Showing papers on "Brine published in 1968"

The Effect of Temperature and Partial Melting on Velocity and Attenuation in a Simple Binary System

Abstract: A possible explanation of the low-velocity, low-Q zone in the upper mantle is partial melting, but laboratory data are not available to test this conjecture. As a first step in obtaining an idea of the role that partial melting plays in affecting seismic variables, we have measured the longitudinal and shear velocities and attenuations in a simple binary system that is completely solid at low temperatures and involves 17% melt at the highest experimental temperature. The system investigated was NaCl • H_2O. At temperatures below the eutectic the material is a solid mixture of H_2O (ice) and NaCl • 2 H_2O. At higher temperatures the system is a mixture of ice and NaCl brine. In the completely solid regime the velocities and Q change slowly with temperature. There is a marked drop in the velocities and Q at the onset of melting. For ice containing 1% NaCl, the longitudinal and shear velocities change discontinuously at this temperature by 9.5 and 13.5%, respectively. The corresponding Q's drop by 48 and 37%. The melt content of the mixture at temperatures on the warm side of the eutectic for this composition is about 3.3%. The abrupt drop in velocities at the onset of partial melting is about three times as much for the ice containing 2% NaCl; for this composition, the longitudinal and shear Q's drop at the eutectic temperature by 71 and 73%, respectively. If these results can be used as a guide in understanding the effect of melting on seismic properties in the mantle, we should expect sharp discontinuities in velocity and Q where the geotherm crosses the solidus. The phenomena associated with the onset of melting are more dramatic than those associated with further melting.

Ion exchange process for recovering borates from brine

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR RECOVERING BORATES FROM BORATE-CONTAININGE BRINES BY CONTACTING A BORON-SPECIFIC RESIN-FOR EXAMPLE, AN INSOLUBLE CROSS-LINKED COPOLYMER OF A MIXTURE OF 85% TO 99.5%, ON A MOLAR BASIS, OF STYRENE AND 0.5% TO 15%, ON A MOLAR BASIS OF DIVINYLBENZENE, THE COPOLYMER HAVING ATTACHED TO THE AROMATIC NUCLEI THEREOF GROUPS OF THE STRUCTURE --CH2N(CH3)C6H8(OH)5 IN WHICH THE -C6H8(OH)5 PORTION IS THE SORBITYL RADICAL, WITH A BORATE-CONTAINING BRINE TO LOAD THE RESIN WITH BORATES AND THEN ELUTING THE LOADED RESIN WITH WATER TO REMOVE THE BORATES.

Flooding process using a substantially anhydrous soluble oil

Abstract: A substantially anhydrous soluble oil (4 percent water) followed by 0.01 PV fresh water (less than 1 percent TDS or 0.1 percent polyvalent ions), thickened water (Pusher 500), then brine recovered more residual oil than either the microemulsion (44.5 percent water) or the soluble oil without the fresh water slug. The soluble oil followed by fresh water forms emulsions which expand the volume of the slug, and microemulsions which increase viscosity in situ. The surfactant slug contained petroleum sulfonates, Illinois crude, butyl cellosolve, and water. Packs of Nevada sand were saturated with brine (2 percent sodium chloride, 0.5 percent calcium chloride, 0.3 percent magnesium chloride), flooded with Illinois crude (7 cp), and water flooded with brine. Alternating soluble oil and fresh water slugs recovered 88.3 percent residual oil.

Concentrated brine-incoming feed vapor compression desalination system

Abstract: A multistage flash distillation system wherein heated feed water is passed through successively lower stages to flash into vapor, which vapor is condensed as distillate, the effluent brine from the lowest stage being passed to a boiler to produce steam, which steam is compressed and so utilized to heat the incoming feed.

Combined plant installation for producing electrical power and fresh water from brine

Abstract: COMBINED INSTALLATION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FRESH WATER AND ELECTRICITY COMPRISES AN ELECTRICAL GENERATOR UNIT WHICH PRODUCES ELECTRIC POWER FROM HEAT ENERGY SUCH AS A STEAM TURBINE. THE TURBINE ALSO DRIVES THE COMPRESSOR UNIT OF A COMPRESSION-EVAPORATOR PRODUCING FRESH WATER FROM BRINE AND THE HEAT REJECTED BY THE ELECTRICAL GENERATOR UNIT IS UTILIZED IN AN EVAPORATOR-DISTILLER LIKEWISE PRODUCING FRESH WATER FROM BRINE SUPPLED TO IT.

Recovery of lithium as lioh.h20 from aqueous chloride brines containing lithium chloride and sodium chloride

Abstract: RECOVERY OF LITHIUM AS LIOH.H2O FROM AQUEOUS CHLORIDE FEED BRINES CONTAINING LICL AND NACL BY ELECTROLYZING SAID BRINES IN A DIAPHRAGM CELL, SEPARATING THE SOLIDS FROM THE ELECTROLYZED BRINE, SAID SOLIDS COMPRISING PREDOMINATELY LIOH.H2O, AND RECRYSTALLIZING SAID LIOH.H2O TO EFFECT PURIFICATION THEREOF.

Method for evaporating brine

Abstract: A method is provided for evaporating brines, such as sea water, in a system in which the brine is transferred to successive evaporating zones wherein blocking of the transfer lines is avoided. Specifically, the amount of precipitation is limited to avoid slurry viscosities in excess of 150 centipoise and the velocity of the transferring slurry is maintained high enough to keep the slurry particles in suspension. In one specific embodiment, the brine is first treated under atmospheric pressure to evaporate a portion of the liquid therein and to precipitate a substantial amount of solid. The brine is then transferred at its atmospheric boiling point to a reduced pressure flashing zone to evaporate additional liquid while precipitating additional dissolved solid.

Upgrading of oil recovered from bituminous sands

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR BREAKING OR SEPARATING AN EMULSIFIED MIXTURE OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON, INSOLUBLE FLUID AND FINELY DIVIDED SOLID MATERIAL. THE EMULSIFIED MIXTURE IS MIXED WITH A VOLUME OF HOT BRINE HAVING CONTROLLED PH AND CONTAINING A SURFACTANT MATERIAL IN WHICH ETHYLENE OXIDE GROUPS ACYL RADICALS, AND FROM ABOUT 10 TO 22 CARBON ATOMS ARE CONTAINED IN EACH OF THE MOLECULES OF A SURFACTANT THAT EXHIBITS A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF SOLUBILITY IN BOTH OIL AND BRINE. HYDROCARBON MATERIALS, THAT ARE SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF SOLIDS AND AQUEOUS LIQUIDS AND FLOAT IN THE BRINE ARE ISOLATED AND THE HYDROCARBON COMPONENTS OF THE ISOLATED MATERIALS ARE RECOVERED.

Method and device for operating mercury-process electrolytic cells

Abstract: THE REFINED BRINE RECIRCULATED TO A MERCURY-CATHODE CELL IS INTRODUCED INTO THE CELL IN THE FORM OF A FALLING LAMINARFLOW CURTAIN ALONG ALMOST THE ENTIRE INNER SURFACE OF AN INLET TRANSVERSE WALL OF THE CELL ABOVE THE RECOVERED MERCURY INLET, THE LAMINAR-FLOW CURTAIN OF BRINE THEREBY REACHING AND THROUGHLY WASHING THE ENTERING MERCURY TO PREVENT ANY ALKALINE WASH WATER FLOWING ABOVE THE MERCURY FROM REACHING THE GRAPHITE ANODE. THIS LAMINAR-FLOW CURTAIN IS FORMED BY A LONG AND NARROW BRINE INLET PROVIDED IN AND EXTENDING HORIZONTALLY ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH OF THE TRANSVERSE WALL AT A POSITION SUFFICIENTLY HIGH ABOVE THE SURFACE LEVEL OF THE ELECTROLYTE IN THE CELL.

Process for recovering low-sulfate bischofite

Abstract: Aqueous brines containing both magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate are treated to recover a low-sulfate bischofite (MgCl2.6H2O). The brines are subjected to evaporation, as required, to produce a brine which is substantially supersaturated with respect to magnesium sulfate. The evaporation is conducted at high temperatures to avoid crystallization of magnesium chloride. The supersaturated magnesium sulfate brine is then held at high temperature under conditions which maintain the magnesium chloride in solution for a sufficiently long duration to permit the crystallization of magnesium sulfate as MgSO4.5/4 H2O. Clarified brine recovered from the resulting sulfate-crystal slurry is subjected to evaporation under vacuum and at low temperature, preferably below about 90 DEG C., at sufficient rate to produce a low-sulfate bischofite crystal crop.

Method for drying gases

Abstract: A method for drying wet industrial gases by contacting them with a refrigerated inorganic brine is shown. The wet gas is contacted with cold brine and water vapor is condensed from the gas into the brine. In a preferred method, two stages of gas-liquid contact are employed to produce a particularly dry gas product. Brine used in the first contacting zone is heat exchanged with colder brine used in the second contacting zone; and, if desired, it may be heat exchanged with dry cold gas product from the second zone before recycle to the first zone. Brine from the second zone is subjected to refrigeration before recycle to the second zone. Drying is carried out in conventional packed towers, at low pressure, and does not require system regeneration or replacement of expensive adsorbents.

Salt lake fertilizer complex

Abstract: A CYCLIC PROCESS FOR THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF MAGNESIUM VALUES AND PHOSPHORIC ACID FROM NATURAL HIGH SULFATE BRINES AND PHOSPHATE ROCK BY SUCCESSIVE EVAPORATIONS OF THE BRINE TO OBTAIN SALT PRECIPITATES AND A BRINE CONTAINING MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE WHICH IS DECOMPOSED TO MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.THE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IS RESERVED FOR DIGESTION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK TO YIELD PHOSPHORIC ACID AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION WHICH IS UTILIZED IN ONE OF THE BEINE EVAPORATION STEPS. THIS PARTICULAR COMBINATION OF STEPS ASSURES RECOVERY OF MOST OF THE MAGNESIUM VALUES OF THE BRINE AND UTILIZES A NET CONSUMPTION OF LOW COST NATURAL BEINE TO YIELD VALUABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID AND THUS EFFECTS MANY ECONOMIES.

Diaphragm electrolytic cell

Abstract: In producing chlorine and caustic alkali e.g. caustic soda by electrolysis in a diaphragm electrolytic cell, a foam of chlorine and brine is led from the cell to a separate foam-breaking space in which foam is separated by gravity and from which the separated brine is recycled to the cell. Preferably make-up brine is added to the foam-breaking space. A plurality of diaphragm cells may be electrically connected in parallel and share a common foam-breaking space.

Fluid recovery from underground formations using supersaturated gypsum solutions

Abstract: Supersaturated gypsum solutions, such as water supersaturated with gypsum and containing electrolytes, can be used as effective drive or waterflood fluids without chemically treating or processing such supersaturated solutions to prevent their tendencies to deposit gypsum by adding a small amount of sodium chloride solution which can optionally contain an organic water-wetting or surface-active agent, such as ethoxylates of linear alcohols and the like. Such deposit modifying solutions can be dilute brine solutions or fresh water to which has been added 1000 to 5000 ppM of sodium chloride. (4 claims)

Strong salt floor comprising halite crystals magnesium sulfate and potassium

Abstract: A REINFORCED, SODIUM CHLORIDE FLOOR FOR A SOLAR POND IS DEVELOPED. FIRST, A BRINE IS EVAPORATED UNDER CONDITIONS WHICH DEPOSIT A SODIUM CHLORIDE LAYER, CONTAINING A HIGH VOLUME-PERCENT OF VOIDS, ON THE POND BOTTOM. THE SODIUM CHLORIDE LAYER IS THEN COVERED WITH BRINES OR PRESELECTED COMPOSITIONS SUCH THAT FIRST HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SULFATE AND THEN ADDITIONAL SODIUM CHLORIDE IS DEPOSITED IN THE VOIDS. THERE RESULTS A FLOOR WHICH IS STRONGER AND MORE COMPACT THAN SODIUM CHLORIDE FLOORS DEVELOPED BY PRIOR ART METHODS.

Prediction of Anhydrite Precipitation in Field Water-Heating Systems

Abstract: A key step in feed water treatment for the generation of wet steam for thermal oil recovery is the removal of calcium and magnesium hardness by cation exchange series softening A knowledge of the solubility of any scale- forming salts in brines at elevated temperatures is necessary for fixing the level to which the feed water must be softened Solubility data for calcium sulfate, previously not available above 200$C pi392$F/sup -/, were determined in a flow equilibrium apparatus These data have been used to develop a scheme for predicting the solubility of anydrite in hot water or steam droplets for saturated steam pressures as high as 2,000 psig pi336$C, 736$F/sup -/ The calcium sulfate solubility product is represented by a combination of 2 factors, one reflecting the effects of ionic strength an the other accounting for the effects of complex ion formation in either calcium- rich or sulfate-rich brines The scheme is applied to a calcium-rich brine from a pilot hot-water flood and to several sulfate-rich feed waters an blowdown (cooled steam droplets) samples from steam soak operations The predicted calcium hardness levels corresponding to the calcium sulfate solubilities agreed reasonably well with the results of laboratory solubility determinations runmore » on the field samples« less

Stabilization of colour of green pigeon peas

Abstract: The natural green colour of pigeon peas is stabilized by treating them in an aqueous solution having a pH of 6 or less with a compound capable of yielding sulphur dioxide at a pH of 6 or less in an amount such that after the treatment the peas contain at least 100 parts per million of SO2 In the examples, frozen pigeon peas are (a) blanched, or (b) soaked, in an aqueous solution containing sodium metabisulphite and citric acid, drained, canned in a brine solution comprising sodium chloride and sucrose, and heat sterilized, or (c) are canned directly in a sugar-brine solution containing also sodium metabisulphite and citric acid Other acids specified are malic, tartaric, fumaric, ascorbic and adipic acids

Analysis of main hypotheses for formation of salt water and brine in light of recent data

Abstract: Zaytsev refutes Derpgol'ts' hypogene theory of brine accumulation, that subsurface brines are associated with volcanism and that brines and volatiles diffuse upward from the mantle through floor rocks of sedimentary basins. Theories of several geologists on supergene brine origin are reviewed: Paley (osmosis); Sulin, Al'tovskiy, and Kulakov (subsurface evaporation); Filatov (gravitational);and Samoylov and Sokolov (translational). In Zaytsev's opinion, subsurface brines and salt water are related to sedimentation in saline basins or to leaching and dissolution of halogen rocks deposited in such basins. Brines formed by these two processes differ in sodium, calcium and magnesium, and bromine content, in particular. Calcium-sodium chloride and calcium chloride waters result from cation exchange between sodium in the original solution and calcium in the rock minerals. The low sulfate content of these waters results from chemical and biochemical processes in which sulfates are precipitated as insoluble salts ...

Process for the production of alkali metal sulphates

Abstract: An alkali metal sulphate or alkali metal Mg sulphate is prepared by reacting an alkali metal chloride with MgSO4 or an alkali metal Mg sulphate in the presence of an organic solvent selective for MgCl2. The solvent may be methanol, ethanol, acetone, or dimethyl formamide, alone or mixed, or with water. Starting materials referred to are KCl, NcCl, KCl-NaCl, anhydrous MgSO4, MgSO4.7H2O, kieserite, and K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O (shoenite), and the end product may be K2SO4, Na2SO4 (themardite), shoenite, Na2SO4.MgSO4.4H2O (astrakanite), or Na2SO4.3K2SO4 (glaserite). These processes are described (with reference to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 resp.) each using methanol and water as solvent: (1) Reaction of KCl and MgSO4 to give a mixture of K2SO4.MgSO4 and KCl. MgCl2.2H2O is recovered by spray-drying. (2) Reaction of K2SO4.MgSO4 and KCl to give K2SO4. The methanolic MgCl2 solution is mixed with MgSO4 and brine (obtained in the decomposition of camallite) to give the K2SO4.MgSO4 required. (3) A solid mixture of K2SO4.MgSO4 and KCl is suspended in methanol to obtain K2SO4. The MgCl2 solution is mixed with KCl and MgSO4 and a NaCl-KCl mixture to give the required starting mixture and further MgCl2 solution, which is mixed with camallite brine to give the required NaCl-KCl. The reactions are effected in stirred vessels followed by thickeners. Products are recovered in a centrifuge or on a water sprayed band filter, and the liquid recycled. The final MgCl2 solution may be passed through a vacuum evaporator and then to a steam-injected distillation column. The vaporized methanol is condensed and recycled.