Brillouin scattering

About: Brillouin scattering is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 11426 publications have been published within this topic receiving 178306 citations.

Nonlinear effects in optical fibers

Abstract: Preface. 1 Introduction. References. 2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 2.1 Wave Equation for Linear Media. 2.2 Electromagnetic Waves. 2.3 Energy Density and Flow. 2.4 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity. 2.5 Reflection and Transmission of Waves. 2.6 The Harmonic Oscillator Model. 2.7 The Refractive Index. 2.8 The Limit of Geometrical Optics. Problems. References. 3 Optical Fibers. 3.1 Geometric Optics Description. 3.2 Wave Propagation in Fibers. 3.3 Fiber Attenuation. 3.4 Modulation and Transfer of Information. 3.5 Chromatic Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers. 3.6 Polarization-Mode Dispersion. Problems. References. 4 The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation. 4.1 The Nonlinear Polarization. 4.2 The Nonlinear Refractive Index. 4.3 Importance of Nonlinear Effects in Fibers. 4.4 Derivation of the Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation. 4.5 Soliton Solutions. 4.6 Numerical Solution of the NLSE. Problems. References. 5. Nonlinear Phase Modulation. 5.1 Self-Phase Modulation. 5.2 Cross-Phase Modulation. Problems. References. 6. Four-Wave Mixing. 6.1 Wave Mixing. 6.2 Mathematical Description. 6.3 Phase Matching. 6.4 Impact and Control of FWM. 6.5 Fiber Parametric Amplifiers. 6.6 Parametric Oscillators. 6.7 Nonlinear Phase Conjugation with FWM. 6.8 Squeezing and Photo-Pair Sources. Problems. References. 7 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects. 7.1 Mathematical Description. 7.2 Intrachannel XPM. 7.3 Intrachannel FWM. 7.4 Control of Intrachannels Nonlinear Effects. Problems. References. 8 Soliton Lightwave Systems. 8.1 Soliton Properties. 8.2 Perturbation of Solitons. 8.3 Path-Averaged Solitons. 8.4 Soliton Transmission Control. 8.5 Dissipative Solitons. 8.6 Dispension-Managed Solitons. 8.7 WDM Soliton Systems. Problems. References. 9 Other Applications of Optical Solitons. 9.1 Soliton Fiber Lasers. 9.2 Pulse Compression. 9.3 Fibers Bragg Gratings. Problems. References. 10 Polarization Effects. 10.1 Coupled Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations. 10.2 Nonlinear Phase Shift. 10.3 Solitons in Fibers with Constant Birefringence. 10.4 Solitons in Fibers with Randomly Varying Birefringence. 10.5 PMD-Induced Soliton Pulse Broadening. 10.6 Dispersion-Managed Solitons and PMD. Problems. References. 11 Stimulated Raman Scattering. 11.1 Raman Scattering in the Harmonic Oscillator Model. 11.2 Raman Gain. 11.3 Raman Threshold. 11.4 Impact of Raman Scattering on Communication Systems. 11.5 Raman Amplification. 11.6 Raman Fiber Lasers. Problems. References. 12 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.1 Light Scattering at Acoustic Waves. 12.2 The Coupled Equations for Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.3 Brillouin Gain and Bandwidth. 12.4 Threshold of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.5 SBS in Active Fibers. 12.6 Impact of SBS on Communication Systems. 12.7 Fiber Brillouin Amplifiers. 12.8 SBS Slow Light. 12.9 Fiber Brillouin Lasers. Problems. References. 13 Highly Nonlinear and Microstructured Fibers. 13.1 The Nonlinear Parameter in Silica Fibers. 13.2 Microstructured Fibers. 13.3 Non-Silica Fibers. 13.4 Soliton Self-Frequency Shift. 13.5 Four-Wave Mixing. 13.6 Supercontinuum Generation. Problems. References. 14 Optical Signal Processing. 14.1 Nonlinear Sources for WDM Systems. 14.2 Optical Regeneration. 14.3 Optical Pulse Train Generation. 14.4 Wavelength Conversion. 14.5 All-Optical Switching. Problems. References. Index.

Differential Brillouin gain for improving the temperature accuracy and spatial resolution in a long-distance distributed fiber sensor.

Abstract: We demonstrate a 12 km differential pulse-width pair Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (DPP-BOTDA) using 40 ns and 50 ns pulses with DC-coupled detection A spatial resolution of 1 m and a narrowband Brillouin gain spectrum of 33 MHz are obtained simultaneously compared with 88 MHz with the use of 10 ns pulses in a conventional BOTDA The experimental results show that the differential Brillouin gain of a 40/50 ns pulse pair is 7 times stronger than the direct Brillouin gain of BOTDA with the use of a 10 ns pulse, and the temperature uncertainty is 025 degrees C compared with 18 degrees C for a 10 ns pulse As the pulse-width difference decreases from 10 ns to 1 ns, corresponding to a spatial resolution from 1 m to 10 cm, the prediction of temperature uncertainty will only increase from 025 degrees C to 08 degrees C for DPP-BOTDA over a 12 km long single-mode fiber

Brillouin scattering in liquids

Abstract: The development of monochromatic, intense, and highly directional laser light sources has made it possible to measure accurately the velocity, the frequency, and the lifetimes of thermally excited hypersonic sound waves. The technique employed is to study the spectrum of the light scattered from the thermally generated sound waves in the medium. A theory is presented which demonstrates explicitly the information contained in the intensity, the spectral positions, and spectral widths of the scattered light. An experimental system is also described to measure the spectrum. Preliminary data is presented on the velocity and lifetimes of ∼6 Gc/s sound waves in water and toluene.

20 GHz spacing multi-wavelength generation of Brillouin-Raman fiber laser in a hybrid linear cavity.

Abstract: We demonstrate a tunable multi-wavelength Brillouin-Raman fiber laser with 20 GHz wavelength spacing. The setup is arranged in a linear cavity by employing 7.2 and 11 km dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) in addition to a 30 cm Bismuth-oxide erbium doped fiber. In this experiment, for the purpose of increasing the Stokes lines, it is necessary to optimize Raman pump power and Brillouin pump power together with its corresponding wavelengths. At the specific Brillouin pump wavelength, it is found that the longer length of 11 km DCF with optimized parameters results in larger number of Stokes combs and optical signal to noise ratios (OSNRs). In this case, a total of 195 Brillouin Stokes combs are produced across 28 nm bandwidth at Brillouin pump power of −2 dBm and Raman pump power of 1000 mW. In addition, all Brillouin Stokes signals exhibit an average OSNR of 26 dB.

Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis with 4 millimeter resolution based on amplified spontaneous emission.

Abstract: A new technique for Brillouin scattering-based, distributed fiber-optic measurements of temperature and strain is proposed, analyzed, simulated, and demonstrated. Broadband Brillouin pump and signal waves are drawn from the filtered amplified spontaneous emission of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, providing high spatial resolution. The reconstruction of the position-dependent Brillouin gain spectra along 5 cm of a silica single-mode fiber under test, with a spatial resolution of 4 mm, is experimentally demonstrated using a 25 GHz-wide amplified spontaneous emission source. A 4 mm-long localized hot spot is identified by the measurements. The uncertainty in the reconstruction of the local Brillouin frequency shift is ± 1.5 MHz. The single correlation peak between the pump and signal is scanned along a fiber under test using a mechanical variable delay line. The analysis of the expected spatial resolution and the measurement signal-to-noise ratio is provided. The measurement principle is supported by numerical simulations of the stimulated acoustic field as a function of position and time. Unlike most other Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis configurations, the proposed scheme is not restricted by the bandwidth of available electro-optic modulators, microwave synthesizers, or pattern generators. Resolution is scalable to less than one millimeter in highly nonlinear media.