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Showing papers on "Brillouin scattering published in 2003"


01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Elements of the theory of nonlinear optics frequency doubling and mixing optical parametric generation, amplification, and oscillation characterization of second order nonlinear optical materials properties of selected second orderNonlinearoptical materials nonlinear index of refraction characterization of non linear refractive index materials optical properties ofselected third order non linear optics materials non linear absorption experimental techniques in nonlinear absorption ultrafast characterization techniques.
Abstract: Elements of the theory of nonlinear optics frequency doubling and mixing optical parametric generation, amplification, and oscillation characterization of second order nonlinear optical materials properties of selected second order nonlinearoptical materials nonlinear index of refraction characterization of nonlinear refractive index materials optical properties of selected third order nonlinear optics materials nonlinear absorption experimental techniques in nonlinear absorption ultrafast characterization techniques laser flash photolysis nonlinear absorption properties of selected materials stimulated Raman scattering stimulated Brillouin scattering properties of selected stimulated light-scattering materials theelectro-optic effect.

521 citations


Book
01 Aug 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the effects of low power/energy levels on the performance of a conducting surface and the effect of delectric coating on dielectric coatings.
Abstract: Glossary of Terms OPTICAL EFFECTS AT LOW POWER/ENERGY LEVELS Introduction Electromagnetic Theory Dispoersion Reflectance and Transmittance Reflectance and Absortance of a Conducting Surface Molecular Polarizability Absorption Scatter Analysis of R, T, A and S Measurements OPTICAL EFFECTS AT MEDIUM POWER/ENERGY LEVELS Introduction Absorption Raman Scattering Brillouin Scattering Harmonic Generation Self-Focusing DAMAGE THEORY Introduction Thermal Mechanisms Dielectric Processes Testing Regimes Time of Damage Damage Morphology SURFACES AND SUB-SURFACES Introduction Surfaces Sub-Surface COATINGS Introduction Coating Technology Measurements and Morphology of Coated Surfaces Coating Design Damage to Dielectric Coatings SPECIAL TOPICS Ambient Atmosphere/Gases Liquids Photodetectors Fibre Optics Scaling Laws Significance of the Units of Measurement MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Introduction Measurement of Power, Power Density, Energy, and Energy Density Laser-Induced Damage Threshold Measurement of Optical Characteristics Surface Measurement and Specification Other Measurements APPENDICES References Index

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first Brillouin observation of acoustic mode quantization in a nanoparticle arising from spatial confinement and the distinct spectral peaks measured afford an unambiguous assignment of seven surface and inner acoustic modes.
Abstract: The vibrational modes in three-dimensional ordered arrays of unembedded ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ nanospheres have been studied by Brillouin light scattering. Multiple distinct Brillouin peaks are observed whose frequencies are found to be inversely proportional to the diameter ($\ensuremath{\approx}200--340\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}$) of the nanospheres, in agreement with Lamb's theory. This is the first Brillouin observation of acoustic mode quantization in a nanoparticle arising from spatial confinement. The distinct spectral peaks measured afford an unambiguous assignment of seven surface and inner acoustic modes. Interestingly, the relative intensities and polarization dependence of the Brillouin spectrum do not agree with the predictions made for Raman scattering.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlation-based continuous-wave technique for high spatial resolution and distributed dynamic strain measurements using stimulated Brillouin scattering is presented, which has successfully measured dynamic strain from a 5-cm vibrating section, at a sampling rate of 8.8 Hz with a strain accuracy of about
Abstract: Conventional fiber Brillouin-based strain sensors are capable of distributed sensing, making them advantageous over fiber Bragg grating-based sensors for structural monitoring applications. However, Brillouin sensors have low spatial resolution and are inappropriate for dynamic strain measurements as they have large measurement times of several minutes. We present a correlation-based continuous-wave technique for high spatial resolution and distributed dynamic strain measurements using stimulated Brillouin scattering. Using our technique, we have successfully measured dynamic strain from a 5-cm vibrating section, at a sampling rate of 8.8 Hz with a strain accuracy of about /spl plusmn/38 /spl mu//spl epsiv/.

103 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Efficient optical carrier reduction of microwave signals with a single-mode 1.5-microm wavelength Brillouin all-fiber ring laser is experimentally demonstrated and evidence of generation of high-spectral-purity beatnotes is provided.
Abstract: We experimentally demonstrate efficient optical carrier reduction of microwave signals with a single-mode 1.5-microm wavelength Brillouin all-fiber ring laser. Because of the tunable optical coupling, the lasing threshold of the short-length (20-m) fiber cavity is lower than 5 mW, and high conversion efficiencies (up to 60%) are obtained at any pump power up to approximately 200 mW. Using the single-mode Stokes beam as a seed for the stimulated Brillouin scattering process allows up to 40-dB optical carrier depletion with almost no added noise for an optically carried microwave signal at 6 GHz. In addition, using this resonator, we provide evidence of generation of high-spectral-purity beatnotes.

94 citations


MonographDOI
01 Jan 2003

83 citations


Reference BookDOI
01 Sep 2003
TL;DR: The one-dimensional SBS model analytical solutions Optical phase conjugation in SBS Analytical solutions of the three-dimensional sBS model SBS in optical fibers Laser resonators with SBS mirrors Optical solitons as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Spontaneous and stimulated scattering of the optical field The one-dimensional SBS model-analytical solutions Optical phase conjugation in SBS Analytical solutions of the three-dimensional SBS model SBS in optical fibers Laser resonators with SBS mirrors Optical solitons in SBS Appendix 1: Selected materials for SBS Appendix 2: Averaging of a Gaussian process in SBS Appendix 3: Calculation of the SBS reflectivity with transverse effect corrections Appendix 4: Calculation of SBS topological soliton solution in terms of the inverse problem in scattering theory

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Jianfeng Xu1, Xiaobin Ren1, Wenping Gong1, Rui Dai1, Dahe Liu1 
TL;DR: The results show that the bulk viscosity of water can be determined directly from Brillouin-scattering measurements, which has a high signal-to-noise ratio and high accuracy.
Abstract: The aim is to develop a rapid and direct method for measuring the bulk viscosity of a liquid as a function of temperature. Brillouin scattering of a laser beam in fresh water and salt water at different temperatures has been studied. The results show that there exists a close temperature-dependent relationship among the Brillouin frequency shift, the Brillouin linewidth, and the bulk viscosity of water. Thus the bulk viscosity of water can be determined directly from Brillouin-scattering measurements. The method has a high signal-to-noise ratio and high accuracy.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used first-order Raman scattering to determine the zone-center phonons and their dependence on structural attributes such as stress, chemical composition, impurities, and doping.
Abstract: We present a selection of our contributions to basic research on the lattice dynamical properties of groupIII nitrides and their alloys. We used first-order Raman scattering to determine the zone-center phonons and their dependence on structural attributes such as stress, chemical composition, impurities, and doping. Results on the angular dispersion of the polar modes, strain distribution, coupled LO-phonon plasmon modes, multi-mode behavior in AlxGa1–xN, and the quantitative determination of the phase purity of cubic and hexagonal GaN are shown. Second-order Raman-scattering experiments on GaN and AlN provide information on the vibrational states throughout the entire Brillouin zone. Based on a comparison of experimental data and calculated phonon-dispersion curves we assigned the observed structures to particular phonon branches and points in the Brillouin zone. We also discuss the behavior of the optical modes under large hydrostatic pressure.

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work uses the nonlocalized, fluctuating source model for the stimulated Brillouin scattering to get the exact spectrum of the Stokes wave in optical fibers with attenuation loss and gives for the first time an approximate solution for standard steady-state BrillouIn equations.
Abstract: We first use the nonlocalized, fluctuating source model for the stimulated Brillouin scattering to get the exact spectrum of the Stokes wave in optical fibers with attenuation loss. A new relation for the evaluation of the critical pump power (or Brillouin threshold) depending on the fiber length is then introduced, which should be more precise than the well-known Smith formula. Furthermore, we give for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, an approximate solution for standard steady-state Brillouin equations, which consists of two simple relations.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a Brillouin fiber-ring laser utilizing an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (UMZI) as coupling device is presented, which shows continuous-wave and single-frequency operation.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a novel Brillouin fiber-ring laser utilizing an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (UMZI) as coupling device. The laser is pumped by a distributed-feedback laser diode and shows continuous-wave and single-frequency operation. Frequency-dependent transmission characteristics of the UMZI make it possible for the pump wave to pass through the laser-ring cavity with no resonance effect for stable pump operation, while the Brillouin laser signal still resonates in a high-finesse cavity. Single and multiple longitudinal mode operations are observed according to the relative location between longitudinal modes and Brillouin gain-curve center. A stable single-frequency operation is achieved using a simple stabilizing feedback loop based on dithering and autotracking techniques. Using this simple stabilizing feedback loop, the laser-intensity fluctuation is highly suppressed and remains below 4%. The Brillouin output converted from the pump power of 26.4 mW is about 3.18 mW, and the linewidth is measured to be below 1 kHz.

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a continuous-wave fiber optical parametric amplifier with an isolator between two fiber segments was used to increase the pump stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold for transmission of 10-Gb/s signals.
Abstract: We have obtained 60 dB of internal (ON-OFF) gain with a continuous-wave fiber optical parametric amplifier by using an isolator between two fiber segments to increase the pump stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold. Subdecibel penalties were measured for transmission of 10-Gb/s signals, with 35 dB of gain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the second-order elastic moduli of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme crystals were determined as a function of relative humidity (RH) by Brillouin scattering.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Polarized Brillouin scattering measurements were carried out for a bulk ZnO single crystal as discussed by the authors, where the elastic stiffness constants were determined to be c11=19.0, c12=11.0 and c13=9.0 in units of 1011 dyn/cm2.
Abstract: Polarized Brillouin scattering measurements were carried out for a bulk ZnO single crystal. The whole set of elastic stiffness constants was determined to be c11=19.0, c12=11.0, c13=9.0, c33=19.6, c44=3.9, and c66=4.0 in units of 1011 dyn/cm2. The relationships between photoelastic constants at wavelength of 514.5 nm were also obtained: p11, p13, p44, and p66=1.8, 2.3, 0.50, and 0.38, respectively, relative to p12.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a light scattering process is said to be stimulated if the fluctuations are induced by the presence of the light field, which is called stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).
Abstract: Publisher Summary A light scattering process is said to be stimulated if the fluctuations are induced by the presence of the light field. Stimulated light scattering is typically very much more efficient than spontaneous light scattering. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process leads to amplification of a Stokes wave propagating in any direction except for the propagation direction of the laser wave. However, SBS is usually observed only in the backwards direction, because the spatial overlap of the laser and Stokes beams is largest under these conditions. Electrostriction is also important both as a mechanism leading to a third-order nonlinear optical response and as a coupling mechanism that leads to stimulated Brillouin scattering. The scattering of light from isobaric density fluctuations that are driven by the process of electrostriction leads to electrostrictive stimulated Rayleigh scattering, whereas the scattering of light from isobaric density fluctuations that are driven by the process of optical absorption leads to thermal stimulated Rayleigh scattering.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An analysis of the guiding and antiguiding properties of the PCF for acoustic waves is presented, finding that the subpeaks are caused by an interaction between light-wave and guided modes of longitudinal acoustic waves in the graded-Ge-doped region, the silica region, and the microstructured cladding.
Abstract: The Brillouin scattering spectrum in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a partially Ge-doped core is measured with a pump–probe technique at a wavelength of 1320 nm. One main peak and four subpeaks are observed. The main peak has a Lorentzian shape with the bandwidth ΔνB=66MHz . Its intensity is six times higher than that from a standard single-mode fiber measured under the same conditions, which is consistent with the ratio of (1/APCFeff) /(1/ASMFeff) , where Aeff is the effective area of the fibers. The temperature coefficient for the main peak is 0.96 MHz/ °C. We believe that the subpeaks are caused by an interaction between light-wave and guided modes of longitudinal acoustic waves in the graded-Ge-doped region, the silica region, and the microstructured cladding. An analysis of the guiding and antiguiding properties of the PCF for acoustic waves is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown numerically that 15-ns pulses with 2-kW peak power can be transmitted though a 1-m-long fiber with little energy loss using this scheme and should prove useful for double-clad fiber lasers and amplifiers.
Abstract: We propose a novel scheme for suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. The scheme makes use of a single or a sampled Bragg grating fabricated within the fiber used for transmitting intense Q-switched pulses. The grating is designed such that the spectrum of the Stokes pulse generated through stimulated Brillouin scattering falls entirely within its stop band. We show numerically that 15-ns pulses with 2-kW peak power can be transmitted though a 1-m-long fiber with little energy loss using this scheme. A sampled grating can be used for longer fibers but its coupling coefficient should be higher. The proposed scheme should prove useful for double-clad fiber lasers and amplifiers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the number and the nature of the relaxation processes active in this prototype glass forming system in the high frequency region were investigated. But the results were limited to the GHz frequency region, while the contributions coming from intramolecular channels are negligible.
Abstract: Brillouin scattering has been used to measure the dynamic structure factor of glycerol as a function of temperature from the high temperature liquid to the glassy state. Our investigation aims at understanding the number and the nature of the relaxation processes active in this prototype glass forming system in the high frequency region. The associated character of glycerol is reflected by a rather simple relaxation pattern, while the contributions coming from intramolecular channels are negligible in the GHz frequency region. The temperature behavior of the characteristic frequency and lifetime of the longitudinal acoustic modes is analyzed, suggesting that a phenomenological model which only includes the structural (α) process and the unrelaxed viscosity is able to catch the leading contributions to the dynamics of the density fluctuations. This ansatz is also supported by a combined analysis of light and inelastic x-ray scattering spectra. The temperature dependence of the characteristic time of the α-...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the work performed on Brillouin scattering under high pressure in diamond anvil cells, emphasizing the most recent results, can be found in this paper, where the authors present a detailed analysis of the results.
Abstract: Brillouin scattering allows the determination of acoustic velocities and adiabatic elastic moduli in matter. These data are crucial in many areas of science, such as fundamental physics, geosciences and technology, especially when measured as a function of the density (pressure). In this paper, we present a review of the work performed on Brillouin scattering under high pressure in diamond anvil cells, emphasizing the most recent results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Brillouin linewidths can be described by a mechanical model in which the phonon is coupled to a relaxation mode of hydration water with a single relaxation time of 55 +/- 5 ps and constraints on the elastic tensor are obtained by combining the Brillouin quasilongitudinal results with axial compressibilities determined from high-pressure x-ray diffraction.
Abstract: Quasilongitudinal sound velocities and the second-order elastic moduli of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme crystals were determined as a function of relative humidity (RH) by Brillouin scattering. In hydrated crystals the measured sound velocities in the [110] plane vary between 2.12 ′ 0.03 km/s along the [001] direction and 2.31 ′ 0.08 km/s along the [110] direction. Dehydration from 98% to 67% RH increases the sound velocities and decreases the velocity anisotropy in (110) from 8.2% to 2.0%. A discontinuity in velocity and an inversion of the anisotropy is observed with increasing dehydration providing support for the existence of a structural transition below 88% RH. Brillouin linewidths can be described by a mechanical model in which the phonon is coupled to a relaxation mode of hydration water with a single relaxation time of 55 ′ 5 ps. At equilibrium hydration (98% RH) the longitudinal moduli C 1 1 + C 1 2 + 2C 6 6 = 12.81 ′ 0.08 GPa, C 1 1 = 5.49 ′ 0.03 GPa, and C 3 3 = 5.48 ′ 0.05 GPa were directly determined. Inversion of the measured sound velocities in the [110] plane constrains the combination C 4 4 + ½C 1 3 to 2.99 ′ 0.05 GPa. Further constraints on the elastic tensor are obtained by combining the Brillouin quasilongitudinal results with axial compressibilities determined from high-pressure x-ray diffraction. We constrain the adiabatic bulk modulus to the range 2.7-5.3 GPa.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An EOM with a finite extinction ratio limits the application of Brillouin optical time domain analysis in a distributed BrillouIn-based fiber optic sensor, resulting in confusion in specifying the location of the strained region and in error in detecting the Brillou in frequency and hence in strain and temperature measurement.
Abstract: The effect of the finite extinction ratio of an electro-optic modulator (EOM) on the Brillouin frequency measurement of a distributed Brillouin-based fiber optic sensor is studied. An EOM with a finite extinction ratio limits the application of Brillouin optical time domain analysis in a distributed Brillouin-based fiber optic sensor. This results in confusion in specifying the location of the strained region and in error in detecting the Brillouin frequency and hence in strain and temperature measurement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a single-ended spontaneous-brillouin-intensity-based distributed temperature sensor with a sensing length of 50 km and a spatial resolution of 15 m was demonstrated by use of Raman amplification of the probe pulse within the sensing fiber.
Abstract: We demonstrate enhanced performance of a single-ended spontaneous-Brillouin-intensity-based distributed-temperature sensor with a sensing length of 50 km and a spatial resolution of 15 m by use of Raman amplification of the probe pulse within the sensing fiber. The Raman amplification was achieved with a copropagating pump pulse at 1450 nm. The standard deviation error of the temperature resolution was 1 °C at the front end and increased to less than 13 °C at 50 km with Raman pulse amplification.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the quantized mode spectrum of standing spin waves and edge modes in cylindrical Permalloy dots with a radius R in the range between 100 and 500 nm, thickness $L=50\mathrm{nm},$ and separation $2R,$ is examined from both experimental and theoretical points of view.
Abstract: The quantized mode spectrum of standing spin waves and edge modes in cylindrical Permalloy dots with a radius R in the range between 100 and 500 nm, thickness $L=50\mathrm{nm},$ and separation $2R,$ is examined from both experimental and theoretical points of view. Brillouin scattering measurements in the Damon-Eshbach geometry give evidence of a marked discretization of the spectra with respect to that of the continuous Permalloy film. The modes can be classified into two distinct families according to their frequency. The upper one consists of the usual Damon-Eshbach, dipole-exchange modes. The modes belonging to the lower family, instead, oscillate parallel to the applied field and are reminescent of the backward modes of the film. Brillouin measurements performed with the applied field parallel to the transferred spin-wave wave vector, confirm this interpretation. The frequencies of these waves have been calculated using a simple theoretical model including the exchange field. Also, a laterally confined mode belonging to this family is observed and its frequency is independent on the dot radius.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient method to describe the nonlinear evolution of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in long scale-length plasmas is presented, based on a decomposition of the hydrodynamics variables in long and short-wavelength components.
Abstract: An efficient method to describe the nonlinear evolution of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in long scale-length plasmas is presented. The method is based on a decomposition of the hydrodynamics variables in long- and short-wavelength components. It makes it possible to describe the self-consistent coupling between the plasma hydrodynamics, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering, and the generation of harmonics of the excited ion acoustic wave (IAW). This description is benchmarked numerically and proves to be reliable even in the case of an undamped ion acoustic wave. The momentum transferred from the electromagnetic waves to the plasma ions is found to induce a plasma flow which modifies the resonant three wave coupling between the IAW and the light waves. A novel picture of SBS arises, in which both IAW harmonics and flow modification reduce the coherence of SBS by inducing local defects in the density and velocity profiles. The spatial domains of Stimulated Brillouin activity are separated by these defects and are consequently uncorrelated, resulting in a broad and structured spectrum of the scattered light and in a temporally chaotic reflectivity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a double-cladding Er/sup 3+/-Yb/ sup 3+/ codoped fiber amplifier with a maximum 40-W peak power has been obtained in counterpumping configuration.
Abstract: Cascaded Stokes waves generation due to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of coherent optical pulses in a double-cladding Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ codoped fiber amplifier is reported. The highest attainable output power strongly depends on the amplifier pumping arrangement. A maximum of 40-W peak power has been obtained in counterpumping configuration. The highest energy extracted from the single-mode fiber amplifier in 1-/spl mu/s pulses is limited SBS to 15 /spl mu/J. Theses results have been theoretically confirmed using coupled-waves SBS model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a single laser pump and probe experiment demonstrating the first very low temperature Brillouin gain spectrum measurement in standard telecommunication single-mode optical fibers at 1.55 μm is presented.

Patent
21 Nov 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-frequency signal light source and a waveform shaper were used in a pulse train generator, including a plurality of highly nonlinear optical transmission lines, and a low-nonlinearity optical transmission line with a nonlinearity coefficient lower than that of the plurality of high nonlinear transmission lines.
Abstract: The present invention provides a pulse train generator comprising: a dual-frequency signal light source for generating a dual-frequency signal; a soliton shaper for soliton-shaping output light from the dual-frequency signal light source; and an adiabatic soliton compressor for performing adiabatic soliton compression on output light from the soliton shaper, and also provides a waveform shaper used in this pulse train generator, including a plurality of highly nonlinear optical transmission lines and a plurality of low-nonlinearity optical transmission lines which has a nonlinearity coefficient lower than that of the plurality of highly nonlinear optical transmission lines and which has a second-order dispersion value of which an absolute value is different from that of the plurality of highly nonlinear optical transmission lines. Further, the present invention provides a light source comprising a plurality of continuous light sources of which at least one oscillates in a multimode; a multiplexer for multiplexing output light from the continuous light sources; and a nonlinear phenomenon producer for producing a nonlinear phenomenon on output light from the multiplexer so as to suppress SBS (Stimulated Brillouin Scattering).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Brillouin scattering method was used to analyze the acoustic fluxes constituting an acoustic domain in a piezoelectric semiconducting n-CdS.
Abstract: Acoustic fluxes constituting an acoustic domain in a piezoelectric semiconducting n-CdS were analyzed by Brillouin scattering method. Obtained results were as follows: 0.8 GHz and 2.0 GHz acoustic fluxes were faster than the sound velocity 1.75 × 105 cm/s. The observed profile of the 2.0 GHz flux agreed fairly well with the simulated one performed numerically by KdV equation. The faster positions of the acoustic domain were formed by lower frequency acoustic fluxes and the slower positions understood by acoustic fluxes around maximum gain frequency generated first in a small signal regime.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two examples of reduced models of nonlinear effects that are included in a fluid model are described, using a nonlinear damping representing the saturation of the amplitude of acoustic waves in the fluid regime (i.e., weak Landau damping).
Abstract: After showing that the stimulated Brillouin instability (SBS) is likely to be in a saturated regime under conditions of interest for inertial confinement fusion, two examples of reduced models of nonlinear effects that are included in a fluid model are described. Simulations using a nonlinear damping representing the saturation of the amplitude of acoustic waves in the fluid regime (i.e., weak Landau damping) are compared with experimental measurements done on CO2 plasmas. While good agreement is found between the model and a variety of independent experimental measurements, no simple explanation was found for the very low saturation level (well below the amplitude corresponding to the two-ion-decay instability) that has to be used. In the kinetic regime (i.e., large Landau damping), hybrid-particle-in-cell simulations show that nonlinear frequency shifts induced by trapping saturate SBS. A reduced steady-state model has been shown to be in correct agreement with time-integrated measurements done on Be pl...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of cavity losses on Brillouin backscattering in an Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser was investigated, and it was shown that stimulated BrillouIN scattering is enhanced around a particular value of the cavity losses.