Showing papers on "Breast cancer published in 1973"
TL;DR: Specific quantitative techniques have been used to measure the cytoplasmic estradiol-binding protein (EBP) in human mammary carcinoma tissue specimens, indicating an excellent correlation between the presence of abundant tumor EBP and endocrine-induced breast cancer regressions.
Abstract: Specific quantitative techniques have been used to measure the cytoplasmic estradiol-binding protein (EBP) in human mammary carcinoma tissue specimens. Sucrose gradient centrifugation reveals EBP to sediment at 8S and 4S. Variable quantities of non-specific estradiol binding occurs in the 4S region of the sucrose gradient necessitating controls to insure specificity of the estradiol protein interaction. Using dextran-coated charcoal to separate bound from free estradiol Scatchard analysis finds the dissociation constant of the estradiol EBP interaction to be approximately 2.6x10(-10) M, indicative of the very high affinity of the ligand for the EBP. Quantitation of EBP sites in 64 primary and metastatic human breast tumors demonstrates a continuous spectrum of values from 0 to 612 fmol per mg of cytoplasmic protein. Specific 8S binding in the sucrose gradient centrifugation was not detected in specimens containing less than 9.0 fmol EBP per mg cytoplasmic protein. Since data from animal breast tumors and preliminary evidence from human breast tumors indicates an excellent correlation between the presence of abundant tumor EBP and endocrine-induced breast cancer regressions, precise quantitation of EBP in all human primary tumors may prove to be an excellent prognosticator of endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer.
792 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that breast cancer risk is related to estrogen metabolism during the first few years after menarche is the hypothesis most compatible with all the major epidemiological features of the disease and is virtually the only acceptable explanation.
Abstract: Literature on the risk factors for human breast cancer and specific etiologic hypotheses is reviewed. The risk of breast cancer has been found to increase with increasing age at the time of first delivery. The incidence of breast cancer increases with age though the rate of increase varies geographically and in some countries declines in later life. Early menarche and late menopause are associated with higher risk while surgically induced menopause reduces the risk. The rate of breast cancer is 5-6 times higher in North America and Northern Europe than in most areas of Africa and Asia. A history of benign breast disease and a familial history of breast cancer also increase the risk. Breast cancer has been associated with cancers of the ovary endometrium uterine corpus and the colon. The excretion of low levels of androgen metabolites have been related to an increased risk of breast cancer. The hypothesis that breast cancer risk is related to estrogen metabolism during the first few years after menarche is the hypothesis most compatible with all the major epidemiological features of the disease and is virtually the only acceptable explanation. The roles of exogenous estrogens prolactin and progesterone in the disease have yet to be evaluated in humans. Virus studies and the relationship of breast cancer risk to patterns of androgen and estrogen metabolism seem the most promising areas for research in the control of breast cancer.
715 citations
TL;DR: A stable cell line derived by pleural effusion from a breast cancer patient has been demonstrated to contain significant amounts of 17β-estradiol receptor, which has a Kd equal to 2.5 nm, a sedimentation constant of 4.0 S, and a mechanism capable of transporting the 17 β-ESTradiol into the nucleus.
424 citations
TL;DR: The correlation between cancer of the breast, colon and stomach dietary factors, and various indicators of standard of living was examined.
Abstract: The correlation between cancer of the breast, colon and stomach dietary factors, and various indicators of standard of living was examined. Cancer of the breast and colon was highly correlated with fat and animal protein.
423 citations
TL;DR: Tamoxifen (ICI 46474) was given by mouth to patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic breast carcinoma and at a dosage of 10 mg twice daily 60% of patients showed arrest or reversal of tumour growth.
Abstract: Tamoxifen (ICI 46474) was given by mouth to patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic breast carcinoma At a dosage of 10 mg twice daily 60% of patients showed arrest or reversal of tumour growth At a dosage of 20 mg twice daily 77% showed arrest or reversal of tumour growth Side effects were usually trivial and their incidence was the same at both dose levels No patients showed virilization of fluid retention
370 citations
364 citations
346 citations
TL;DR: There is a very large variation within the region of the incidence of oesophageal cancer, which is at least as common in women as in men, and is more common than almost any tumour anywhere in the world.
Abstract: The results of the first 3 years of cancer registration on the Caspian Littoral are described. The main finding, confirming previous reports, is a very large variation within the region of the incidence of oesophageal cancer. Possible sources of bias are considered and shown to contribute little to the pattern of incidence. Among women there is a thirty-fold variation in the incidence across the regions; among men a ten-fold variation. In the north-east of the region the tumour is at least as common in women as in men, and is more common than almost any tumour anywhere in the world. Among other tumours, stomach cancer has a strikingly uniform incidence by comparison; breast cancer shows an incidence gradient of opposite slope.
234 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Vincristine was studied in a series of dose levels in 392 patients with advanced cancer to see if it was able to overbalance a poor prognosis and apparently to increase survival beyond that predicted.
Abstract: SUMMARY Vincristine was studied in a series of dose levels in 392 patients with advanced cancer. It produced tumor regres sions in a substantial proportion of patients with advanced lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin's dis ease, breast cancer, bladder cancer, and carcinomas of un known primary site. Response occurred about as frequently at 25 jug/kg/week as at higher doses. Maximum response rates occurred in those patients who sustained moderate toxicity as contrasted to those with only mild or no toxic effects or to those with severe manifestations of drug effect on normal tissues. Dose-related sensory, motor, and auto nomie neuropathy and central nervous system dysfunc tions were observed. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed. The frequency of responses achieved and their duration were modified by good- or poor-risk status of the patients. Prediction of survival was rather accurate as determined by comparison of prognostication and actual survival times. Responders survived longer than nonresponders. In pa tients with breast cancer, the survival extension beyond prediction cannot be explained as due solely to vincristineinduced remission time. In some other diseases, therapeu tic response to vincristine was able to overbalance a poor prognosis and apparently to increase survival beyond that predicted.
232 citations
Journal Article•
197 citations
TL;DR: Three hundred and fifty‐four patients with histologically proven infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast were seen at Memorial Hospital, New York City, between 1956 and 1970, which comprised 5.8% of all breast cancers seen during this interval.
Abstract: Three hundred and fifty-four patients with histologically proven infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast were seen at Memorial Hospital, New York City, between 1956 and 1970. This comprised 5.8% of all breast cancers seen during this interval. Infiltrating lobular breast cancer is found less frequently in the Negro female—3.7% vs. 5.8% for all breast cancer. Histologic differentiation from infiltrating duct carcinoma may be difficult. Clinical diagnosis is often complicated by its gross similiarty to “localized mastitis.” Bilaterality is more frequent with infiltrating lobular carcinoma—23% vs. 16% for infiltrating duct carcinoma. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma is lethal in its behavior, 5- and 10-year salvage rates, after similar therapy, being slightly below those for infiltrating breast carcinoma generally. During its in-situ stage, lobular carcinoma can be cured consistently by total mastectomy. When definitive surgical therapy is delayed until infiltrating breast cancer has developed, the patient is exposed to a greater long-term risk because of the uncertain prognosis of infiltrating lobular carcinoma.
TL;DR: Pituitary metastases were found in 18 out of 1,857 autopsy cancer cases and the breast appeared to be the most frequent primary tumor site.
Abstract: Pituitary metastases were found in 18 (10 %) out of 1,857 autopsy cancer cases Metastases were present in the anterior lobes of 4 and in the posterior lobes of 6 patients Both lobes were affected in the remaining 8 cases The breast appeared to be the most frequent primary tumor site The clinical and pathological features of pituitary cancer metastases are discussed
TL;DR: Cancer of the breast is the second most frequent malignancy of Ugandan women and is, however, very much less common than in western Caucasian females.
Abstract: Cancer of the breast is the second most frequent malignancy of Ugandan women. It is, however, very much less common than in western Caucasian females. This altered incidence is probably a result of differences in the age of first pregnancy and possibly of dietary differences between the two communities. Histological studies show little difference except that tumours in Uganda are less well differentiated. Ugandan women present at hospital late in the course of the disease.
TL;DR: The mean urinary production rate of D and DS were lower in the breast cancer patients than in the normal subjects, and the difference was significant (p < 0.025) for DS.
Abstract: Urinary production rates of dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) by isotope dilution, and the blood production rate of androstenedione (A) by continuous infusion technique have each been measured in 8 normal postmenopausal women. Both measurements were done in a group of 6 breast cancer patients. The cancer patients were at the time of the primary operation at least 6 yr postmenopausal; at the time of the study they were at least 3 yr after the operation. All of them were in good health and free of demonstrable recurrence of the tumor. The contribution of D and DS to urinary estrogens and the conversion of A to estrone were each determined in 8 normal postmenopausal women. Both measurements were done in the 6 breast cancer patients. The mean urinary production rate of D and DS were lower in the breast cancer patients than in the normal subjects. The difference was significant (p < 0.025) for DS. In the breast cancer patients the excretion of ll-deoxo-17-oxosteroids (11- DOKS)...
TL;DR: Dose‐related CNS toxicity, ranging from drowsiness to semi‐coma, predominated but relative hypoadrenocorticism may have contributed, and concurrent pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids may reduce toxicity and inhibit compensatory ACTH secretion.
Abstract: Adrenalectomy has been effective in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, but many patients are poor operative risks. A medical ablation of adrenal function would have wider application. Aminoglutethimide blocks adrenal steroidogenesis high in the biosynthetic pathway. Nine patients with absent ovarian function and enlarging metastases received the drug in daily oral doses of 1.0 to 2.5 g. Corticosteroid replacement consisted of dexamethasone 0.75 mg daily and fludrocortisone acetate 0.1 mg every other day. Regression of osseous disease and disappearance of skin metastases were observed in three patients for 7, 9, and 2 months, respectively. Tumor growth ceased for 4 and 7 months in two patients. Suppression of urinary 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticoids was only transient in eight patients, presumably because of compensatory increase in ACTH secretion. Estrogen secretion rates were similarly affected. The patient with a 9-month remission on 2.5 g daily has demonstrated permanent hypoadrenocorticism. Dose-related CNS toxicity, ranging from drowsiness to semi-coma, predominated but relative hypoadrenocorticism may have contributed. Anticancer action may result from a peripheral effect of the drug or from suppression of an unidentified steroid. Concurrent pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids may reduce toxicity and inhibit compensatory ACTH secretion.
TL;DR: A randomized mass screening program using mammography as well as clinical examination in women aged 40 to 64 years resulted in a higher proportion of breast cancer detected with no axillary lymph node involvement and subsequently a substantial reduction in mortality in a study group as compared to a matched control.
Abstract: A randomized mass screening program using mammography as well as clinical examination in women aged 40 to 64 years resulted in a higher proportion of breast cancer detected with no axillary lymph node involvement and subsequently a substantial reduction in mortality in a study group as compared to a matched control. Both clinical examination and mammography contributed independently to the yield. However, in women under 50 in this study, mammography led to detection of only a small proportion of additional cases, while at age 50 years and over omission of either modality would have led to substantially lower cancer detection rates. The particularly substantial contribution of mammography is underscored by a case fatality rate of only 2 per cent in cancers detected in mammography alone.It would be reasonable to conclude that further follow-up to determine long-term effect of the screening procedures is indicated.It would also seem useful to evaluate the contribution of newer improved methods of mammography...
TL;DR: Data is presented on the question of whether differences in breast cancer histology could account for the differences in survival rate between Tokyo and two western areas–Boston, USA, and Glamorgan, Wales, and on the relationships of histologic type and lymphoid infiltrate to survival.
Abstract: Survival rates for patients with breast cancer have been reported to be higher in Japan than in the United States. It has also been reported that histologic features associated with more favorable survival are more frequent in Tokyo than in the United States. In this report data are presented on the question of whether differences in breast cancer histology could account for the differences in survival rate between Tokyo and two western areas–Boston, USA, and Glamorgan, Wales. Intraductal carcinoma was found to be most frequent in Tokyo and least frequent in Boston, but survival differences between the two cities were found when non-invasive cases were excluded. Low (relatively malignant) nuclear grade was observed most often in Glamorgan; there was little difference in frequency of this characteristic between Boston and Tokyo. Since nuclear-grade specific survival ratios were highest in Tokyo, this histologic feature also does not account for the better survival experience of Japanese patients. Tumors of medullary histologic type and those with high degrees of lymphoid infiltration were most frequent in Japan and least frequent in Boston. However, the relationships of histologic type and lymphoid infiltrate to survival were not consistent in the three areas, and the higher survival ratio of the Japanese patients could not be related to these characteristics.
TL;DR: Plasma prolactin levels have been measured in normal women and in women with benign and malignant breast disease and no difference has been demonstrated between any of these groups of patients.
TL;DR: Sera from one patient with an ovarian carcinoma, three patients with sarcoma, and four patients with melanoma were found to “potentiate” (i.e. increase) the cytotoxic effect of blood lymphocytes reactive to the respective type of tumor target cells.
Abstract: Sera from one patient with an ovarian carcinoma, one with sarcoma, one with a breast carcinoma, and four patients with melanoma were found to “potentiate” (i.e. increase) the cytotoxic effect of blood lymphocytes reactive to the respective type of tumor target cells. This effect was specific. Furthermore, sera from the breast cancer and sarcoma patients and from one of the melanoma patients “armed” (i.e. made cytotoxic) lymphocytes from non-reactive donors, not having (had) the respective tumor studied. The possible relevance, in vivo, of these findings, and the frequency with which they occur, need further clarification.
TL;DR: There seems to be a striking correlation between the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor in tumour tissue and the clinical response to hormonal therapy.
Abstract: Oestrogen receptor determinations were done in metastatic breast cancer tissue of patients with advanced breast cancer. In 37 patients with progressive disease evaluation of the response to endocrine treatment was possible, following the criteria of the E.O.R.T.C. Co-operative Breast Cancer Group. In 20 patients with receptor-negative tumours two objective remissions were noted; in 17 patients with receptor-positive tumours 14 objective remissions were seen. There seems to be a striking correlation between the presence or absence of oestrogen receptor in tumour tissue and the clinical response to hormonal therapy.
TL;DR: Hexamethylmelamine is a iriazine that has completed phase I–II trials under the sponsorship of the Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute and greater than 20% response rates were seen in the following tumor types: small cell (oat) carcinoma of the lung, ovarian adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and breast cancer.
TL;DR: The histologic grading was correlated with prognosis, and a significant fall in the 5‐year survival rate was found from Grade I to II and from Grade II to III.
Abstract: In a series comprising 265 male patients with breast cancer, histologic typing and grading were carried out in 187 cases using the WHO Classification. Among the 187 patients, a total of 30 cases of special cancer types were found (22 carcinomas and 8 sarcomas). There were no carcinomas of lobular type. The sarcomas in our series had a relatively high frequency and a favorable prognosis. Histologic grading was carried out in 150 carcinomas. The 30 cases of special types and 7 cases with insufficient tumor tissue were excluded. The distribution of the 150 cases was: 29% with Grade I, 54% with Grade II, and 17% with Grade III. The histologic grading was correlated with prognosis, and a significant fall in the 5-year survival rate was found from Grade I to II and from Grade II to III.
TL;DR: This laboratory is the first in the world to systematically evaluate the role of estrogen in the development of breast cancer and its role in disease progression through a number of mechanisms.
Abstract: Since this report will deal exclusively with work from this laboratory we would like at the onset to acknowledge the previous work from the laboratories of Jensen, Bresciani, King, Mobbs , Korenman, Sander, and Terenius and their contributions to our understanding of estrogen action in breast tumors.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It appears that, with 50 years of age as the dividing point, cancer of the breast is more aggressive in its metastatic spread in younger women than in older women; however, age difference is not a factor when younger women survive more than 5 years.
Abstract: Summary A total of 374 women with cancer of the breast died and were autopsied at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. This patient population was examined with regard to age at the time of onset of symptoms, duration of disease, and distribution of metastases in various organs. The distribution of metastases in a younger and older age group in relation to the duration of the disease was analyzed. It appears that, with 50 years of age as the dividing point, cancer of the breast is more aggressive in its metastatic spread in younger women than in older women; however, age difference is not a factor when younger women survive more than 5 years.
TL;DR: In a second male patient with osseous metastases from an inoperable breast cancer, a bilateral orchiectomy is performed and definite regression of the cancer is obtained, including marked decrease in the size of the ulcerative lesion of the breast.
Abstract: IN 1942 Farrow and Adair1 reported rapid progression of osseous metastases as a result of treatment with testosterone propionate in a male patient with cancer of the breast. In a second male patient, also with osseous metastases from an inoperable breast cancer, these authors performed a bilateral orchiectomy and obtained definite regression of the cancer, including marked decrease in the size of the ulcerative lesion of the breast, calcification of osteolytic bone metastases and complete relief of bone pain. The authors measured the urinary excretion of "estrogenic substance" and 17-ketosteroid before and after treatment and found a marked decrease in . . .
TL;DR: Effectiveness of the calusterone has prompted a dose-response study by the CBCG to determine the most effective dose of this androgen for use in treatment of breast cancer.
Abstract: A randomized clinical trial of calusterone and testolactone according to the protocol of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group (CBCG) produced objective remissions of advanced breast cancer in 28% of women receiving calusterone and 18% of those given testolactone. Effectiveness of the calusterone has prompted a dose-response study by the CBCG to determine the most effective dose of this androgen for use in treatment of breast cancer.
TL;DR: Histologic slides from representative series of breast cancer patients in Boston and Tokyo were reviewed by pathologists who did not know the city of origin of the material, and tumors of small‐cell or invasive ductal histologic type and tumors with a high degree of fibrosis were more frequent in Boston than in Tokyo.
Abstract: Histologic slides from representative series of breast cancer patients in Boston, where the incidence rate of breast cancer is high, and in Tokyo, where the incidence rate is low, were reviewed by pathologists who did not know the city of origin of the material. Intraductal, medullary and colloid histologic types were relatively more frequent in Tokyo. Also more frequent in Tokyo were tumors with circumscribed margins and a high degree of cellular reaction. Tumors of small-cell or invasive ductal histologic type and tumors with a high degree of fibrosis were more frequent in Boston than in Tokyo.
TL;DR: The Immune competence of 16 breast cancer patients treated with radical mastectomy was evaluated by lymphocyte counts, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and in vitro response of blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin.
Abstract: The Immune competence of 16 breast cancer patients treated with radical mastectomy was evaluated by lymphocyte counts, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and in vitro response of blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. Twelve patients who received postoperative irradiation were evaluated before and immediately after therapy. Four nonirradiated patients were studied during similar time intervals. The apparent degree of immunosuppression produced in the locally irradiated patients was surprisingly marked. Postmastectomy patients not receiving radiotherapy did not show these immunological defects during similar observation periods. It is postulated that this disruption of the biologic balance between host and tumor could be a relevant factor in the prognosis of the cancer patient.
TL;DR: Hypophysectomy appears to be slightly more effective than adrenalectomy in advanced cancer of the prostate, especially in terms of short-term objective response, and has proved much more beneficial in breast cancer.
TL;DR: This report is based on a study of 19 patients with breast cancer, 11 patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 7 women as controls, and single 24-hour urine collections were made for steroid determinations on Days 22 or 23 of the menstrual cycle.