Showing papers on "Brine published in 1971"

The effect of salinity on the maximum thermal gradient of a hydrothermal system at hydrostatic pressure

Abstract: The effect of salinity on the temperature-depth relations of a brine of constant composition, enclosed in a vein system, but freely connected to the surface, and everywhere at the boiling point for the hydrostatic head, was calculated by using a mathematical model. The Na-Ca-K-Cl brines which are found in thermal springs and in fluid inclusions in ore minerals were approximated by the available data for vapor-saturated NaCl-H 2 O solutions. In general, the results are similar to those calculated by D. E. White in 1968 for H 2 O, except that the gradients are steeper because of the increase in density and the decrease in vapor pressure caused by the dissolved salt. As a practical rule, the depth to an isotherm in a 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt percent NaCl brine system is, respectively, 92, 84, 77, 70, and 63 percent (+ or -2 percent) of the depth to the same isotherm in an H 2 O system. From the data presented, the minimum depth to the growth site of crystals containing fluid inclusions which indicate boiling of the brine can be estimated. Among other applications, these results are useful toward the understanding of the behavior of brines in geothermal areas which may or may not contain compositional stratification.

Reverse osmosis-neutralization process for treating mineral contaminated waters

Abstract: THE PRESENT INVENTION RELATES TO THE TREATING OF MINERAL MATTER CONTAMINATED DRAIN WATERS, PARTICULARLY ACID MINE DRAINAGE AND COMPRISES AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM WHEREIN THE CONTAMINATED WATER IS OPTIONALLY PRE-TREATED TO MAKE IR MORE SITABLE FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS SEPARATION, THEN SEPARATED BY REVERSE OSMOSIS INTO A PURIFIED WATER STREAM CONTAINING AT LAST ABOUT 90% OF THE FEED WATER, THE BALANCE BEING A BRINE STREAM HEAVILY CONCENTRATED IN THE MINERAL CONTAMINANTS, THEREAFTER CHEMICALLY TREATING THE BRINE STREAM, AS FOR EXAMPLE, BY NEUTRALIZATION TO PRODUCE A SLUDGE PRODUCT AND A RE-CYCLE BRINE STREAM, THE RE-CYCLE BRINE STREAM BEING RETURNED TO THE REVERSE OSMOSIS TREATMENT. DESIRABLY THE ULTIMATE PRODUCTS OF THE PROCESS ARE PURIFIED WATER AND A RELATIVELY SMALL VOLUME OF INERT SLUDGE.

Method of selectively plugging a formation with a polymeric elastomer latex-brine mixture

Abstract: A method for selectively plugging a soil or a first interval of a porous subterranean formation and controlling the occurrence of said plugging by injecting into the formation a mixture containing brine, a volume of surfactant, a volume of sodium hypochlorite and a polymeric elastomer latex having a definite particle size.

Extracting water from the atmosphere

Abstract: Water is extracted from the atmosphere by circulating a large volume of a solution of lithium chloride in water continuously over a Munters packing in a tower of conventional cooling tower design Excess solution formed as a result of the absorbtion of water is bled off and passed through a desalination plant where product water is produced Concentrated brine is returned to the circulating volume

Vapor freezing type desalination method and apparatus

Abstract: A batch evaporative desalination method and apparatus having a pair of similar systems for substantially continuous output is described. Each system has three evacuated chambers in vapor communication with each other. In the first chamber, precooled seawater is sprayed for partial vaporization and consequent formation of ice crystals as latent heat is removed from the seawater. Ice crystals are permitted to accumulate in the first chamber and water vapor flows to a second chamber in which refrigeration coils, preferably cooled by cold natural gas, are maintained at a temperature below the triple point so that ice condenses thereon. After a selected interval, spraying of precooled seawater into the first chamber and refrigeration in the second chamber are stopped. Warmer seawater is then sprayed into a third chamber also maintained at low pressure so that a portion of the water vaporizes but without formation of ice in the brine. The water vapor flows to the first and second chambers and condenses on the ice therein to transfer latent heat for melting the ice. Fresh water is withdrawn from the second chamber. Fresh water in the first chamber percolates through the ice crystals for washing and when residual brine is removed, fresh water is withdrawn from this chamber also. In a preferred embodiment, natural gas refrigerant is expanded through a turbine for producing shaft horsepower for pumping seawater. The apparatus is arranged with hydraulic legs beneath the first and third chambers at a height at least equal to the head of water at one atmosphere pressure for maintaining low pressure in the three chambers. In a preferred arrangement, a reversible refrigeration loop may be provided between a pair of second chambers for reversibly transferring heat therebetween.

Chlorinator including means to feed an electrolyte of predetermined density and means to withdraw chlorine against a varying back pressure

Abstract: An diaphragm electrolytic cell for decomposing brine into free chlorine gas for distribution in a water pool against varying gas pressure. The cell has a brine inlet column, a liquid product discharge column, and a chlorine withdrawal column extending above the cell, with the brine inlet column vented to the atmosphere and connected to the anode chamber and with the liquid product discharge column vented to the atmosphere, connected to the cathode chamber, and having a liquid column pressure larger than the maximum back pressure at the point of distribution of the chlorine from the chlorine withdrawal column. A reservoir contains solid salt which is allowed to dissolve in water. The invention also includes means for automatically metering a small quantity of brine through the cell at a suitable brine concentration.

Crystallization of nacl from mgcl2 solution

Abstract: AN AQUEOUS BRINE CONTAINING DISSOLVED SODIUM CHLORIDE AND MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE IS CONCENTRATED TO PRODUCE SELECTIVE CRYSTALLIZATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN A MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE-RICH CONCENTRATED BRINE, BY PASSING THE AQUEOUS BRINE THROUGH A VENTURI CONTACTOR FOR EVAPORATION OF WATER BY DIRECT CONTACT WITH A HIGH VELOCITY HOT GAS STREAM.

Moist road salt composition and process for making the same

Abstract: A MOIST ROAD SALT COMPOSITION COMPRISES SODIUM CHLORIDE MOISTENED WITH ENTRAINED BRINE CONTAINING BETWEEN ABOUT 40 AND ABOUT 75, IDEALLY 45 TO 60, MOLES MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE PER 1000 MOLES WATER. THE SODIUM CHLORIDE MAY BE OBTAINED BY EVAPORATING NATURAL BINES SUCH AS THOSE FROM THE GREAT SALT LAKE OF UTAH. THE CRYSTAL CROP, TOGETHER WITH ENTRAINED BRINE, MAY THEN BE MIXED WITH A SIMILAR BRINE HAVING A MUCH HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED FINAL COMPOSITION OF THE BRINE ENTRAINED BY THE CRYSTAL CROP.

Evaporating method and apparatus

Abstract: An evaporating system, characterized in that a shell is sectioned with substantially horizontal partition walls, with a plurality of effective units which operate under different pressures are arranged in the vertical direction in the order of pressure, with the unit of higher pressure located upwardly. Brine remained in the bottom of an upper effective unit is spread over the next effective unit of lower pressure from jet holes provided at the partition wall by the head of the brine and pressure difference between the two effective units. A part of the brine is flash-evaporated and the remainder is distributed to the outer surface of a heat transfer tube in the effective unit of lower pressure. The brine is heated by steam generated in the upper effective unit and is partly condensed.

Method of solution mining potassium chloride from subterranean deposits

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method of solution mining potassium chloride from subterranean ore deposits containing both potassium chloride and sodium chloride. By the present invention, an aqueous medium is passed through the ore deposits so that potassium chloride and sodium chloride are dissolved therein. Magnesium chloride is combined with the aqueous brine solution formed so that an aqueous brine solution containing potassium chloride, sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in specific proportions is produced, and the solubility of potassium chloride in the solution is reduced. The combined aqueous brine solution is then concentrated so that it is substantially saturated with potassium chloride, and the concentrated solution is cooled to cause the precipitation of substantially pure potassium chloride. Advantageously, the magnesium chloride combined with the aqueous brine solution is obtained by solution mining a second subterranean ore deposit containing magnesium chloride and combining the brine solutions formed.

Brine drilling fluid lubricant and process for drilling subterranean wells with same

Abstract: ENHANCED LUBRICATING PROPERTIES CAN BE OBTAINED IN A BRINE DRILLING FLUID BY UTILIZING AN ALKALINE WATER SOLUBLE SOLUTION OF A MONO- AND DI-HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE ESTER OF A FIVE MOLE ETHYLENE OXIDE ADDUCT OF A C10 LINEAR SATURATED ALCOHOL IN A SOLVENT SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS, WATER, AND MIXTURES THEREOF AND A SILICONE DEFOAMER.

Process for evaporating naci brine to separate naci crystals from na2so4

Abstract: PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING NACL BRINE CONTAINING NA2SO4, WHEREBY THE CRYSTALLISATION OF NACL FROM THE BRINE IS CARRIED OUT PRACTICALLY TO SATURATION OF THE MOTHER LIQUOR WITH NA2SO4, AND THEN THE MOTHER LIQUOR IS UNDERSATURATED WITH NACL BY BEING HEATED TO A HIGHER TEMPERATURE, WHEREUPON STEPS ARE TAKEN FOR RESATURATION OF THE MOTHER LIQUOR WITH NACL, THE N2SO4 THEN PRECIPITATING IS SEPARATED, AND THE RESIDUAL MOTHER LIQUOR IS RETURNED TO THE NACL CRYSTALLISATION PROCESS.

The Determination of Trace Elements in Brine by Atomic Absorption

Abstract: A method for the determination of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in oil field brines is described. The elements are concentrated by passing 200 ml of the brine through a column of Dowex A-1 chelating resin. The pH of the resin is adjusted to 4.5 with ammonium chloride. At this pH, the trace metals are retained on the resin and the sodium and other alkali metals allowed to pass through. The metals are then eluted with 1N HCl to a final volume of 50 ml and the concentration of the elements determined by atomic absorption. The method is compared with the standard additions method and coefficients of variation calculated for both methods. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. A similar method is described for the extraction and analysis of Ca, Mg, and Sr. Six oil field brines were analyzed using the described method and the results tabulated.

Vaporization of liquid inclusion in solids

Abstract: Saturated water inclusions inside single crystals of NaCl and KCl were heated until gas bubbles nucleated in the inclusions. The highest vaporization temperatures were 420°C and 395°C, respectively, for NaCl and KCl, indicating superheatings of about 115°C for both types of salt sample. By taking into account the differential thermal expansion between brine and salt, the change of salt solubility with temperature and pressure, the variation of the yield strength of salt with temperature and applying homogeneous nucleation theory, the observed vaporization temperatures can be explained.

Brine solution removes stubborn ice

Abstract: EXPERIMENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT DRY SODIUM CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE HAVE NO DIRECT MELTING EFFECT, DEPENDING FOR THEIR EFFECT ON MOISTURE ABSORPTION FROM THE ATMOSPHERE OR THE ICE LAYER. HOWEVER, WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS NEAR 10 DEG F OR BELOW OR WHEN HUMIDITY IS LOWER THAN 70% THE CHEMICAL GRAINS REMAIN INERT. ACCORDINGLY, NORTH DAKOTA, A STATE THAT IN WINTER EXPERIENCES SEVERE COLD WITH LOW HUMIDITY, HAS BEEN EXPERIMENTING WITH A LIQUID SALTING PROCESS USED SUCCESSFULLY IN ITALY. INITIAL EXPERIMENTS AND FULL SCALE USAGE PROVED SO SUCCESSFUL THAT THE DISTRICT WHERE THE SYSTEM WAS INTRODUCED HAS SWITCHED ENTIRELY. THE ELMENTS OF THE SYSTEM, ALONG WITH DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES, ARE DISCUSSED.

Electrolysis of dilute brine

Abstract: DILUTE BRINES ARE ELECTROLYZED TO PRODUCE CHLORINE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND HYDROGEN IN A DIAPHRAGM TYPE CHLOR-ALKALI CELL EQUIPPED WITH ANODES HAVING AN ACTIVE SURFACE ON AN ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATE METAL. APPLICABLE SUBSTRATE METALS ARE THOSE METALS AND METAL ALLOYS WHICH ARE PASSIVATED WHEN POLARIZED ANODICALLY AND REMAIN PASSIVE WELL BEYOND THE ANODIC POTENTIAL NEEDED TO CONVERT A CHLORIDE ION TO CHLORINE. THE ACTIVE SURFACE ON THE SUBSTRATE METAL IS A NOBLE METAL, ALLOYS THEREOF OR NOBLE METAL OXIDES ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH A NOBLE METAL. THE PRESENCE OF RELATIVELY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF IMPURITIES SUCH AS SODIUM SULFATE IN THE DILUTE BRINE CAN BE TOLERATED WITHOUT THE CHARACTERISTIC ANODE CURRENT EFFICIENCY LOSS WHICH ATTENDS THE USE OF GRAPHITE ANODES UP TO ABOUT 50 PERCENT OF THE DILUTE FEED BRINE CAN BE CONVERTED TO CAUSTIC CELL LIQUOR AND STILL OBTAIN ACCEPTABLE PERFORMACE OF THE CELL. THE ELECTROLYTIC DIAPHRAGM CELL EQUIPPED WITH ANODES HAVING AN ACTIVE SURFACE ON AN ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SUBSTRATE METAL WILL OPERATE WITH HIGH ANODE CURRENT EFFICIENCIES (ABOVE ABOUT 93%) ON VERY DILUTE CELL FEED BRINE IN COMPARISON TO CELLS EQUIPPED WITH GRAPHITE ANODES.

Vapor condensation system and method

Abstract: A flowing film of a composition of water and a solute over a refrigerated surface, is at such solute concentration and freezing temperature as to de-sublimate or condense the water vapor as ice which is carried away by the film, and subsequently separated from the composition by filtering or centrifuging. A terminal portion of the refrigerated surface is shielded to prevent access of water vapor thereto to effect removal as ice of water that may be absorbed in the film from the vapor, thereby maintaining the film concentration substantially uniform. A salt solution or brine provides an advantageous solute.

Apparatus for the electrolysis of alkali metal chloride solutions with mercury cathode

Abstract: AN APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTROLYSIS OF ALKALI METAL CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS WITH MERCURY CATHODE. FRESH BRINE IS DELIVERED THROUGH A HOLLOW SHAFT AND UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED TO A PLURALITY OF PASSAGES IN THE ANODE. SMALL OPENINGS IN THE PASSAGES ON THE ACTIVE SIDE OF THE ANODE ENABLE BRINE TO PASS INTO THE NARROW ELECTROLYSIS GAP BETWEEN THE ANODE AND MERCURY CATHODE. SMALL OPENINGS IN THE SOLID PART OF THE ANODE OR BETWEEN THE PASSAGES ENABLE THE WEAKENED BRINE CHARGED WITH SMALL CHLORINE GAS BUBBLES TO FLOW INTO THE CELL CHAMBER.

Process for the production of hydrogen halides from a brine

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES FROM HALIDE BRINES CONTAINING BORMIDES BY TREATING THE BRINE IN A REACTOR CONTAINING A FLUIDIZED BED OF PARTICLES MAINTAINED IN A FLUIDIZED STATE BY UPWARD PASSAGE OF GASES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES PRODUCING HALIDES, THE GASES BEING GENERATED BY BURNING A FLUID FUEL WITH OXYGEN OR OXYGEN CONTAINING GAS, AND MAINTAINING A REDUCING ATMOSPHERE IN THE BRINE TREATING ZONE TO PREVENT FORMATION OF CORROSIVE ELEMENTAL BROMINE.

Process for the recovery of mercury from the brine filter sludge obtained in the electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides by the amalgam process

Abstract: Process for the recovery of mercury from the brine filter sludge of alkali-chlorine cells. The brine filter sludge is treated with solutions containing active chlorine for the extraction of mercury or its compounds. Insoluble impurities are filtered off, and the resulting mercuric filtrate is passed to the electrolytic cell where the dissolved mercury is reduced to metal at the cathode under the operating conditions of the cell. Metallic mercury may also be recovered from the filtrate with the aid of sodium amalgam.

Water softener ion exchanger - automatically regenerated - by fixed volume of brine

Abstract: An automatic regeneration device for ion exchange units, esp. for water softeners, where brine is introduced into the filter unit to regenerate the bed, comprises a brine dosing chamber which is sub-divided by a bellows into two hermetically separated compartments and also comprises a spring-loaded valve operated by flow pressure. The bellows construction ensures that an exact volume of brine is supplied to the filter bed for regeneration, so that only the initiation of regeneration needs to be commanded by the control circuit. The spring-loaded valve, being actuated by water pressure, is pref. entirely enclosed in the water softener housing.

Debromination of brine

Abstract: 1,247,482. Debromination of brines. IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd. 28 Jan., 1970 [13 Feb., 1969], No. 7887/69. Heading C1A. Brines are debrominated by acidifying the brine, chlorinating it, and removing the liberated bromine by passing a stream of air containing chlorine through the chlorinated acidified brine. The brines may comprise one or more salts other than bromide (normally chlorides) of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and magnesium. Chlorination may be effected by chlorine alone but preferably with part of the chlorine in the air stream. Temperatures of 15-70‹ C. are suitable. The bromine in the issuing air stream may be recovered, e.g. by scrubbing. Chlorine content of the air is preferably in the range 0A0001 to 5%.

Conditioning diaphragms in chlor-alkali cells

Abstract: An improved process is described for the production of alkali metal hydroxides and elemental chlorine which comprises passing substantially saturated sodium chlorine brine solutions through a diaphragm type chlor-alkali cell consisting essentially of a cell enclosure, an anode having an electrically active surface on an electrically conductive substrate metal, and a formaminous metal cathode, the anode and cathode being separated by porous diaphragm containing asbestos wherein the brine solution has been acidified to a pH of less than 2 and continuing the passage of the acidified brine into the cell at least until the hydrogen content of the chlorine produced at the anode is less than 0.5 percent by weight. The improved process results not only in purer chlorine product, but also higher current efficiencies and maintainance of the desired head of anolyte liquor of more readily accomplished.

Method of operating mercury cathode electrolytic cell plant

Abstract: Describes a process of operating a flowing mercury electrolysis cell plant in which a portion of the depleted brine is recycled to the cells without going through a resaturation and purification step and in which brine is introduced at several points along the cells and baffles are provided at intermediate points to direct flow of the brine into the spaces between the anodes and the flowing mercury cathode. 6

Method and apparatus for evaporating a liquid containing a dissolved solid

Abstract: 1,241,190. Evaporators; separation of salts from brine. J. B. WARD, C. B. LAKE, G. HENDERSON, F. V. LOCKMAN and M. T. RIBACK. 19 Nov., 1968, No. 54882/68. Heading BIB. Solids are separated from solution in a liquid by evaporating liquid from the solution under atmospheric pressure until a substantial amount of the dissolved solid is precipitated, and then continuing the evaporation under reduced pressure in a flashing zone wherein further precipitation of solids takes place. water is evaporated from brine, e.g. sea water, by passing it through line 16 (Fig. 3) to the upward extensions 38a of the heat-transfer walls 26a (e.g. aluminium sheets) of a vapourcompression evaporator which is provided, in the heating chambers 24a with verticallyspaced, sloping condensate-collectors 42a. The evaporation is carried out at atmospheric pressure. The sea water flows down walls 26a as films 35a, the velocity of the films, at the level where heat-transfer commences, being at least 14 feet/second. The total height of each wall 26a and its extension 38a is preferably about 22 feet. The water-vapour, evolved from the films, are withdrawn from chambers 18a through line 19a into compressor 22a. A small amount of water is injected into the compressed vapour in desuperheater 23a, and the vapour is then passed through headers 41a into chambers 24a where the compressed steam condenses. The condensate flows down walls 26a as films, but these are prevented from becoming thicker than about 0.005 inches by collectors 42a. The condensate is withdrawn from the evaporator through line 28. Some of the brine, withdrawn through lines 44a, is recycled to feed-line 16, and the remainder is passed to a second evaporator of a series of three such vapourcompression evaporators 17a .. 17c (Fig. 1). The brine withdrawn from evaporator 17c is so concentrated that a substantial amount of the calcium sulphate has been precipitated. This brine is passed through filter 46, and the filtrate is submitted to further evaporation in three flash chambers 47a .. 47c maintained under progressively increasing vacua. Steam is withdrawn from the flash chambers through lines 53a .. 53c. The brine slurry from the last flash chamber is passed to filter 56 from which the calcium sulphate cake is withdrawn to tank 51, where it is stirred with condensate water, and then separated, and washed, on filter 63. The filtrate from filter 56 passes to evaporative-crystallizer 59, which is maintained under vacuum and at a temperature of about 130‹F., wherein small crystals of sodium chloride are formed. The slurry is passed to evaporative-crystallizer 69, at a temperature of 145‹F., where the NaCl crystals grow. The slurry then passes to evaporative-crystallizer 72 at 130‹F., and finally to centrifugal separator 74 in which the NaCI crystals are separated from the concentrated liquor.