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Showing papers on "Brine published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Reykjanes thermal brine area is in southwesternmost Iceland on the subaerial continuation of the Iceland ridge as mentioned in this paper, where temperatures are between 250 and 290°C and the brine has the same salinity as seawater.
Abstract: The Reykjanes thermal brine area is in southwesternmost Iceland on the subaerial continuation of the Reykjanes ridge. This area is unique among thermal areas for its fluid composition. In the reservoir, where temperatures are between 250 and 290°C, the brine has the same salinity as seawater. However, the concentrations of some ions are different and can be explained by relatively simple interaction of seawater with the rock. The content of trace metals is low. In the upflow zone, hot brine has been exchanged many times during the lifetime of the hydrothermal system. Surface activity covers an area of 1 sq km, and a resistivity survey indicates that the system is of similar area above 900 m within the hyaloclastite formation where it is surrounded by cold groundwater of seawater composition. By contrast, the system is more extensive in the underlying basalt formation consisting of lava flows and thick interbeds of hyaloclastites and sediments. At 2,600 m depth P-velocity increases from 4.2 to 6.5 km/sec. At this depth the basalt formation is underlain by a denser formation considered to be similar to the "oceanic layer." Because of its temperature and composition, feasibility studies indicate that the brine could be exploited economically for the production of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and possibly other components. Aquifers are abundant in the basalt formation. It therefore is recommended that production wells penetrate to depths of about 2,000 m to withdraw brine within this permeable formation, so as to ensure highest mass flow and minimize risk of cold seawater intrusion.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
31 Mar 1972-Science
TL;DR: Calculations suggest that about 0.346 cubic kilometers of water having a minimum temperature of 104�C has been added over the last 52 months, which indicates a relatively local source for the brine, rather than the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, as previously suggested.
Abstract: A return expedition to the hot brine area of the Red Sea in 1971 found that the temperature of the brine had increased, indicating that the process that formed the underlying deposits rich in heavy metals is still occurring. About 0.346 cubic kilometers of water having a minimum temperature of 104 degrees C has been added over the last 52 months. Calculations suggest that this water may have come from a relatively shallow depth; this result coupled with the fact that fracture zones are found north and south of the brine area indicates a relatively local source for the brine, rather than the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, as previously suggested.

44 citations


Patent
24 Oct 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, an aqueous drilling fluid is provided containing dolomite, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate and starch or a similar polymeric fluid loss material and a small amount of calcium oxide or magnesium oxide in a brine solution.
Abstract: An aqueous drilling fluid is provided containing dolomite, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, starch or a similar polymeric fluid loss material and a small amount of calcium oxide or magnesium oxide in a brine solution.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new mechanism for alkaline scale formation is proposed, which involves a unimolecular breakdown of bicarbonate ion to form hydroxide ion, which is in disagreement with the generally accepted mechanism described in the literature.

38 citations



Patent
07 Aug 1972
TL;DR: Saline solutions, used to regenerate exhausted porous anion exchange resins loaded with organic color bodies resulting from sugar syrup purification, may be re-used after treatment with an oxidizing reagent such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochemite.
Abstract: Saline solutions, used to regenerate exhausted porous anion exchange resins loaded with organic color bodies resulting from sugar syrup purification, may be re-used after treatment with an oxidizing reagent such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, water samples collected from the Atlantis II Deep brines during the 1971 VALDIVIA cruise were investigated with respect to the dissolved anorganic carbon, showing a similar change from sea water (46 ml/l) to the 49°C brine (55-75 ml/ l) between a depth of 2060-2100 dbar.

18 citations


01 Mar 1972
TL;DR: In this article, two widely used agents in chemical cleaning and water treatment applications are the sodium salts of the amino carboxylic acids, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitric acid (NTA).
Abstract: Calcium sulfate anhydrite scale deposits from brine heater tubes in high temperature seawater desalination service have limited the maximum operating temperature to about 121.1 to 135.0$C (250$ to 275$F), thus restricting the overall thermal efficiency possible at increased temperatures. Attempts to dissolve anhydrite scale using conventional acid cleaning agents, such as inhibited hydrochloric and sulfamic acids, have been generally ineffective, unless preceded by a basic solution treatment, due to the physical and thermal characteristics of anhydrite. Two widely used agents in chemical cleaning and water treatment applications are the sodium salts of the amino carboxylic acids, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrotriacetic acid (NTA). These agents work most efficiently on the alkaline earth metals at the highest pH levels. Because of their ability to complex polyvalent cations, such as CaU+2D, chelating agents were considered to have a good chance of working, especially if most of the chelant could be recovered for reuse. In general, only EDTA and NTA were successful in descaling the brine heater tubes without causing significant corrosive attack. Hence, the principal effort of the program following screening was to optimize these chelant solution treatments with respect to minimum effective concentration within a reasonable exposure time. (27 refs.)

16 citations


Patent
13 Jul 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a tube-in-tube condenser is used for cooling seawater and forming an ice/brine slurry for application to fish, where the seawater is drawn into the condenser by a brine pump.
Abstract: A portable utility system particularly useful for drastically cooling seawater and/or forming an ice/brine slurry for application to fish. A tube-in-tube evaporator is provided for cooling the seawater while it is drawn into the evaporator by means of a positive displacement brine pump. Seawater is drawn into a tube-in-tube condenser by a coolant pump to remove heat from the system refrigerant and is continuously discharged after it is passed through the condenser coils. A compressor is provided to raise the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant. A reversible valve enables the flow of refrigerant through the system to be reversed, producing hot water at the output of the evaporator, when desired. The evaporator is formed of a first tube for conveying refrigerant and a second tube positioned in heat exchange relation within the first tube, the second tube conveying seawater to be refrigerated. The condenser may also be formed of a tube within a tube wherein the refrigerant is conveyed in the inner tube and the cooling seawater is conveyed in the outer tube. An in-line dispenser for bacteriostatic agents, or the like, can be provided. The system can supply electrical as well as hydraulic needs and can be used onshore with air cooling in place of water cooling.

13 citations


Patent
Spitzer Robert1
19 Oct 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a composite membrane comprising at least an ionconductive polymer and a metal permeable to alkali metal is used in an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine and caustic.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution containing alkali metal ions, for example, the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine and caustic. In one embodiment, a composite membrane comprising at least an ionconductive polymer and a metal permeable to alkali metal is used in an electrolytic cell. An illustration of such a polymer is a perfluorocarbon polymer containing sulfonic acid or sulfonate groups, in intimate contact with a layer of mercury. Another aspect is the use of elevated pressures or other techniques substantially to eliminate the presence of normally gaseous products from the electrolyte. For example, high pressures may be employed to dissolve chlorine in a brine electrolyte and/or liquefy it. In another aspect, sodium sulfate is electrolyzed in a cell comprising a composite membrane, a foraminous anode, and a diaphragm between the composite membrane and anode; the oxygen produced is withdrawn through the anode.

12 citations


Patent
08 Mar 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the recovery of a MERCURY from an ELECTRLYTIC CELL CAUSTIC FILTER by treating it with a brine containing ELEMENTAL CHLORINE in an amOUNT SUFFICIENT OT SOLUBILIZE the MERCARY.
Abstract: MERCURY IS RECOVERED FROM ELECTRLYTIC CELL CAUSTIC FILTER SOLIDS BY TREATMENT WITH A BRINE CONTAINING ELEMENTAL CHLORINE IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT OT SOLUBILIZE THE MERCURY. THE MERCURY CONTAINING BRINE CAN THEN BE RETURNED TO THE ELECTROLYTIC CELL.

Patent
26 Dec 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the recovery of potassium and magnesium salts in the form of insoluble precipitates of potassium sulfate together with magnesium sulfate and or potassium sulfates and magnesium chloride from seawater brines is described.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel method for the recovery of potassium and magnesium salts in the form of insoluble precipitates of potassium sulfate together with magnesium sulfate and or potassium sulfate and magnesium chloride from seawater brines. A characteristic feature of this invention is the employement of methanol under controlled brine density for the selective separation of potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate in the presence of magnesium chloride, sodium salts, and other salts.

Patent
25 Apr 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a process for making fresh water from brine by freezing the brine and an apparatus for practicing said process, in which feed brine is fed into a crystallization tank, together with a recycle of brine from a washing tower, and contacted by a refrigerant, whereby ice particles are formed.
Abstract: A process for making fresh water from brine by freezing the brine and an apparatus for practicing said process, in which feed brine is fed into a crystallization tank, together with a recycle of brine and a return flow of brine from a washing tower, and contacted by a refrigerant, whereby ice particles are formed, and said ice particles are washed in the washing tower with a recycle of production fresh water and melted in a melting tank (melter) by the circulating vapor refrigerant, and the resultant fresh water is ridden of the refrigerant in a deaerator and an absorber and discharged as the product fresh water, while the refrigerant removed from the fresh water is recycled for reuse, said crystallization tank being provided therein with a plurality of baffle plates arranged in the longitudinal direction in spaced relation to be submerged below the liquid level so that the condition may be created in said crystallization tank, in which the brine moves in the fashion of a piston flow and the ice particles move while being mixed with the brine in a state intermediate of piston flow and perfect mixing by its density.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Chitosan polymolybdate and silver-pretreated chitosans are proposed for collection of phosphate and cyanide traces, respectively, from ammonium salt brines and from sea-water as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Chitosan polymolybdate and silver-pretreated chitosan are proposed for collection of phosphate and cyanide traces, respectively, from ammonium salt brines and from sea-water. Small columns of 1×7 cm can be used to treat samples of a few liters of water, or brine samples of several hundred milliliters.

Patent
10 Oct 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, solar evaporation is used to selectively crystallize readily processable sodium and potassium salt groupings from a complex brine, such as Searles Lake brine.
Abstract: Solar evaporation is used to selectively crystallize readily processable sodium and potassium salt groupings from a complex brine, such as Searles Lake brine. The harvested salt groupings are then separated by steps which include flotation, and fractional leaching and crystallization.

Patent
W Mccormick1
19 Jan 1972
Abstract: HOT WASTE GASES CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE PLUS ADDITIONAL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS INCLUDING CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN, OXYGEN AND WATER VAPOR ARE SCRUBBED SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF THE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE BY CONTACTING THE HOT GASES WITH A FLUID SCRUBBING MEDIUM COMPRISING A SLURRY OF OOLITIC SAND AND CLACIUM CHLORIDE BRINE AT A PH LES THAN 7, WHEREBY THE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN THE GASES IS CONVERTED TO ADDITIONAL CALCIUM CHLORIDW BRINE WHICH IS SEPARATED AND RECOVERED FROM THE FLUID SCRUBBING MEDIUM, THE LATTER BEING FORIFIED BY A MINOR PORTION OF THE RECOVERED BRINE AND RECYCLED TO SCRUB ADITIONAL HOT WASTE GASES. THE SYSTEM EMPLOYED COMPRISES A SCRUB TOWER IN WHICH THE FLUID SCRUBBING MEDIUM AND HOT WASTE GASES ARE BROUGHT INTO INTIMATE CONTACT, PREFERABLY BY COUNTERCURRENT FLOW, AD SUITABLE MEANS FOR SEPARATING AND RECOVERING THE NEWLY FORMED CALCIUM CHLORIDE BRINE FROM THE FLUID SCRUBBING MEDIUM INCLUDING MEANS FOR RECOVERING THE OOLITIC SAND AND MIXING IT WITH MAKE-UP BRINE TO FORM FRESH FLUID SCRUBBING MEDIUM WHICH IS RECYCLED TO THE SCRUB TOWER.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, an automated equipment which dissolves dry polymer powder in flood brine is used to increase oil recovery by waterfloods, and a polymer solution which exhibits good mobility control at lowest cost and which retains mobility control throughout the life of the flood.
Abstract: Polymer solutions used to increase oil recovery by waterflood are prepared with automated equipment which dissolves dry polymer powder in flood brine. Proper equipment design, compatible brine, and correct polymer selection are essential to providing a polymer solution which exhibits good mobility control at lowest cost and which retains mobility control throughout the life of the flood. Brine requirements, equipment arrangements, and additives for a variety of field conditions are discussed.

Patent
17 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the recovery of metallic form from an AQUEOUS SOLUTION, ParticULARly from a SALT BRINE, having the MERCURY COMPOUNDS THEREIN.
Abstract: MERCURY IS RECOVERED IN METALLIC FORM FROM AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION, PARTICULARLY FROM A SALT BRINE, HAVING MERCURY COMPOUNDS THEREIN. TO THIS END, THE SOLUTION OR BRINE IS TREATED WITH AN IRON-CONTAINING ALLOY, THE POTENTIAL OF WHICH, DETERMINED IN THE SOLUTION OR BRINE, IS BY AT LEAST 100 MILLIVOLTS MORE POSITIVE THAN THAT OF IRON.

Patent
01 Mar 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of quantitatively removing mercury from aqueous waste streams with certain selected liquid organic amines was proposed. But the method in its preferred form was not suitable for removing mercury in aqueously brine solutions.
Abstract: This invention is for a method of quantitatively removing mercury from aqueous waste streams with certain selected liquid organic amines. The method in its preferred form is particularly appropriate for removing mercury from aqueous brine solutions. Efficient and quantitative recovery of the extracted mercury is also provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: HgLα1線およびBiLα 1線を分析線として選定し,モリブデン管球を使用した.
Abstract: 食塩の水銀法電解工業におけるマッド中の水銀を迅速に定量するため,けい光X線分析法の適用につき検討し良好な結果を得た.すなわち,試料に一定量のビスマスを添加して粉砕混合して水銀とビスマスのX線強度比を測定する内標準法を検討した.HgLα1線およびBiLα1線を分析線として選定し,モリブデン管球を使用した.振動ミルで15分間粉砕混合することにより,試料粒度は約80%(重量比)が200メッシュより微細になり,再現性のよいX線強度が得られた.内標準法の採用により共存元素の影響を低減でき,検量線は良好な直線関係を示した.水銀含有率0.06,0.22,0.78%の試料の分析で変動係数にして5.0,2.7,1.0%を得た.定量値は化学分析値とほぼ一致した.分析所要時間は試料調製時間を含めて約30分であった.

01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe procedures, modifications, and a continuing program for prevention of corrosion in large volume salt-water brine wells, which are used for cooling water, water for secondary recovery of oil, and for extraction of minerals.
Abstract: Large volume salt-water wells are being increasingly used for cooling water, water for secondary recovery of oil, and for extraction of minerals. Production of large volumes of brines from pumping wells poses corrosion problems which are either absent or minimized in fresh water wells and in low volume brine wells. Recognition of the differences, the causes, and the preventive measures can save sizeable sums of money. Customary procedures, modifications, and a continuing program for prevention of corrosion are described.

Patent
Depierri William G1
22 Feb 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, an effective amount of triorthophosphate ester of trimethylol propane and the alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof is added to a brine in a subsurface formation to which the inhibitor is added.
Abstract: The deposition of scale-forming salts from an aqueous system containing a scale-forming amount of a salt such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, strontium carbonate and magnesium carbonate is inhibited by adding to the system an effective amount of triorthophosphate ester of trimethylol propane and the alkali metal and ammonium salts thereof The aqueous system is suitably a brine in a subsurface formation to which the inhibitor is added

Patent
18 Oct 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiple-effect evaporator is used for desalination of brine, where each effect comprises one or more vertical tubes surrounded by a heating jacket, and a demister is disposed above the upper ends of the tubes and extending across the whole crosssectional area of the effect.
Abstract: 1293624 Multiple-effect evaporators; desalination of brine UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY 15 June 1971 [15 June 1970] 28975/70 Heading B1B Liquid, eg brine, is submitted to evaporation in a multiple-effect evaporator wherein each effect comprises one or more vertical tubes 2 surrounded by a heating jacket, and a demister 6 disposed above the upper ends of the tubes and extending across the whole crosssectional area of the effect The liquid flows in film-form down the inner surface of the tubes of effect A and the vapour flows through demister 6 to the heating jacket of effect B through a heat exchanger 7 wherein the feed liquid is pre-heated, and some of the vapour is condensed The non-evaporated liquid, ie concentrated brine, collected in the sink 4 of effect A is pumped to the tube-header of effect B The distillate, fresh water, collects on the lower tube plates 4

Patent
13 Dec 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a wire grid G is used at the mouth of the lower end of a vertical tube for nucleation in a multiple-effect evaporation system, where the effects are arranged in superposition and each effect comprises vertical tubes 48 through which the boiling liquid, e.g. brine, rises due to pressure drop from one effect to the next, nucleation means are provided at the inlet ends of the tubes for promoting homogeneous mixing of liquid and vapour in the tubes.
Abstract: 1299891 Multiple-effect evaporators; desalination of water UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY 22 June 1970 [26 June 1969] 32219/69 Heading B1B In a multiple-effect evaporator wherein the effects are arranged in superposition and each effect comprises vertical tubes 48 through which the boiling liquid, e.g. brine, rises due to pressure-drop from one effect to the next, nucleation means are provided at the inlet ends of the tubes for promoting homogeneous mixing of liquid and vapour in the tubes. A mixture of brine and steam enters disengaging' enclosure 41 from the previous effect and, after separation, the brine forms a pool 70 from which brine is drawn up through flared risers 71 and 74 where flash evaporation occurs. A pool of brine forms on wall 76 and a homogeneous mixture of brine and steam flows up through vertical tubes 48 which are externally heated by steam which has passed through demister 79 from enclosure 41. Fig. 5 shows a wire grid G which is the preferred form of nucleation device used at the mouth of the lower ends of tubes 48. Tubes 48 may be provided with horizontal or vertical flues or ribs. The condensate, i.e. fresh water, formed on the outside of tubes 48 flows through pipe 50 to heat-exchanger 81 which is also supplied through pipe 82 with condensate from the previous effects. From heatexchanger 81, the condensate flows to heatexchangers 84 and 86; and is then removed from the system through pipe 56. Steam generated in risers 71 and 74 flows through pipes 73 and 77 to heat-exchangers 84 and 86 respectively. Heat-exchangers 86, 84, 81 are employed for preheating the brine which is supplied to the system through pipe 59. The multiple-effect evaporator may be associated with a multi-stage horizontal flash distillation plant (Fig. 4, not shown); and the feed brine is then passed through the condenser tubes of the flash distillation plant before it enters the heat-exchangers and first effect of the multiple-effect evaporator, while the concentrated brine leaving the uppermost effect is introduced into the first flash chamber of the flash distillation plant.