length as an estimate of body fat, and density did not correlate well enough to be used as a method of estimation. 5. Proportional weight of the gonadal fat pad is recommended as a simple reliable estimate of body fat in normal or obese mice.

Serum Albumin and Nutritional Status

Abstract: Serum albumin concentration is frequently used to define nutritional status. To validate this relationship, 161 body composition studies were performed on 102 patients simultaneously with protein electrophoresis. The body cell mass represented by the exchangeable potassium to total body water ratio correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the serum albumin concentration (r = 0.59) and significantly (p < 0.001) to total protein (r = 0.59). However, in both cases the 95% confidence limits about the regression were wide. In 24 of 54 patients (44%) with a normal nutritional state, as defined by body composition, the serum albumin was abnormal. In 12 of 107 (11.2%) patients with malnutrition, the serum albumin was normal. Patients with more than one study were divided into 3 groups depending on the changes in their nutritional state as defined by their body composition. Serum albumin did not consistently reflect the significant body compositional changes observed. The data indicate that serum albumin is a valid measure of nutritional state for epidemiological surveys. However, due to the low sensitivity and specificity it is a poor parameter for evaluating the individual patient's nutritional state.

Nutritional assessment: Whole body impedance and body fluid compartments

Abstract: Measures of total body water and extracellular fluid volume would provide valuable information for the assessment of nutritional status in patients. Time and cost factors make the use of tracer dilution techniques impractical in routine nutritional assessment batteries. Some studies suggest that measurements of the electrical impedance properties of the body can be used to estimate total body water and extracellular fluid volume. The observed and predicted relationships between whole body impedance and body fluid compartment volumes are discussed, and problems which may limit the accuracy of prediction of body fluid compartment volume from whole body impedance measures are discussed. With further improvements, whole body impedance measurement could provide a practical bedside method for measurement of body fluid compartment volumes.

Dietary intakes, resting metabolic rates, and body composition in benign and malignant gastrointestinal disease.

Abstract: Dietary protein and energy intakes were assessed in 42 patients with cancer and 24 with benign conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The relations of dietary intake to body composition was examined. Resulting metabolic rate was measured in 51 patients. No significant differences in dietary intake or metabolic rate were found between patients with cancer and those with benign disease. There were significant positive correlations between protein and energy intakes and the ratio of total body potassium to total body water in patients with benign disease but not in those with cancer. Weight loss was probably due to inadequate food intake, the main defect being energy deficiency, since protein intake was usually well maintained. Supplementing with energy the voluntary ingested diet of patients with cancer would probably prevent weight loss in most cases.

Body fluid compartments in humans during acute high-altitude exposure.

Abstract: Body fluid compartments were studied in a group of sea level residents at sea level and during 12 d of acute exposure to an altitude to 3,500 m. Measurements of total body water and extracellular water were done on the third and 12th days of exposure, while plasma volume was measured on 12th day only. The intracellular water, blood volume, and red cell mass were computed from the above parameters. Total body water and extracellular water decreased progressively, the decrease being 4.7% (p less than 0.001) and 6.0% (p less than 0.05) respectively on the 12th day. Plasma volume and blood volume decreased significantly with a slight increase in red cell mass. Intracellular water, computed from total body water and extracellular water, decreased by 4.3% on 12th day. This study suggested hypohydration on acute altitude exposures.

Body composition in cachexia resulting from malignant and non‐malignant diseases

Abstract: The body composition of 23 patients with cachexia resulting from malignant or benign inflammatory disease was studied. Skinfold thickness and radioisotope tracer measurements enabled us to estimate total body fat, lean body mass, the ratio of fat loss to lean body loss, erythrocyte and plasma volumes, total body water, extra-, and intracellular water volumes, total body potassium, and intracellular potassium concentration. The total body fat and lean body mass information suggests that the body composition in cancerous cachexia differs from that in cachexia caused by benign inflammatory disease, in that lean tissue appears to be better conserved in the former. The radioactive tracer studies showed that the cachectic patients were anemic, potassium-deficient, and overhydrated; however, fluid partitioning into extra- and intracellular compartments was normal.

Fat-free mass, total body water, and intracellular water in the aged rat

Abstract: Total body water (TBW) and intracellular water (ICW = TBW minus extracellular water), when related to fat-free body mass (FFB), were recently observed to remain stable in healthy aged men and women. To expand these findings, a group of male Sprague-Dawley rats was followed from weaning to death. The design minimized several perturbations common to aging studies. At about 100-day intervals from 297 to 888 days, representative animals were killed for chemical studies. TBW/FFB was stable from 362 to 715 days, then significantly higher at 800 and 888 days. Extracellular water content of the fat-free body (ECW/FFB) increased significantly during middle life (362--579 days), then remained stable through 888 days. Changes of ICW/FFB were not significant. Aside from a uniquely higher value at 638 days, protein content did not differ significantly at any age. The stability of these major constituents suggested approximate maintenance of cell mass in healthy rats at late ages, a conclusion supported by additional observations of this colony and of an aged human population. We are unable to confirm the hypothesis that loss of FFB is part of the normal aging process.

The prediction of body composition in live ewes in early lactation from live weight and estimates of gut contents and total body water.

Abstract: The efficacy of estimates of gut contents and total body water in increasing the precision with which the chemical composition of the body could be estimated in early lactation was evaluated in 36 Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes. The ewes were fed at two levels in pregnancy, and, in lactation, given diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations.The allometric relationships relating weight of chemical fat and protein to emptybody weight were not affected by treatment or stage of lactation. Inclusion of an index of gut contents, based on dry-matter intake, indigestibility and retention time of food residues, together with live weight in a regression equation predicting weight of body fat, only slightly increased the precision of estimate compared with equations using live weight alone.There was a close negative relationship between the proportions of water and fat in live weight. Inclusion of weight of body water with live weight in a regression equation predicting weight of body fat markedly increased the precision of estimate and the residual error (0·81 kg) was similar at different stages of lactation. However, when deuterium oxide space was used instead of body water there was only a small increase in precision of estimate and the residual error varied from 5·3 kg in early lactation to 2·1 kg in mid-lactation. The relationship between deuterium oxide space and body water was shown to be variable and altered by stage of lactation, and these differences were associated with differences in rate of water turnover in the animal's body.It is concluded that estimates of body water are unsuitable for estimating weight of body fat in early lactation.

Live-weight, total body-water and maternal body-solid changes in pregnant and lactating beef cows

Abstract: Summary Live weight and total body water (TBW; measured as tritiated water space) were measured in eight pregnant cross-bred beef cows from the 6th month of gestation to approximately 1 month after calving. Using the values from these measurements and by estimating foetal, foetal fluid and foetal membrane weights from previously established prediction equations, the maternal live weight, maternal body water and maternal body solids were calculated. Live weight, TBW, maternal body water and maternal live weight increased during gestation, whereas maternal body solids decreased. The TBW percentage of live weight increased from 74·8 to 79·6% during gestation and remained at about 79·5% during the first month of lactation. It was concluded that live-weight changes alone could be misleading in assessing the energy balance of pregnant ruminants not only because of development of the foetus and associated structures but also because of maternal hydration.

Infrared-spectrometric determination of D2O in biological fluids. Reappraisal of the method and application to the measurement of total body water and daily water turnover in the dog.

Abstract: The determination of D2) in biological fluids by means of infrared spectrometry was reinvestigated. When the temperature of a solution, containing D2O in the range from natural abundance to 5 ml . 1-1 increases, its absorbance decreases and the wavenumber of maximum absorption shifts to a higher value. Both changes are linearly related to the change in temperature. Storage for 17 d in either glass or polyethylene tubes does not affect the D2O concentration. Purification of biological fluids by vacuum-sublimation removes all substances which also absorb at the O-D vibration band and the recovery of D2O from plasma and urine is complete. The partition ratio of D2O between plasma water and red cell water equals unity, and the same holds for plasma water and urine water over a wide range of urine flows and osmolalities. The arterial and urinary disappearance curves of D2O, measured over several days, both permit the calculation of the total amount of body water (Vbw), the daily water turn-over (F) and the half-time of water in the body (t1

Body fluid compartment changes during burn shock in the guinea pig.

Abstract: The alterations in body fluid compartments 1, 4, and 8 hours after a 70% full-skin thickness burn were studied in conscious guinea pigs. Concurrently, we measured hemodynamic changes associated with the burn. Cardiac output and heart rate were depressed one hour postburn, and mean arterial blood pressure was depressed eight hours postburn. A hemoconcentration one-hour postburn, as evidence by an increase in hematocrit, was due exclusively to a loss of plasma volume. Red blood cell (RBC) volume remained constant after the burn. As a consequence of decreased plasma volume, total blood volume was also depressed. Extracellular fluid was decreased on hour after the burn; how ever, four and eight hours postburn, extracellular fluid space was comparable to that in the control group. Total body water and body weights of burned animals did not differ from control values. This study has demonstrated the very rapid redistribution of fluids in burn shock without a loss of fluids from the body.

Use of deuterium oxide for the in vivo prediction of body composition in female rats in various physiological states.

Abstract: Deuterium oxide (D2O) was used to estimate total body water (TBW) and subsequently to predict the body composition of female rats at breeding, after pregnancy and after lactation as influenced by dietary manipulation. The correlation between D2O space (grams) and body water (grams) was 0.893 (P 0.05) when the fixed effects (pregnancy, lactation, feeding levels and two-way interactions) were included in the model.

Prediction of total body water in adolescent males.

Abstract: Height, weight, and Total Body Water (TBW) were measured in 172 Black male adolescents between 10 and 18 years old. Regression analysis was used to predict TBW from height and weight separately and from both measurements combined. The resulting equations were compared with those of Mellits and Cheek which were generated from the data of White male adolescents. The results showed a significant difference between Blacks and Whites in the relationship of TBW to height, indicating that the Blacks have a smaller TBW (and therefore Lean Body Mass) per unit of height. No difference was observed between ethnic groups in the relationship of TBW to weight alone nor to weight and height combined. I conclude that the equations of Mellits and Cheek (1970) for predicting TBW in adolescent boys from weight and from weight and height combined can be applied to Blacks as well as to Whites without appreciable loss of predictive accuracy. Measurements of body composition allow division of the body into its components of Fat and Lean Body Mass. The components provide useful reference standards for evaluating normal physiological functions, such as cardiac output, and allow quantification of conditions that are unusual, such as muscular hypertrophy, or pathological, such as obesity. Unfortunately, methods for measuring body composition tend to be expensive, time-consuming, and, under field conditions, technically difficult. For this reason, numerous studies have produced equations for predicting parameters of body composition from anthropometrical measurements. The major problem in the use of such equations is that they seldom apply to sample populations other than those from which they were originally drawn (Malina, 1966; Haisman, 1970; Lewis et al. 1975; Weltman and Katch, 1978). The result has been a growing number of body composition equations specific to the sex, age range, and ethnic group under study. Because population -specific equations may not be reliable when used to estimate body composition in a sample drawn from different ethnic groups, there is a need for prediction equations that are population 1Research supported, in part, by a grant from the Institute for the Study of Earth and Man, Dallas, Texas. 2Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. 3Present address: Cardiopulmonary Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas 75235. Human Biology, September 1980, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 381-391. ® Wayne State University Press, 1980 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.54 on Fri, 01 Jul 2016 05:22:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 382 James E. Schutte nonspecific (Behnke, 1961, 1963; Katch et al. 1974; Weltman and Katch, 1975, 1978). One method for assessing body composition is Total Body Water (TBW) analysis, where Lean Body Mass is considered to be a constant function of the TBW (Pace and Rathbun, 1945). Equations for predicting TBW from height and weight in children and adolescents have been published by Mellits and Cheek (1968, 1970). These equations were derived from data on Whites, and their applicability to nonwhite populations has not been tested previously. In the present study, TBW, height and weight were measured in a sample of Black male adolescents, and equations for predicting TBW from height and weight were derived from the data. These equations were then compared with those of Mellits and Cheek (1970) to ascertain whether there is a significant difference between the Black and White sample populations in the relationship of TBW to height and weight. Subjects and Methods The subjects were 172 Black males between 10 and 18 years old. All were students attending public schools in Dallas County, Texas. All subjects volunteered for the study and the criteria for subject selection are detailed elsewhere (Schutte, 1979, 1980). TBW was measured in each subject using the deuterium oxide (DzO) dilution method of Schloerb et al. (1950). Each subject was given an oral dose of 1 gm D20 per kg body weight. After a two-hour equilibration period, a 5 ml saliva sample was obtained (Mendez et al. 1970) and frozen until analyzed. For analysis, the saliva was double vacuumdistilled (Boling, 1963), and the DzO fraction of the distillate was determined by infrared spectrophotometry (Graystone et al. 1967). TBW may be estimated by these techniques with a precision of ± 1.5% (Wang et al. 1973). The TBW is assumed to be a constant 73.2% of the Lean Body Mass (LBM) such that the LBM may be computed as: LBM (kg) = TBW (L)/0.732 (1) Fatness can then be calculated as: Fat (kg) = Weight (kg) LBM (kg) (Pace and Rathbun, 1945). (2) The constant 0.732 was originally derived from animal data and is assumed to be a mammalian constant. Its applicability to human subjects was subsequently verified (Pace et al. 1947), and its continued use for This content downloaded from 157.55.39.54 on Fri, 01 Jul 2016 05:22:48 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Total Body Water in Adolescent Males 383 humans is supported by cadaver data as well as by its in vivo consistency with body composition data derived from other techniques (Moore et al. 1963). Height and weight were taken on the same day as D20 administration. Height was measured in cm with the subject barefoot and standing fully erect. Weight (after voiding) was measured to the nearest V4-pound using a beam -balance scale, and this measurement was converted to kg. The subject wore only gym shorts during this procedure.

Body fluid and hematologic adjustments during resting heat acclimation in rhesus monkey

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine body fluid adjustments during prolonged resting heat exposure in primates. Rhesus monkeys were acclimated for 35 days at 35 degrees C and 30% rh. Red cell mass, extracellular fluid volume (ECF), and total body water (TBW) were determined with 51Cr, 35SO4, and 3H2O, respectively, prior to and at intervals during heat exposure. Heat acclimation was characterized by a fluid shift from the interstitial compartment. In relation to TBW, interstitial fluid volume and ECF decreased 10.3 and 8.3%, respectively, while plasma volume (PV) and intracellular fluid were increased an average of 5.8 and 3.8%. TBW increased 4.8% during heat exposure. Hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased significantly on day 3 (7.9 and 6.5%) followed by a return toward control values. PV in relation to TBW remained elevated throughout the exposure. An increased drinking (25.0%) was associated with a decrease in caloric intake (30.7%) during heat acclimation. This study has provided a complete body fluid compartment analysis during resting heat acclimation in the rhesus monkey. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that heat acclimation in primates is characterized by a protein and fluid shift from the interstitial fluid compartment to the cardiovascular system and to the intracellular compartment.

Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolality.

Abstract: In health, both the total amount and the distribution of water and electrolytes in the body are controlled within narrow limits. While intercompartmental water fluxes depend solely on physical driving forces, the latter are determined by complex circulatory feedback mechanisms that manipulate capillary pressure, and by active transport mechanisms that affect intracellular osmotic pressure. Fluid and electrolyte intake are determined by central neural mechanisms. However, the fine tuning of body fluid and elctrolyte contact is accomplished by alterations in renal excretion controlled by a variety of local (intrarenal) mechanical and endocrine processes, as well as external neural endocrine feedback systems that include the antidiuretic hormone and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. Analysis of renal control is complicated by multiple interactions among the different control systems.

The effect of cold exposure on fluid balance, circulating arginine vasopressin concentration and milk secretion in the goat.

Abstract: Total body water, water intake, urine output, milk yield, plasma, milk and urine osmolality and plasma arginine vasopressin concentration were measured in goast exposed to thermoneutral (20°C) and cold (0–1.0°C) environments for 24h. Cold exposure caused the animals to reduce their water intake substantially. This was accompanied by a decrease in total body water and an increase in osmolality of plasma and milk. The output of urine decreased as cold exposure progressed but free water clearance by the kidney was not significantly different in thermoneutral and cold environments and cold exposure had no effect on circulating arginine vasopressin concentration. Milk yield was reduced by cold exposure and it is suggested that the reduced net movement of water from blood to milk is partly a consequence of the dehydration in duced by cold exposure and that this, in turn, is due primarily to a decrease in water intake with no effective renal compensation.

Evaluation of Neonatal Squirrel Monkeys Receiving Tritiated Water Throughout Gestation

Abstract: Pregnant squirrel monkeys received tritiated water (HTO) in the drinking water throughout gestation at levels ranging from 16 to 1000 times the permissible level for human consumption (0.003 ..mu..Ci/ml), resulting in mean body water HTO levels ranging from 0.05 to 3.1 ..mu..Ci/ml. There were no discernible effects of HTO administration on the newborn progeny in terms of body weight, body dimensions, selected organ weights (brain, heart, adrenal, kidney, liver, spleen), hematologic patterns, and histology of selected organs and tissues (adrenal, kidney, liver, lung, brain, pancreas, jejunum, pituitary, spleen, testes, thymus, skin) other than ovaries. The number of primary oocytes in female progeny decreased markedly with increasing levels of HTO in maternal drinking water. Quantitative analysis of neonate ovaries, testes, brain tissue, and retinal tissue is in progress. No effects of HTO administration on maternal body weight, gestation time, or maintenance of pregnancy to full term were observed. Body weights of HTO-treated inseminated females that did not deliver were less than control weights, but the lack of dose dependence implies that this effect may have been associated with a stimulus characteristic of the HTO administration rather than with irradiation.

Longitudinal studies of anthropometric data and body composition The population study of women in G#{246}teborg,

Abstract: Anthropometric data and body composition, estimated from total body potassium and total body water determinations, were studied in 1968 to 1969 and 1974 to 1975 in a population sample of middle-aged women. Altogether 1302 women participated in the anthropometric studies and 79 women in the body composition studies on both occasions. Body height decreased with age both secularly and biologically. The reduction of body height was greater at higher ages. Body weight increased with age, the change being partly a cohort effect and partly an effect of age. Evidence of a reduced muscle mass in the arms with age was found. Body cell mass increased with age in some age strata. There was an increase in subcutaneous fat with age, both in the arms and in the trunk. Body fat did not change significantly with age in the age strata studied. A change in body weight was accompanied by a similar change in both body fat and body cell mass. Am. J.Clin.Nut,.33: 155-162, 1980.

Water content, water turnover, and water half-life during cold acclimation in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cold acclimation on the dynamics of body water in primates. Six male rhesus monkeys were acclimated for 35 days at 6 °C. Water turnover rate (WTR), biological half-life (t1/23H2O), and total body water (TBW) were estimated by the tritium dilution method. A reduced water intake during the 1st week of cold acclimation was associated with a decrease in water balance (total water input minus WTR). Both drinking and total water input were decreased throughout the cold exposure. WTR was significantly decreased during the last 3 weeks of cold exposure in spite of an increased caloric consumption, which, in a thermoneutral environment, generally is associated with an increased WTR. Biological half-life for tritium showed a significant average increase during the cold stress. TBW in relation to body weight was increased during the first 2 weeks of cold exposure and had decreased to its lowest level by day 22. Calculations of TBW were independent of whether th...

Effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on water distribution in the rat

Abstract: Rats of both sexes chronically submitted to a simulated sltitude of 4700 m (440 mm Hg) in a hypopressure chamber show a different behavior in relation to total body water. The aim of the present work was to analyze the behavior of body fluids in these conditions in order to precise whether or not the observed change in total body water is accompanied by a difference in its distribution. Male, female and castrated female rats, submitted to 440 mm Hg during nine months and their respective controls maintained at ambient pressure, were used. At the end of that period, and previous insertion of a carotid cannula, total water, extracellular fluid and blood volume were determinated by isotopic dilution techniques (Fig. 1), using tritiated water, radiosulfate and 131I human serum albumin, respectively. Blood samples were obtained without interruption of the hypopressure. Immediately after the experiments, the animals were sacrificed and total body fat was determined. Results, expressed in percentage of lean body mass (Table 1), showed that in intact female rats the increase in total body water would be due to an increase in interstitial water volume and that there was a significant decrease in plasma water volume. On the other hand, in castrated females, exposure to hypoxia produced dehydration, by a decrease in intraellular water, without significant changes in plasma water volume. The results in males showed a tendency in the same direction, but the differences were not statistically significant. The difference found in water distribution can be adscribed to an effect of estrogens, which may be direct or mediated by other endocrine factors.